The document discusses principles of growth, development, and reproduction. It covers pre-natal development stages including the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods. Key concepts discussed include heredity being the transmission of genetic traits from parents to offspring. Mendel's laws of heredity describe how traits are passed down and expressed. Chromosomes and genes carry hereditary information. Chromosomal anomalies can result in conditions like Down syndrome. Development of the unborn is influenced by factors like the mother's health, nutrition, emotions, vices, age, and hormonal balance.

1. PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Pre – Natal Development
Development
-Progressive series of orderly, coherent changes towards the goal of maturity
-qualitative changes
Growth
-quantitative changes
Maturation
- unfolding of traits
Phylogenic function
- common to all men
Learning
- a form of adaptation
- adjustment and change in behavior
Ontogenetic function
- Specific function of individual
PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Early foundations are said to be critical
2. Maturation and learning play important roles
3. Development follows a predictable and different pattern
4. All individuals are different
5. Each phase of development has characteristic behavior (of equilibrium and disequilibrium)
6. Each phase of development has hassles/ hazards
7. Development is aided by instruction
8. Human beings are not entirely subject to environment nor creatures of pure habits and condition
but CHOICE as well
THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
• The woman (Inside matters)
- delicate, sensitive, caring, personal, intuitive, subjective, emotional, homemaker, recipient
• The man (Outside matters)
- provider, giver, tough, carpenter, laborer, insensitive, less emotional, objective

2. STAGES OF REPRODUCTION
1. Maturation
- readiness of reproductive organs
- Nocturnal emission (male), Menstruation (female)
2. Ovulation
- marked by the escape of the egg from the ovary
3. Fertilization
- union of the egg and sperm
PRE – NATAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Germinal Period
- period of the zygote (1 – 2 weeks)
2. Embryonic Period
- period of the embryo (2 wks – 2 mos)
3. Fetal Period
- period of the fetus (2mos – birth)
Birth – 280 days after conception
The Neonate – newborn child
HEREDITY
Heredity
- transmission of genetic characters from parents to offspring
Gregor Mendel
- An Augustinian monk and Austrian botanist which laid the foundation for the study of heredity
THREE MENDELIAN LAWS OF HEREDITY
1. Law of Unit Characters
- various characters are transmitted as distinct, individual entities
2. Law of Dominance
- only one character, the dominant one, will appear in the hybrid of two purebred organisms
3. Law of Segregation
- characters segregate and recombine independently in each generation
- the dominant and recessive traits result in incomplete dominance
Chromosomes
- carriers of genes
46 chromosomes = normal human life
23 paired XX chromosomes from female egg
23 not paired XY chromosomes from male sperm
Genes
- true carriers of hereditary traits
- around 3,000 traits/ chromosome

3. CHROMOSOMAL ANOMALIES
1. Mongoloid Idiocy
- maybe the result of non-disjunction
- severe mental retardation
- number of chromosome is 47
2. Turner’s Syndrome or Sexual Infantilism
- retarded growth and sexual development
- unable to bear offspring an are often mentally retarded
- number of chromosome is 45
3. Klinefelter’s Syndrome
- also known as XXY condition
- males who have an extra X chromosome in most of their cells
- small testes that does not produce enough testosterone
- can lead to breast enlargement (gynecomastia)
- reduced facial hair
- infertility
Twins and Multiple Birth
- a twin is one of two offspring produced in the same pregnancy
FACTORS AFFECTING THE UNBORN
1. Mother’s Health
2. Mother’s Nutrition
3. Mother’s Emotions
4. Mother’s Vices
5. Mother’s Age
6. Blood related factors
7. Hormonal Imbalance