Religious And Civil Life During The 19Th Century

Religious And Civil Life During The 19th Century
One can hardly speak of the Haskalah in Eastern Europe without referencing its relationship to Hasidism. Beginning in eighteenth–century
Poland–Lithuanian area, the Bal Shem Tov created a brand of simple and extremely pietistic Judaism appealing most to uneducated working class Jews.
Hasidism viewed Western ideas, language, and even dress as a threat to traditional Jewish society. In addition, religious and civil life were inseparable,
unlike their western coreligionist. These values brought Haskalah in Eastern Europe into a continuous and often tense struggle with the traditional
Jewish community.
Unlike their Western coreligionist, Eastern European Jewish communities were still quite traditional by the early 19th century. The Hasidic movement
strengthening traditional Jewish life and filled the leadership gap left by the government abolishment of autonomous communal structures known as
kahals. At the same time, the maskilim were also exerting increasing influence and leadership among Eastern Jewish communities, and viewed
Hasidism as outdated separatist preventing Jews from modernizing. To this end, maskilim sought to discredit Hasidism particularly with state
authorities. Journals such as Ha–Karmel, Razsvet,and Kerem Hemed, carried the clever satire from maskilim such as Joseph Perl and Isaac Erter's
Gilgul Nefesh (Transmigration of the Soul) portraying Hasidism as backward, and purposefully antagonistic to government efforts towards Jewish
social and political
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What Was The Market Revolution Between 1840-1840 Essay
What was the Market Revolution between the years of 1800–1840 all about? After winning the presidential elections in 1800, President Jefferson was
determined to secure the nation and develop the market. He initiated improvements in roads, railroads, and canals. Consequently, the development in
cotton kingdom led to the rise of the West as a powerful nation. The slavery trade also improved and became more organized. The revolution was also
characterized by the growth of Chicago and Cincinnati cities. In 1814, the first large–scale factory was established in Waltham, Massachusetts. The
economic improvements led to an influx of immigrants and traders in the major cities, and nativism due to the conflicts. Transformation Laws were
implemented to control business and peace in the West. Additionally, the religion also improved as people celebrated self
–improvement,
self–determination, and self–reliance. Entry 2 What did the Democracy in America between the years of 1815–1840 consist of? Democracy was
associated with the abolition of the property requirement for a person to vote. Blacks, however, were still considered as... Show more content on
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By 1840s, the abolition of slave trade became the center of American politics both at the state and national levels. Consequently, the Mexican frontier
that led to the freedom of Spain colonies and formation of New Mexico and California was established in 1821. However, in the election of 1844,
issues of slavery influenced presidential elections where other politicians demanded the acquisition of Mexico after Spain pulled off their acquisition.
War with Mexico had divided opinions as non–supporters claimed that the main intention was to gain more land for slavery. In 1846 after the
acquisition, Congressman David Wilmot made the proposal that prohibited slaves in the New Mexico. Further, government decisions that had divided
opinions were the trade treaty with Japan, Indians, and

Alexander the Second and the Title Tsar Liberator Essay
Alexander the Second and the Title Tsar Liberator
In the 19th Century, Russia had no zemstva, very little education, industry and railway building, a biased judicial system and very few freed peasants.
Czar Alexander II, who succeeded Nicolas I in 1855, went some ways to remedying these deficiencies through a series of reforms. Alexander II
became the great modernizer of Russia, walking a delicate line between preserving Russia's Slavic identity and enabling its people to benefit from
Western advancements. For this reason he was known to some as the ' Czar Liberator'. However, indeed he was a liberator in name only.
Alexander II initiated substantial reforms in education, the government, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the educational reform, the Czar adopted a more liberal education. Censorship was relaxed, the universities were given freedom and independence,
and more Western ideas were introduced to scholars and students. People were more open–minded and became to demand more under these 'liberal'
reforms.
Though Czar Alexander II returned to reactionary rule when an attempt was made to assassinate him in the 1860s, he did turn once more to reform in
1880. He made plans to set up a General Commission which would include representatives from the Zemstva. This would not be a parliament but
would be a 'consultative voice' when the Czar required it. But this was an attempt towards a parliamentary government.
Superficially, Czar Alexander II seemed to be so liberate from his series of reform. Yet, notwithstanding these measures, it would be wrong, as is
sometimes done, to describe Alexander II as a liberal. He was in fact a firm upholder of autocratic principles, sincerely convinced both of his duty to
maintain the God–given autocratic power he had inherited and of Russia's unreadiness for constitutional or representative government.
For the emancipation of serfs, it was actually essential more than out of the Czar's willingness. The bulk of the Russian population, about 80%, were
the peasants and serfs. Alexander II recognised that emancipation was vital. Freed

Civil War Political Analysis
This week discussion involved Don H Boyle argument that the American crisis not heartened the enemies of democracy. The civil war affected foreign
and diplomatic policies. W. Caleb McDaniel essay on the Garrisonians group image of disunionism not as an apolitical strategy, but instead as a political
alternative to voting. The value of placing antebellum reform within transnational contexts was very important at the time. By demonstrating northern
support for disunion, abolitionists could persuade southerners to abolish slavery without disunion. Also the Garrisonians supported Irish Repeal not
only to defend disunionism, Also in 1842, Garrisonians unlikely alliance with Irish immigrants, and they hoped to be aided by their connections with...
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The structure of the American cotton industry and it connections to outside countries. This new role of the United States in itself was an outcome of the
war, which had destroyed the political power of Southern slaveholders and their vision of subordinated economic development, in effect subduing the
world's last powerful group of cotton growers. The political economy of continental industrialization was interwoven with the political economy of
Atlantic trade. The American civil war disrupted the cotton industries and how transformed American economy. The Civil War, however, focused the
energies of capitalists and statesmen. Their efforts resulted in a sustained increase in cotton production in India, Brazil, Egypt, and Central Asia
Merchant, manufacturers, and statesman's influence on cotton caused entrepreneurship, finance, and accounting. The American Civil War had
convinced statesmen and cotton manufacturers everywhere that depending on a single supplier of cotton, especially one that seemed as politically
unstable as the United States, was dangerous to the economic well–being of their factories and their rival

Traits Of Raskolnikov
Raskolnikov is depicted as "crushed by poverty, but the anxieties of his position had of late ceased to weigh upon him" (Dostoyevsky 3). During
1861, the Emancipation Reform had recently taken place. After the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War, Russian officials declared to give rights to
the serfs. The serfs were treated poorly leading to protests and eventually leading to the Reform. The Emancipation Reform put Russia backward
socially and economically. The serfdom illustrated Russia's weaknesses and Raskolnikov was a representation of an individual struggling with Russia's
difficulties. The economy was suffering and the need for money became crucial for regular basic needs to survive. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, the author of
the novel, considers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He shows egotistical, cowardly, and humane trait. Raskolnikov's egocentric behaviors make him only care for himself and relate every situation back
to himself. However, his humane side is occasionally seen throughout varied events. Similarly, these characteristics brought out his divided character.
Raskolnikov continues to be thought–provoking character who has matured as a character in some

The Rising Of The Decembrist Russia
The rising of the Decembrist Russia was due to a confusion over the next succession. In 1825, Alexander I died suddenly. Alexander 's younger brother,
Constantine, who was next in line, had no desire to assume the throne of such a burdensome empire, so he gave his right of succession to his brother
Nicholas. Nicholas, however, had been left unaware of the official details of the change and on learning of Alexander 's death he proclaimed
Constantine emperor at St. Petersburg, at the same time as Constantine in Warsaw was proclaiming Nicholas. For nearly three weeks in December
1825 the throne remained vacant. Russian officers and troops had come into contact with currents of liberal thought, with new social conditions, and
with new political institutions in western Europe during the struggle against Napoleon. Upon their return home they saw that the idea of the rights of
man was regarded with contempt by their rulers, that their country by trodden under the heel of an autocracy which made all progress impossible. As
they had no legitimate means making their desires known, they organised secret societies which agitated for reforms, including the establishment of a
constitution. These societies, afterwards called the Decembrists, were planning a widespread uprising but, when Alexander suddenly died, resolved to
take advantage of the uncertainty that existed regarding the succession to attempt a coup d 'etat. But the plotters had no clear plan or organisation and
had made no

The Impact Of Political Change On Russia
How significant was war in bringing about political change in Russia in the year 1856–1964?
War had a huge political impact on Russia from 1856 to 1964, but it was not the only factor that brought about political change. Political change was
influenced by many aspects. A big part of what brought about political change was the different wars that took place which included; The Crimean war
of 1853, The Russo–Japanese war of 1904 and lastly the First World War that began in 1914. These Wars were all significant in motivating political
change for Russia from the years 1856 to 1964, but again they cannot be seen as the only factor which had led to a political turning point. Reforming
leaders such as Alexander II, Nicholas II, Stalin and Khrushchev all played significantly big roles in also bringing about some political change for
Russia. Although events such as War and the acts of leaders did accelerate political change for Russia, we must not forget the impact that
Revolutionary movements such as the Murder of Alexander II and the Bolsheviks revolution had.
The Crimean war of 1853–1856 was fought at Crimean Peninsula, where Russia was fighting mainly against Britain, France and the Ottoman
Empire. The war was known as a long bloody war, as a result of poor organisation, leadership and communication of both Russia and the allies.
Russia also known as the 'Police of Europe' due to the Vienna Treaty of 1814 was responsible in keeping peace in Europe, but this all changed when

The Decline And Fall Of The Romanov Dynasty
The Romanov Dynasty reigned over the nation of Russia from the year 1613 until its inevitable fall in 1917. Outlined below includes a few of the
significant factors which contributed to decline and the eventual fall of this 300 year dynasty. These momentous factors range from tsar Nicholas II,
the last tsar of Russia's autocratic rule, his refusal to meet the demands for reform, and above all his incompetency as a leader.
On the 20th October 1894 Nicholas II ascended the throne as tsar of Russia. He idolised the concept of continuing to rule Russia under the autocratic
system, in the same way his father and predecessor Alexander III had done so. However, Nicholas lacked the qualities and characters of the autocratic
style of leadership. The

To What Extent Do You Consider the Emancipation of Serfs...
Essay Question: To what extent do you consider the Emancipation of Serfs 1861 to be a key turning point in the development of Russian government
and society till 2000?
Many historians argue The Emancipation of the Serfs in 1861, to be a key turning point within Russian history. It drastically alteredRussia's economic,
political and social stipulation. One could propose the argument that this event lead to the fall of communism in 1990, further more suggesting the
extent to which this event affected Russia. Hence this is 'perhaps the most defining moment in Russian history, with its impact being seen many years
after the event itself'. Although historians identify short term effects of this event, the significance to which this event ... Show more content on
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Both peasants and land owners challenged the government with the intention of generating further social changes.
The instant consequences to the emancipation of the serfs left Russia crippled, ironic, when alleged that it intended to advance Russia's status. Many
historians argue that despite abolishing serfdom, the means in which it was carried out didn't coincide with reality. Subsequently, there were many
riots which caused a rise of political groups such as Narodnik movement whose existence proves that Russian society was changing. Disorder spread
with calls for change within Russia like In May 1862 where a number of pamphlets were issued including the radical Young Russia. Such propaganda
aimed to gain support and create challenging individuals which would pressure the Tsar to make further changes. One could argue that as a result this
led to the 1905 revolution and the end of Tsardom.
Society was extensively transformed. Indeed, there were many negative results, yet many reforms proved to be positive such as the development of
education; in 1862 schools were placed under the jurisdiction of the state, rather than the church. The university regulations of 1863 allowed freedom
for universities and as a result women's education flourished; by 1881 2,000 women were leaving their stereotypical roles behind and studying in
universities, something that the west hadn't yet done, showing that Russia was ahead of

The Regime Of The 1905 Revolution
It is evident that Nicholas II was mainly to blame for the 1905, due to his lack of response to the growing discontent amongst the Russian people.
Although it could be argued that the actions of previous Tsars were the cause of this discontent, and this was certainly influential, Nicholas ' failure to
act upon his people 's requests was ultimately the cause of the revolution.
The repressive Tsarist system in place in 1905 was arguably one of the most significant factors in the 1905 revolution, as much of the discontent in
Russia was due to anger at Nicholas ' autocratic Tsarist government. It could be argued that the repressive Tsarist system was not the fault of Nicholas
II, but instead a problem that had been in existence for decades before his reign began. For example, Nicholas ' predecessor Alexander III was also
committed to the preservation of the autocracy, and arguably took steps towards repression, through Russification and censorship, in addition to the
introduction of the Okhrana. Therefore, it could be argued that Nicholas was not to blame for the repressive Tsarist system or its consequences, due to
the fact that it had been in existence before his reign began.
However, as Nicholas did little to stop the government being so repressive, it could be argued that he was still to blame. Despite widespread calls for
reform from individuals such as Father Gapon, these requests were not acted upon, so in some ways Nicholas II can be held to account for the

Civil War Dbq Essay
When the Civil War erupted at the attack on Fort Sumter in 1861, fighting was mainly driven by political tensions, all of which ultimately spawned
from the question of slavery. During the Antebellum Period, the United States experienced a gradually intensifying sectional conflict that threatened
the unity of the nation. Compromises between the North and South had become futile. Contrary to popular belief, the goals of Lincoln and the North
did not involve the emancipation of slaves and restoration of equality and the opportunity of prosperity for all Americans. Most Northerners fought to
preserve the newly split Union, while Southerners fought to protect what they believed to be inalienable states' rights. Ultimately, precarious African
American... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though this statement only freed slaves in regions still participating in rebellion, it demonstrated a shift in purpose and gave the North moral
justification to fight in the war. By thrusting themselves into the war effort, African Americans changed a war based on political disagreements and
state power into a war to terminate and "forever prohibit" slavery. (Doc. D) This document may be considered bias, especially by Confederate
sympathizers, because it was written by members of the Republican Party platform –– most of which heavily advocated emancipation. Lincoln, who
initially remained neutral on the topic of slavery, became inspired by the willingness with which African Americans "stake their lives for us, they must
be prompted by the strongest motive–even the promise of freedom. And the promise being made, must be kept." (Doc. C) Therefore, the willing
participation of blacks in the Civil War with the hopes of achieving freedom caused an entirely new goal of the war to form in the

Crime And Punishment By Fyodor Dostoevsky: Culture Of Russia
Tyler Bui
Mr. Favero/Mr. Sanchez
English/World History
19 October 2017
Culture of Russia
Everywhere in the world all countries go through different cultural changes, and Russia during the 19th century was no exception. Many cultural
changing reforms were passed during Alexander the Seconds rule. The reforms impacted not only the culture of the time, but also the writing of many
authors. Fyodor Dostoevsky was one of those authors. His book Crime and Punishment describes how life was like in the lower classes. The culture of
Russia during the years 1855 to 1881 was shaped by its tsarist autocracy while the literature of Fyodor Dostoevsky evinces its cultural connection. Alex
II established type of government was a monarchy. In a monarchy,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Along with the lack of land, water rights were nonexistent which kept the wealthy in a technical form of power. Since the wealthy still controlled the
water, they could threaten to restrict water access and force the serfs to work once more. Another important reform was started by the emancipation
of the serfs; was the formation of the zemstvos. Since Russia was very large there wasn't much control away from the capital, and with the all newly
freed serfs the rules and authority had to be stricter . So, Alexander developed the zemstvo which were implemented within each province and district.
This reform took care of the newly freed serfs by providing for their basic needs. Which helped the freed serfs with their basic needs ranging from
health to education. Before the creation of the zemstvos the entire judicial system was controlled by the Russian government. The accused were rarely
given a fair trial. After the formation of the zemstvos "The judiciary became an independent branch of government and a single unified
system"(Smitha). The government couldn't wield court decisions as it pleased anymore. The judicial branch was officially independent from the rest of
the Russian government, which gave the accused a fair trial.
Dostoevsky's book Crime and Punishment was written

Symbolism In The Cherry Orchard
The famous "human–condition doctor" and writer Anton Chekhov wrote the play "The Cherry Orchard" in his last year of life, 1904. The Cherry
Orchard is a tragic–comedy with a double plot that entertains the audience through the extreme and questionable situations. Chekhov involves in his
play physical humor, which can be explained as exaggerated body movements and expressions in order to cause funny and yet meaningful acts. The
main plot and the most obvious one is the dilemma that people face when they are in front of financial, social problems and emotional barriers to
overcome these problems (cutting down the cherry tree). This play contains a whole historical process within its dialogues and monologues. In
February of 1861, Alexander... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The debts of the aristocrats, the sold garden, the cherry orchard, Lopakhin, the train at the beginning and the end, the unused gun...Everything
symbolizes something: The debts that the aristocrat family had tell a hidden story how inefficiently they spent their money during their life, thinking
that the time when their wealth and estate will be all taken away, would never come. The beautiful Cherry Orchard symbolizes the old social order,
when the aristocrats were on top of the society; it represents their beautiful memories of an earlier life and this makes it even harder emotionally to
overcome the changes status. But then the garden is sold and the wealth is already lost. The whole society has changed, but the aristocrats are facing
difficulties in accepting this change or transforming their behaviors in acceptance of the new social order. The human nature faces struggle and tries to
resist the immediate unexpected change especially when it is not unwanted and threatens their accurate position. Social–psychological problems that
happen in reality after the Emancipation Reform of 1861 were deep, hard to swallow and to recover from, mostly for upper class

Abolitionist Movement Research Paper
The Abolitionist Movement was a movement that tried to end slavery in 1830–1870 (Abolitionist Movement). Many Americans, mainly in the north,
sought to emancipate slavery. Some tactics and help to end racism and slavery included ACS, gradualism, colonization, and abolitionists. In previous
years, some religious groups brought up gradually ending slavery, but in the 1830s abolitionists took it upon themselves to wipe it out immediately.
Out of the reform groups in the 1800s, the movement to end slavery was the most divisive. Because of the North and South disagreement on slavery,
the Civil War was in the works. The Abolitionist Movement was a revolutionary time in a nation that valued personal freedom. This movement lead to
the abolition of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They group established their own constitution which was based greatly on the U.S Constitution. It said that each state was independent and guaranteed
slavery in Confederate areas. It also banned the import of slaves from outside countries and protective tariffs. The constitution also limited the
president's terms to only six years. Jefferson Davis, a former senator from Mississippi, was elected president of the confederate States of America (The
American Vision 304–307). The Civil War started because of Lincoln's plan to resupply Fort Sumter. Davis decided he would capture Fort Sumter
before the supply could reach the area. A note was sent to the fort's commander, Major Robert Anderson, to surrender by the morning of April 12, 1861
(The American Vision 304–307). Eventually, Confederate forces attacked the fort for thirty–three hours, but killed no one. It stopped when Anderson
and his men surrendered. This was the start of the Civil War. After this invasion, President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to serve in the military
for 90 days (The American Vision 304–307). This created a problem in the Upper South. People did not want to secede but felt that was the only
option left. Virginia left first , followed by Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee. Lincoln was afraid that Maryland would secede which would
cause Washington to be surrounded by Confederate territory. To prevent this from happening, he imposed martial law in Baltimore. Martial law could
allow the military to take control, replace civilian authorities, and suspend many civil rights (The American Vision 304–307). The war lasted for four
long, tragic filled years. During these years many events happen, one of them being the issue of the Emancipation Proclamation. This was a decree
freeing all people

Fight Against Slavery : Abraham Lincoln : Fight Against...
Abraham Lincoln: Fight Against Slavery
Abraham Lincoln is more than the face of the penny. Abraham Lincoln is one of the famous presidents of the United States of America. In 1861
Lincoln became the 16th president of the U.S he was famous amongst all presidents for his contribution to slavery. Abraham Lincoln followed the
Declaration of Independence and the Constitution to go about with his intent to abolish slavery. He was a firm believer that the government should act
according to the law.
Lyceum Address
Amongst all his writing Abraham most notably wrote the Lyceum Address on January 27, 1838. This writing was written in a question of, how do the
people preserve their political institution. This writing is linked to the Temperance Address written in February 22, 1842. The address answered the
question of how to bring about moral reform in a political context. In specific, how to bring about change without destroying the institution.
Emancipation Proclamation
Abraham Lincoln's name is linked to the Emancipation Proclamation back in 1863. The Emancipation proclamation is
Dread Scott Decision
A couple years before Abraham was chosen to be president the Dread Scott Decision was made. Important during this time and for Abraham Lincoln
himself. Lincoln commented in regards of the ruling in this case. In 1858, Douglas as well as James Buchanan endorsed the decision made. In it
there were three specific topics in which slavery was looked as. The first was that no slave or

Causes and Consequences of Emancipation Russia
What were the most important causes and most important consequences of the emancipation of the Serfs?
Serfdom, a system of virtual slavery tying the Russian peasants to their landlords, was abolished in 1861 under the imperial demand of Tsar Nicholas
II. This change was put in place for many reasons, including military defeat in Crimea, the economy and political system, which all contributed to the
backwardness of Russia as a nation, as they prohibited the introduction of other major reforms. In my view, the most important cause of emancipation
was the state of the economy, because the nature of serfdom prevented the country from catching up with the west, and the most important
consequence was that the military was able to dramatically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another major cause of serfdom being abolished was because of the defeat in the Crimea and the diminishing strength of the military. The defeat of the
army in the Crimean war (1856) was seen as humiliating, as Russian sense of pride was strongly based on its military, and it showed Russia's
backwardness as a nation. The structure of the army was impossible to utilise; mainly composed of conscripted illiterate peasants, who were poorly
trained and 'sentenced' to a life in the army. They were difficult to control, and torture methods like flogging (where all the skin was whipped off the
back) were commonplace. Because of this, the army fought with brute strength, rather than skilled precision, and was becoming less and less effective
as morale was low. The equipment provided was also of very low quality. The view that emancipation had to happen to make the military stronger was
supported by many high profile people, such as War minister (D. Milyutin). Under the current system it couldn't be reorganised, as it would have meant
trained ex–soldiers and reservists going back to villages with guns, which would've been risked uprisings. Railways were also needed to increase
mobility, impossible without industry. In order to become more effective, they also needed to reduce the size of the military to

Compare And Contrast The Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation and The Emancipation Manifesto were two documents written in the mid nineteenth century with many similarities.
The two were similar in ways, they were abolishing something that their respective governments believed was wrong, they were different in the way
that they were written for different reasons and had their own purposes. The conditions in both America and Russia were similar in ways but different
in many as well, the two leaders at the time, Abraham Lincoln and Alexander II chose to solve their problem in a process that also compared and
differed from one another. I believe that the Emancipation Proclamation was the best solution for the problems that these countries faced in my opinion.
The problems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I believe that the Emancipation Proclamation was the better solution. The Emancipation Proclamation did so much more than just abolish slavery.
It gave the Union a clear cut war objective and that was for the freedom of the African American slaves. Many African Americans soon joined the
fight because they knew that they were fighting for their own freedom. Lincoln knew as well if he issued the Emancipation Proclamation it would
create chaos in the south when word was received by the slaves that they were supposed to be free. By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln also made it very difficult for any foreign nations to join in on the side of the Confederacy. The British of the French could never join in on
the war because they themselves had abolished slavery years ago and the view of them in the world would decrease immensely if they were to join a
war to support slavery. All these reasons are why I believe that the Emancipation Proclamation was the better solution out of the two

The Impact Of The Golden Age Of Literature
With the end of the conflict that resulted to the war between the United States of America and Great Britain after the ratification of the Treaty of Ghent,
America entered into an era that saw great changes politically, economically, and socially. The presidential elections were more vibrant as more men
partook in the exercise, the industrial and economic growth was notably consistent with growth in science, arts, and the textile industries, and the
emancipation of slavery led to the end of that trade with the civil war of 1861 to 1865. The crucial development of this century was the development
and changes that saw the beginning of a new era of politics. As result of the high political contention between the Democrats and the Whigs, American
would have twenty presidents between 1825 with John Quincy Adams win and William McKinley in 1897. The presidential contention of 1824 between
John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson would take the American politics to a new height. Even though Andrew Jackson won the popular votes in that
year, John Quincy Adams became the president following a deal he made with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Religion and literature would depicted in books and articles such as Ralph Waldo Emmerson's book "Nature" published in 1836. Another notable
author was Nathaniel Hawthorne would published the novel "The Scarlet Letter in 1850" (396). Even though these writes depicted differences in
thoughts and beliefs, they essentially developed literature in ways that were not seen before. While literature took great strides in this era, journalism
also became a part of the popular culture for the people. In fact, Newspapers such as the New York Herald and Tribune, were some of the more widely
read sources

How Does One Achieve Presidential Greatness?
The President is the voice of the nation, defining who we as a people are and who we will become in the eyes of our allies and the rest of world.
(Morone and Kersh 2013)Some presidents were loved and still hold much affection by the American people but accomplished very little while in the
oval office. Others improved the economy and made the right decisions and are almost forgotten by history. So how does one achieve presidential
greatness? I argue that a president must create a new "political order" in order to achieve greatness. In other words, he must create new institutions,
interests, and ideas or reform the current institutions, interests and ideas that shape a political era. (Morone and Kersh 2013) . Immediately, the
president must clarify the vision and direction the era his presidency will usher in. According to the Morone President Washington, set the bar for
establishing greatness in the presidency "He [Washington] embodied the new nation. He championed American ideals, spoke to national aspirations,
introduced new ideas, and personified the nation's sense of identity–both to Americans and to the world." (Morone and Kersh 2013) Every president
that has achieved greatness has had these traits and has followed in Washington's footsteps. During his presidential tour of the nation, Washington took
slaves with him; an action many Americans knew was in direct conflict with the foundation of creating a free nation (Morone and Kersh 2013). One
man not only

Industrialization Expansion in Russia and Japan Essay
Much of Western Europe quickly industrialized after Great Britain. If they did not, they were immediately outclassed by the British in trade and
military strength. Industrialization made good use of the natural resources in a state. Some nations industrialized a while after Great Britain and were
falling behind. Two of these states were Russia and Japan. These countries experienced change in governments, economic power, and social structure as
a result of industrialization. Yet, these states went through their industrializations in very different ways than each other. Russia, industrialized as a
result of many peasant revolts. The revolts led to the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, they received land but the political chains were still... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The concentration of power into the emperor's hands led to many changes in the government of Japan. The samurai class was quickly abolished, a
national army was formed, political parties formed, an upper House of Peers and lower House of Diet were formed, and a constitution was drafted.
Russia was very agriculturally based and did not have the sufficient technology to industrialize. States could industrialize when an efficient
agricultural system was implemented to provide sufficient food for the factory workers that did not have land to farm. It is the trend seen from the
beginning of civilization. Trade specialization can only occur with a surplus of food. Therefore, the first step for Russia, on its way to
industrialization, was to become more efficient at farming. This was achieved with the emancipation of the serfs. Still without a middle class, the
government played a strong role in the early decisions with industrialization. The tsar during this time, Alexander II, had a great railroad network
created that allowed for more efficient use of Russia's plentiful natural resources. With the change of government in Japan, economic change soon
followed. Banks were founded to invest in capital, railways and steam boats were developed, restrictions on trade such as tariffs and guilds were
removed, and land was re–distributed. These reforms helped spur the Industrial

Essay On Alexander II And The Failure Of The Serfs
Intentions of Alexander II and the Failure of the Emancipation of the Serfs
In the 19th century it was estimated that about 50 per cent of the 40,000,000 peasants in Russia were serfs, who worked on the land and were
owned by the Russian nobility, the Tsar and religious foundations. This had been true for centuries; in 1861, however, this was all changed when
Tsar Alexander II emancipated the serfs and gave them freedom from ownership. Alexander's decision was based on many reasons, and did not have
the desired consequences, for the serfs at least. Therefore, it is possible to question Alexander's motives for such large reform, which this essay will do
and will also look at why the emancipation, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A large part of the problem was serfdom – Russia needed millions of industrial workers, to free up land and to force the nobility to relinquish power
to a certain extent. The Tsar was also aware that much of western Europe looked on serfdom as being akin toslavery, and looked down on Russia as a
result. As one historian has remarked:
'The strip system, involving the use of antiquated farming implements and techniques, had long ago been abandoned on the agriculturally advanced
nations. Its continued use in Russia was a major reason why the nation could not meet it's food needs.'[1]
Alexander was also acutely aware of the threat of a serf uprising. Despite the general contentedness of the majority of serfs, there were a significant
number who were not happy, and many groups of political activists, such as the Narodniks, had begun stirring up discontentment. In a population of
67 million, Russia had 23 million serfs belonging to 103,000 landlords. Serfs therefore outnumbered their landlords by over 200 to one, and so
Alexander was right to be concerned about what might happen should a large uprising occur. His worries were plainly stated when he addressed the
State Council in January 1861:
'It is

Emancipation Of The Serfs
The emancipation of the serfs by Alexander II in 1861 was the inevitable result of a rising tide of liberalism in Russia, supported by the realisation that
Russia's economic needs were incompatible with the system, and driven by the fear that that without reform the state itself could be shattered by
revolution. Russia's defeat in the Crimean war was also a major influencing factor as "Defeat in the Crimean war laid bare Russia's weakness, so
well conceived reforms were set in train and permitted the birth of politics... Russian tsars had learned little during the century: at its end, they
were still claiming to be absolute rulers" (Russia). Alexander II came into power in 1855, as the successor of Nicholas I. He started his reign in a
difficult position, as the defeat of the Crimean war in 1854 cast a shadow over the beginning of his reign. The peace treaty of Paris finally drew a
conclusion to the war in 1856, Russia ultimately being defeated by Britain and France, leaving the Russian state feeling weak and vulnerable. The
Russian war effort had been characterised by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A revolution amongst the serfs would trigger many other groups in Russia to protest and revolt about issues they were unhappy with, possibly leading
to the autocracy being overthrown.
In conclusion, although Alexander's reign seemed to start off liberally, there are many aspects of it which point to the conclusion that he conducted the
emancipation from an essentially conservative stance. As his time as tsar progressed and after repeated assassination attempts, his attitude turned
continuously more conservative. The second half of his reign being noticeably far more conservative than anyone first expected of the once liberal and
understanding young

Lincoln and the Abolitionists Essay
LINCOLN AND THE ABOLITIONISTS
History records Abraham Lincoln as the Great Emancipator, yet ardent abolitionists of his day such as William Lloyd Garrison viewed him with deep
suspicion. That the 16th president eventually achieved the abolitionists' most cherished dream, says biographer Allen Guelzo, happened through a
curious combination of political maneuvering, personal conviction, and commitment to constitutional principle.
One of the ironies of the Civil War era and the end of slavery in the United States has always been that the man who played the role of the Great
Emancipator was so hugely mistrusted and so energetically vilified by the party of abolition. Abraham Lincoln, whatever his larger reputation as the
liberator of two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I went to prominent Republicans, and among others, to Abraham Lincoln and Lyman Trumbull, and neither of them dared to sign that petition, to give
me the right to testify in a court of justice!... If we sent our children to school, Abraham Lincoln would kick them out, in the name of Republicanism
and anti–slavery!
Lincoln's election did not mute abolitionist criticism. His unwillingness to use the outbreak of the Civil War in the spring of 1861 as a pretext for
immediate abolition convinced William Lloyd Garrison that Lincoln was "unwittingly helping to prolong the war, and to render the result more and
more doubtful! If he is 6 feet 4 inches high, he is only a dwarf in mind!" Garrison had never really believed that Lincoln's Republicans "had an issue
with the South," and Lincoln himself did nothing once elected to convince him otherwise. Frederick Douglass, who had parted fellowship with
Garrison over the issue of noninvolvement in politics, hoped for better from Lincoln, but only seemed to get more disappointments. Lincoln's
presidential inaugural, with its promise not to interfere with southern slavery if the southern states attempted no violent withdrawal from the Union,
left Douglass with "no very hopeful impression" of Lincoln. If anything, Lincoln had only confirmed Douglass's "worst fears," and he flayed Lincoln
as "an itinerant Colonization lecturer, showing all his inconsistencies, his pride of race

To What Extent Did Alexander Ii Deserve His Title of the...
Does Alexander II truly deserve the title of liberator? To liberate is to set free (a group or individual) from legal, social or political restrictions.
There is evidence to suggest that he disliked serfdom. Even his father, Nicholas I, believed that serfdom was an "evil palpable to all," and Alexander
II was certainly even more liberally educated than his father.
His arguably most fundamental reform was the emancipation of serfdom in 1861. As he said, "It is best to abolish serfdom from above than to wait
until it abolishes itself from below". This quote demonstrates his realization that reform was needed. Many saw serfdom as Russia's biggest handicap in
development into a new modern era, to be the equal of other European powers. There ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Milyutin's reforms made the army more civilized and efficient–the army was made to be more accommodating for the soldiers with the army methods
being made more humane. This meant that training was made more relaxed and corporal punishment was banned. Shorter services meant that the army
was no longer seen as a 'prison life sentence'. The success of the reform was due to the efforts of Dmitri Milyutin, not Alexander II, but overall
successful nonetheless. Furthermore, the success of the reform was not measured in the number of victories in battle, but the way in which it
introduced a sense of professionalism and discipline in soldiers. This gave birth to modern military strategies and more effective combat tactics.
In 1864, Alexander introduced a modern western–style judicial system based on the French system that was aimed to be "equal to all our subjects."
The salaries of judges were also increased, making them less likely to accept bribes, thus decreasing corruption. Further reforms included the opening
of courts to the public, which drastically increased freedom of expression and opportunities of careers in law. As historian Hugh Seton–Watson argues,
"the court–room was the one place in Russia where real freedom of speech prevailed." However, the success of these reforms can be questioned as the
police of the Third Section could arrest people on demand and political and military cases were soon

What Justification Has Alexander II Become Known As The...
To what justification has Alexander II become known as 'the Great Reformer'?
Russia in the 19th century was, as we now know, a fatally flawed system. An autocracy that would not last beyond the early 20th century and there
surrounds a controversy and paradox in one of the last Tsars, Alexander II, who has many titles imparted upon him, for example 'The Tsar Liberator'
or 'The Great Reformer'; the later draws links to 'Peter the Great'. Titles like these are cause of such controversy are not based in the denial of his
reforms but rather the significance of these reforms whether it be; the depth of effect on people, the amount of people affected, the length of time they
were effected for or the effect of the event upon today. These are ways... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each reform seeking to modernise Russia, in the words of Dr David Moon, 'rebuild Military might and recover international status.' However whether he
was successful in his aim does not directly contribute to the significance, it can be significant without being successful.
Central to all of the reforms of Alexander II is the 'Emancipation Decrees' which are arguably the largest reforms of Alexander and set up for the
following liberal community reforms. The most well–known is the Emancipation of the Serfs in 1861 had reaching consequences into every corner of
Russia and its significance is evident in the depth of contemporary excitement as described by Prince Pyotrs Kropotkin, 'Crowds of peasants and
educated men stood in front of the palace, shouting hurrahs' . Such rejoicing and mass celebration helps highlights the importance placed upon this
manifesto, but is also highlighted in the opinions of the author himself as he is in opposition to the system but also a member of nobility in which this
manifesto has no direct effect and yet still supports and rejoices at the manifesto. Showing the startling significance that the Russia public put upon this
reform, feeds itself into the significance of the Alexander as a reformer– as Pytor describes later '[Alexander] Your name has been transmitted through
history as that of a hero' . This point is compounded by a newspaper article at the time in which the 'emotion created' by the

The Role Of Metropolitan Filaret 's Divine Context And...
The influence of Metropolitan Filaret's divine context and ambiguity are evident in the document. In speaking to the unity of God and tsar,
Metropolitan Filaret makes the connection very clear. He wrote, "We thus became convinced that the problem of improving the condition of serfs
was a sacred inheritance bequeathed to Us by Our predecessors, a mission which, in the course of events, Divine Providence has called upon Us to
fulfill." The focus is that the time for emancipation is now, whereas it had not been time before, and that the tsar is fulfilling the will of God. While
there is some discussion of the specific terms of emancipation such as the temporary obligation the peasants still had to the lords and a vague hint of...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to being able to read scripture themselves, peasants also could read church liturgy and practices, which created questions and enabled
peasants to see how insufficient their parish priest was. Peasants began sending petitions and grievances to local and national church offices; they
wanted increased authority over their own parishes, something the Orthodox Church did not want to give. The Russian Orthodox Church viewed this
increased interest among the peasantry very negatively. The Church "often interpreted peasant activism as a negative consequence of secular
enlightenment that ultimately would harm the Orthodox faith through the dilution of its traditional hierarchical principles." Thus, the church became
increasingly reactionary and isolated itself further from the peasantry–interacting even less and trying to distance the peasantry from doctrine and
liturgy. The Church saw peasant interest as directly undermining their power instead of a development of a more devoted populous. This led to the
paradox of a weakening political and culture power of the Church while simultaneously the peasantry became increasingly devoted to "localized
religious practice." The gap widened even further between the Church and the peasantry due to the Church's fear and mistrust of the peasantry. As the
Church distanced themselves from the peasantry in relational and spiritual realms, it also tried to reassert its control over the peasantry, primarily
through

The Root Cause Of The Civil War
Slavery, as Abraham Lincoln often noted, was the root cause of the Civil War. Tensions over slavery dated back to the contradictory nature of the
American Revolution of 1776 that resulted in a republic simultaneously committed to freedom for whites and bondage for blacks (Barney W., p. 61).
Within years North and South reached the point at which compromise was not possible. At that time Civil War had been started.
In this paper we would analyze the causes of the Civil War and advocate the thesis that slavery was the cause of the Civil War.
As we already noted – in the 1800s expediency of slavery was disputed. While industrial North almost abandoned bondage, by the early 19th century,
slavery was almost exclusively confined to the South, home to more than 90 percent of American blacks (Barney W., p. 61). Agrarian South needed
free labor force in order to stimulate economic growth. In particular, whites exploited blacks in textile production. This conditioned the differences in
economic and social development of the North and South, and opposing viewpoints on the social structure. "Northerners now saw slavery as a
barbaric relic from the past, a barrier to secular and Christian progress that contradicted the ideals of the Declaration of Independence and degraded the
free–labor aspirations of Northern society" (Barney W., p. 63).
In 1830s some faithful activists like W. Garrison, Tappan brothers, T. Weld and others have made several publications advocating antislavery movement
and claiming that slavery is a major sin. They give birth to the movement of abolitionism and win over many white Americans to their camp.
Main goal of the early abolitionists was to create a better society through reforms and they engaged in a battle to convince their fellow Americans that
it was morally wrong to keep other humans in bondage. In order to realize a better and more righteous republic, they believed, the institution of slavery
had to be rejected (Harpen R., Dal Lago E., p. 296). Many abolitionists appealed to abolish slavery immediately as they believed all people should be
equal in rights. The abolitionists demanded immediate emancipation without payment to slaveowners. Rather than accepting the dominant white view of

Zaionchkovsky Serfs Analysis
Historians do not always agree on the outcomes of the reforms. Zaionchkovsky outlines how the emancipation affected the lives of the serfs. He
argues that the serfs economically were minimally better following 1861. Because the nobles controlled the amount of land they received, 99.2% of
peasant households received less than the minimum needed for their economic survival. This forced many to rent extra land from their previous
owners and rent was expensive, and rates increased every year due to a higher demand for land. He also points out that the peasants still provided the
nobles with the livelihood they previously had, but with less land. The freedom the state gave them, he argues, was not true freedom as the situation the
reforms created

A Study Of African History
Many people think slavery happened after a group of explores from Portuguese started ring the coast of West Africa, but little do they know African
Americans were trading themselves way before then. Portuguese explorer Prince Henry, known as the navigator, was the first European to
methodically explore Africa and the oceanic to the Indies.[1] Many Europeans thought that Africa 's history was not important. They argued that
Africans were inferior to Europeans and they used this to help justify slavery. However, the reality was very different. A study of African history
shows that Africa was by no means inferior to Europe. As you can see below, the people who suffered the most from the transatlantic slave trade were
civilized, organised and technologically advanced peoples, long before the arrival of European slavers, trying to suggest they were backward peoples.[2]
A major advance was the introduction of the caravel in the mid–15th century, a small ship able to sail windward more than any other in Europe at the
time. Evolved from fishing ships designs, they were the first that could leave the coastal cabotage navigation and sail safely on the open. For celestial
navigation the Portuguese used the Ephemerides, which experienced a remarkable diffusion in the 15th century. They were astronomical charts
plotting the location of the stars over a distinct period of time. These charts revolutionized navigation, allowing to calculating latitude. Using the caravel,

Alexander II And The Russian Revolution
In the 1800's Russia was facing a very difficult time. Russia's recent defeat in the Crimean war was a wake up call to the autocracy. This defeat
proved to the autocracy that Russia had fallen dangerously behind their western neighbors, ultimately making it easy for other countries to attach
and invade. At that point, Russia knew it was time for a change and it started with Tsar Alexander II. Alexander II took over as emperor due to his
fathers (Nicholas I) death in St. Petersburg. Some say the reason for Russia's backward spiral was because of him. However, in 1855 the reign of
Alexander II in Russia began and during his time he directed a period of political and social reforms. Some of the reforms Alexander II thought had
to be changed included: education, military, government, and judicial. Even after trying to make multiple changes and reforms to better the
government, someone was still not clicking in the Russian government. The main reason the society had so many problems dealt with the peasants.
As many soviet historians have claimed, these reforms were put in place to pacify the peasantry in order to ward off revolution. During this time the
peasants had to work on their lord owners land and didn't have many other options. While under the new Tsar Alexander II the government ran into a
dry wall and needed a way out. Alexander II did something that to this day goes down as two perspectives. The first one can be seen as a charter of
freedom

Significance And Impact Of The Emancipation Proclamation
Jonathan E. Luzniak
Mr. Deeb
U.S. History 1A
5 May, 2015
Significance and Impact of the Emancipation Proclamation
Abraham Lincoln once said, "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half–slave and
half–free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved – I do not expect the house to fall – but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all
one thing or all the other." (Lincoln 's 'House–Divided ' Speech in Springfield, Illinois, June 16, 1858). The critical issue of slavery throughout the 19th
century in America, was a heavily debated topic. Due to this disagreement of the bondage of slaves, America was split into two distinct entities, the
Union and the Confederacy. Both of these bodies of states struggled over the idea of slavery, and whether or not it should be enforced, but both for
different reasons. In the North, or the Union States, slavery was looked down upon being morally wrong, while on the other hand, the Southerners, or
the Confederate States, believed the exact opposite. In the year of 1863, the issue of slavery would start to diminish due to a very important
proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln. This prominent decree, the Emancipation Proclamation, would settle the heated dispute between the
Union and the Confederacy for all years to come. Although not one slave was initially freed by the Emancipation Proclamation in the Southern states,
the deeper symbolic meaning of the manifesto

Serfdom In Russia
In Russia, serfdom was a system under which the peasants were theoretically free tenants, but were actually in a state of vassalage to, and dependence
on, the landowners. Some people condemn feudalism, stating that it was a corrupt system of labor as it exploited serfs, but without the use of the serfs
the entire economy of Europe would have suffered. Serfs were the foundation of the economic system because they provided labor and goods to the
entire kingdom. Serfdom influenced the Russian way of life and culture. The actual system set up in place for serfs goes more in–depth than just
peasants working the property. The eventual emancipation of the serfs came about in March of 1861, in the Emancipation Manifesto issued by Russian
emperor Alexander ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Serfdom in Europe can be drawn back to the 11th century. This type offeudalism traversed throughout Europe, decreasing in Western Europe around
the 14th century with the Renaissance but growing in Central and Eastern Europe, a spectacle sometimes known as "later serfdom". Serfs were
lawfully required to dwell and toil at one place and to work on the land possessed by their lord, who may perhaps be a nobleman or an ecclesial
dignitary. They could also be serfs of the state, working for the regime or in an institution such as a monastery. They were allocated a small area of
land to cultivate to support themselves and their families, but had to make payments in produce and money to the lord from their own earnings. Social
establishments closely alike to serfdom were known in ancient times. The position of the Helots in the primeval Greek city–state of Sparta resembled
that of feudal serfs, as did the state of the peasant working on government lands in primordial Rome. Serfdom was legally a subservient or "unfree"
status that involved dependency upon a lord, significantly limited freedom of action in terms of livelihood and residence, and subjugation to duties
considered marks of servility. They could inherit, own, and bequeath property. The lord's rights over their labor were restricted by local custom and
tradition. The Russian Law Code of 1649 was promulgated by Tsar

The Abolition Of The Civil War
During the mid 1800s, the issue of slavery and its expansion had become a major controversial element of American history, resulting in the
transpiration of the Civil War. Between the years of 1861 and 1865, conflict between the North and South had emerged, causing bloodshed at America's
most dominant period of history. Throughout the year 1861, intense conflict between the North and South over issues of states' liberties, federal power,
westward expansion, and slavery had impelled the Civil War. By the end of war, the Civil War had proved to be the most disastrous war known to
American existence. During war, antislavery movements had transpired, as abolitionists strived to develop the emancipation of slaves and became
ambitious to prohibit intolerance and prejudice.During the 1830s, abolitionists and advocates of antislavery had strongly aspired to develop the
abolishment and prohibition of slavery. As the struggle for abolition and antislavery had commenced, the aspiration for the abolishment of slavery had
gained success, flourishing during the era of the Civil War. Following the abolition and antislavery movement, the Women's Rights Movement had also
become a dominant aspect of the Civil War. During the nineteenth century, aspiring women had become ambitious to sustain rights and liberties for
themselves. Women's efforts which had been contributed to the abolition movement had become a major aspect of the women's rights movement, as
their efforts had played a dominant

The Effect of the Battle at Antietam Essay
The Effect of the Battle at Antietam The effects of the bloodiest battle in American military history spread all over the world; however, the resulting
Emancipation Proclamation, in particular, had an enormous impact on Britain's decision to not recognize the Confederacy as a nation. During a low
point for the Union, the birth of this pivotal piece of anti–slavery legislation from the Battle at Antietam helped deter Britain from intervening. The
Battle at Antietam and the resulting Proclamation were colossal victories for the Union as they discouraged the intervention of the British, preventing
potential war between the United States and Great Britain. In 1862, during the time of the Battle at Antietam, the British Cabinet was... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, doubt began to linger in the forefront of the minds of the British. Consequently, intervention was delayed. Moreover, Lincoln's ideas about ending
slavery caused Britain to hesitate (Brauer). Two major reasons contributed to Britain seeking intervention as a result of the Battle at Antietam. First is
the fact that America practiced slavery. In a letter from Secretary of State William H. Seward to Henry Adams 18 August 1862, Seward wrote, "I cannot
avoid thinking that the ideas of intervention and mediation have their source in an imperfect conception in Europe of the independence of the
American Nation" (Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs). It is important to remember that both Britain and France were anti–slavery at the time. Slavery
was viewed as one of America's most noticeable imperfections. Secondly, the cotton famine was severely affecting the British. When the Union
captured New Orleans, cotton flow to Britain was still not returned as promised by Seward. Throughout the summer, pressure built for Britain and
France to mediate a settlement, which would mean Confederate independence. The Paris Constitutionnel reported in June 1862 that only British
intervention would end this bloody war (McPherson 57). In a letter from Henry Adams to Seward in August 1862, Adams thought the cotton famine
was shifting support towards the Confederacy in Britain. Also, the government was not strong enough in Britain to force

Emancipation Of Serfs Essay
Emancipation: Success or Failure?
Student Number:
Mailbox Number: 029
Word Count: 2386
Professor:
Hist 380: Modern Russia
Due Date: October 6th, 2011
The system of serfdom is where an agricultural worker in feudal Russia who cultivates land and belongs to a landowner. The emancipation of the
serfs happened for a mired of reasons. Most of which are tied to Russia as a nation. The defeat in the Crimean war for example was a huge blow to
Russia as a world power. The national prestige was lost as Russia lost the Crimean war to the allied powers of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire,
and the Kingdom of Sardinia. The humiliation that was felt through losing this war was based off of Alexander II's viewing ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Because when isolated is not a problem but when it is joint effort then there is purpose and goals behind it. Then real reforms have to happen because
of the amount of numbers. Russian peasants accounted for eighty per cent of the Russian population at this time. When eighty per cent of your
population wants something and is not opposed to take things by force then there are serious problems for the Russian autocracy.
The positive side of the emancipation of the serfs was plentiful in its achievements. The emancipation was a prelude to the most sustained program of
sustained reform that imperial Russia had experienced. It also accomplished these great reforms without violence or mass coercion. It is pretty evident
that the only way that this could have been achieved was through a government of an absolute ruler; it could have not been done by a nation ruled by
democracy. The only other social change that is even comparable to the emancipation of the serfs is the freeing of the African–American slaves in

1865. However this should still be held to a lesser degree the emancipation of the serfs. This is because some fifty million serfs were set free without
any violent implications or precursors. [2]
A key reform falling on the positive side of the emancipation was the restructuring of the local government. The land from the landowner was granted
to the commune and not the peasant.[3] These peasant communes were responsible

Causes Of The Jewish Revolution Of 1848
One of the key factors of the Revolution was the rise of nationalism in the respective crown–lands. The various ethnic groups of the Habsburg Empire
for national recognition. The Jews on the other hand sought the repeal of discriminatory taxes and legislation. They championed "natural not national"
rights. Secondly the new middle class worked under harsh conditions for little pay. They protested against new technologies such as machines, at the
same time, they lacked an cohesive agenda. Marx would later attribute this to their lack of class conciseness in the Communist Manifesto. It should be
noted that most of these workers were reeling against Jewish industrial leaders, so it is safe to say that the Jews did not play an active role ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though the Fundamental Laws extended Religious Freedoms, it also worked to fully alienate the Jewish people from Galician politics. One of the
requirements of holding office, was to fall under a nationally recognized language. This was calculated in the new census procedures, in which citizens
had to list both their language and associated nationality. The Census did not consider Jewish or Yiddish as legitimate responses, thus further alienating
the Jewish population. These new regulations created a Polish majority in the Diet, under which both the Jews and Rutherians had limited suffrage.
It soon became evident to some members of the Jewish elite, that political consciousness was essential to gaining freedom. In 1868, the first hint of a
Jewish Nationalism movement appeared with the creation of Shomer Israel in Lemberg. Though originally this was not a politically active group it
would later push for widespread Jewish

The Crimean War And Its Lack Of Modernization
The Crimean War was the war between Great Britain, French, and along with some other countries against Russia. While Russia led by Nicholas I,
entered to the Crimean War to defend Orthodox Christian within the autocrat empire; French entered this war because they promoted the Catholics
Christian; Great Britain wanted to maintain the autocrat empire and maintain power (Aksakov and Danielevsky, 378–389). It was an absolute
humiliating when Russia defeated the war. The Russian military was outplayed because the British had much more sophisticated weapons, technology,
and supply line (Riasanovsky and Steinberg, 366). Many liberal, conservative, and Russian people believed that the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War
was evidence of Russia 's economy and material backwardness and fallen behind many European nations (lecture, 10/19). This led to the "forces of
modernization".
Defeat in the Crimean War made Russia's lack of modernization clear. The first step toward modernization was the emancipation of serfdom. Soon
after the war end Nicholas I came to end of his life. Alexander II was on the throne and the Great Reform period of Russia began. He first issued the
emancipation manifesto in 1861. Alexander II "took steps to improve the condition of the peasantry. But these steps were only partly successful,
depending as they did on the goodwill and voluntary action of landlords (Cracraft, 340). Therefore convinced that the task of improving the condition
of the peasants kind of

Uncle's Tom Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe
It influenced social reform movements because it was originally a religious movement where it emphasized on faith in which it later influenced those
concerning about temperance, education, women's rights, and abolition throughout the country when they decided to change their religions.
Uncle's Tom Cabin was wrote by Harriet Beecher Stowe.
Intense means an extreme force, degree, or strength.
The Compromise (1850), Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854), Supreme Court widened the growing divisions over slavery (1857), John Brown and a small
band of followers tried to start an antislavery revolt by seizing a federal arsenal (1859), Abraham Lincoln was elected as President (1860), Kansas
entered the Union as a free state (1861), and the Confederate troops

The Nature of the Irish Nationalism was Changed by the Act...
The Act of Union in 1800 was a significant factor to the nature of Irish nationalism in 1800. Prior to the Act, the society of the united Irishmen, a
republican society who wanted parliamentary reform and Catholic Emancipation, fought, under the leadership of Robert Emmet, with physical force for
their complete independence. Because of their military strand they differed from their predecessors the 'Protestant Patriots', this is because the society
was heavily influenced by revolutionary events in France and New America in the late 18th century. The rebellion, although unsuccessful, with its
leader imprisoned, had major consequential effects; which was the passing of the Act of Union in 1800. The Act set the tone for the rest of Irish... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though this constitutional change was a disappointment to the Irish and not a breakthrough in the changing nature of the Irish question as the
Irish vote was not restored to the 40–shilling freehold, it saw the emergence of the O'Connellites in the 1833 general election with 39 MPs, and thus
became the largest bloc of Irish MPs in the House of Commons. With the informal alliance with the Liberal government,Ireland was given several
significant concessions; a national primary education was set up which, by 1881, allowed for Вѕ of those aged between 6 and 15 the ability to read .
The new under–secretary, Thomas Drummond, took an even more dramatic turn in the Irish question. He opened large areas of official employment
for Catholics such as the reorganisation of the police force in 1836 which enrolled many Catholics; Catholics began to be appointed to high offices in
the Irish judiciary and the powers of the Orange order, an extremist protestant organisation, were curbed . Even though O'Connell failed to repeal the
Act of Union as he intended to, the reforms that brought changes to the Irish question, which were due to O'Connell, for demising the Tory party
through his emancipation Act and the Great Reform Act that gave him and the O'Connellites more power to concede to Irish reforms.
The Great Famine of 1845–9 was a great turning point in the changing nature of all aspects of the Irish question. In terms of land, Ireland's land

Religious And Civil Life During The 19Th Century

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