Mars Rover

Mars Rover
Mars Rover
Mars is an interesting and mysterious planet. It is often referred to as the Red Planet. The Romans named Mars after the god of war. The rocks, soil,
and sky all have a red hue on account of rust. Mars is the fourth planet from the sun at about 141 million miles (228 million kilometers) and the last
terrestrial planet from the Sun. Mars follows closely behind Earth but is comparatively smaller, with about half the diameter of Earth (6,794–km) and
about one–tenth of Earth s mass (6.419 x 1023 kg). Thus the force of gravity on Mars is about one–third of that on Earth. Mars is probably the planet
we know the most about since it is so close to Earth, though what we know now is not even close to everything about the planet. Over ... Show more
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Spirit stumbled across rocks that pointed to an earlier, unrulier Mars that was marked by impacts, explosive volcanism and subsurface water [source:
NASA Mars]. "Water is key because almost everywhere we find water on Earth we find life," NASA's Web site. However, we are still unsure life
existed on Mars. The rover Curiosity, finally landed on mars August 6, 2012, it was launched November 26, 2011. Before NASA could be
launched Curiosity, the rover it had to go through series of test, drop tests, pull test, drive test, load test, stress tests, and shorting tests. So scientists
had to realize that Earth and Mars revolve around the sun at different rates meaning it takes Mars 686 earths days and the Earth 365 days. They did
to figure out when Mars was closest to Earth. Curiosity was launched from Cape Canaveral. Stage one, it reaches space and the tip of the cone opens
and fall off. During the second stage, a centuar engine starts placing the vehicle into obit. When everything is alined the second engine starts to bring
it to mars. Once Curiosity is on Mars it will do tasks such as collecting rock, soil sampling and placing them on instruments in order to be analyzed.
What goes into the rover (Siceloff, Steven. "Mars Rover Well–Equipped for Studies." NASA's John F. Kennedy
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Similarities Between Mars And Mars
Mars, the red planet, and fourth planet from the sun. What is Mars really like, is it cold or hot, wet or dry? Can humans live on Mars, and if so how?
For decades scientists have been studying Mars, they have been using rovers and from there they collected data, samples, and took pictures. These
rovers study Mars' atmosphere, temperatures, weather, if it has water, and a lot more. With all of the data the scientists have gathered we know that
Mars' atmosphere is a lot different than our, yet still has similarities.
Even though Earth and Mars are in the same solar system and orbit the same sun, Mars' atmosphere and the planet itself is a lot different from
Earth. Mars is 142 million miles away from the sun, with a year being 687 days long. It is about half of Earth's size, and is one tenth of Earth's mass.
Mars' atmosphere is carbon based, containing 95.3% carbon dioxide, and also it only has .3% water vapor (Source for %). The average temperature on
Mars is –81 degrees Fahrenheit which is approximately –62 degrees Celsius (NASA). Mars' atmosphere is also very thin, so it does not "allow liquid
water to exist at the surface for long" (Newsela). Also Mars has a lot less gravity, Earth has 62.5% more gravity than Mars does (NASA). Mars'
environment would not be very hospitable for human life.
Earth also differs a lot from Mars, Earth is 78.1% nitrogen, and 20.9% oxygen, and isn't carbon based (Source for %). While Mars only is only .3%
water vapor, Earth is 1–4%

The Applications of DNA Typing
DNA Typing has become more present in the world with the creation of new technology, allowing justice to be served in courtrooms, helping to
identify bodies after major devastating events have occurred, and also in processes that the average human does not pay much attention to such as the
production of biofuels. The process of DNA Typing is not easy considering the fact one must first go through the multi–step process of DNA extraction.
Along with DNA Typing also comes the job opportunities that are available, the organizations that have been created in respect to this subject, and
the average salary that is available to people who hold a job in this field of work. The use of DNA Typing will become more common in the near future
as the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
("Interesting Uses of DNA Profiling") The interesting subject of DNA Typing to be used in major sporting events can be clarified by the use of this
method in the marking of footballs to stop the rising popularity of the deception of rare sporting items. ("Interesting Uses of DNA Profiling") DNA
Typing has left an important mark on the world of science since it has become a prominent part of identifying people and one–of–a–kind items such as
sports memorabilia. The process of DNA Typing has become more common which has allowed more resources to be readily available, while also
being at a cheaper rate. DNA can now be privately found using individual kits instead of going to research facilities. Also, DNA can be sequenced
for only a few thousand dollars versus a few billion dollars as it was just a few years ago. ("DNA and the Masses: The Science and Technology
Behind Discovering Who You Really Are") During the DNA Typing process, one must first go through the method of DNA extraction. The first step
of DNA extraction is to find a source of DNA, and the second step is to remove the sample of DNA from the cells. After this, the sample is deposited
into a tube that contains measured chemicals. ("Hunter") The chemicals that are contained in the tube include a buffer, which keeps the DNA from
falling apart, and other substances that are used to break down the cells and release the DNA into the buffer. If

Curiosity: A Robotic Rover
On August 6, 2014, a robotic rover Curiosity, which worth about 25 million dollars, was successfully landed on Mars and immediately sent back
images of the areas around the mission's landing site. Radioactive isotopes are used for the first time as the power source for this car–sized robotic
rover. As a part ofNASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission, Curiosity was launched on November 26, 2011, and it was the most ambitious and
expensive exploration mission on Mars in history. (Wall, 2012) Curiosity rover takes along with a variety of advanced instruments and equipment,
planning to determine if there were conditions for life existed in the past on Mars or to search for signs of life in rocket around landing area. It would
work continuously ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the specific mineral elements in rock samples are determined, Curiosity grinds rock into fine powdery sample and pours it into a chemistry and
mineralogy analyze system ––– CheMin. CheMin then directs a beam of X–rays at the powder and the crystal structure of the minerals deflects it at a
characteristic angle, which allows the scientists to distinguish the minerals being analyzed. CheMin provided the valuable information about the
varieties of the minerals exists on Mars, as well as each mineral's reserves. Analyzing each mineral on Mars allows scientists to find major leads of
temperature, pressure and acidity of Mars' environment during the time when these minerals were formed. Therefore, CheMin has the potential to
reveal whether Gale Crater is a suitable place for life exists. (Anderson, 2010) However, whether it is possible to find the signs of life on Mars
remains unsure, since it is an extremely difficult task to make a clear conclusion about life existence on exterior planet. Nevertheless, by searching for
organic molecules, Curious tries its best to find the solutions to this

Zelus Research Paper
Introduction
The exploration of Mars terrain is offering mankind even more incite into how our solar system was developed in the past. There are still many sites
that have yet to be explored. The region of Mawrth Vallis is one of the oldest valleys on Mars. It was formed from cataclysmic floods and contains
large amounts of phyllosilicate. These are clay–like minerals that only form in the presence of water. These minerals can easily preserve microscopic
life.
I am going to design a rover "Zelus" for the purpose of exploring this terrain. The rover is named after the Greek God who is the personification of the
term zeal. It inspired by the meaning of having intense passion and enthusiasm for any endeavor. The rover will collect these minerals, explore different
aspects of the terrain, and discover any other potential information. The data gathered will in turn help determine if this environment was sustainable
for life in the past.
Chassis (Body)
Damage to the wheels and body due to Mars' rugged terrain is one problem the Curiosity rover is facing right now. Rocks and heavy winds of Mars
have been causing damage to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I will use an altered version of the MOXIE instrument planned for the Mars 2020 rover. This will only require the CO2 Acquisition and
Compression (CAC) system component of it. The CAC will store the carbon dioxide from the Mars air and compress it. The process will take the
waste heat from the solar panels and heat molten salts stored in the chamber. Next, it will heat the stored carbon dioxide from the air to a physical
state between a gas and liquid. This will in turn give energy to the CO2 turbine to operate the rover and its instruments. Finally, it is cooled and
repressurized once it has passes through the turbine before coming back around. The carbon dioxide will circulate continuously in a closed loop, and it
wont produce any waste

Space Exploration Thesis Statement
Thesis Statement: Space exploration would help achieve a better future, pursuit the economy, and increase raw material.
Looking down the road, space exploration and the benefits it yields in medicine and information technology should not be overlooked.
Mars exploration is one of the most important future upcoming concepts for colonization. To pursue these goals, all of our future missions will be
driven by scientific questions that will continuously evolve as we make new discoveries. New technologies will let us explore mars in ways we have
before, concluding in higher resolution images, and even the return of Martian soil for studies in laboratories on Earth. New technologies will let us
explore mars in ways we have before. The Space Exploration

Mission To Mars Summary
A big step in search of the life existence in Solar system – that is how Dr. Louisa Preston – the author of the article "Mission to Mars" – calls the Mars
Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity, and its promising geological results. Here is a summary of these results. In Gale Crater, Curiosity found strata
(layered rock outcrops) formed by clays and sulphates, which helped scientists to explore the suitability of the local soils for organic life and check for
presence of vital organic molecules. According to Preston, at the beginning of last century, people consideredMars as a planet with developed
community and the water–supplies system. However, spacecrafts Viking 1 and 2– the only ones ever launched into space in search of alien life –
disproved

The Mars Science Laboratory Rover
The budget for the FY2017 stands at $19.5 billion. This budget breaks down into major areas as grouped by NASA. The Science Mission Directorate
with a budget of $5,601. With this money NASA is supporting over 90 space missions with 35 being readied for launch and another
60 currently underway. Some of these being the Voyager's, still with Voyager I currently the most distant man made object from the earth and in deep
space since 2012. The Mars Science
Laboratory Rover, "Curiosity". Curiosity is a small car sized rover and after being launched in
2011 and following a successful landing on the Martian surface, has been giving us important data on the red planet with its suite of lab like
instruments and sensors. The International Space
Station ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These concepts are being pioneered or contracted out by NASA to companies like SpaceX who in turn is monetizing space travel.
In response as to how I would set next year's budget for NASA, I would first ask NASA,
"How much is too much money for you?". While obviously I couldn't ask to raise the budget to something unfeasible, with more aircraft carriers than
every other country in the world combined and one of the strongest standing armies and air forces to boot, (and a sister in the
Navy and brother in the Marines, I might add) I would feel comfortable transferring a couple of tenths of a percent from our defense budget to our
NASA budget, if not, a whole percent.
Reasoning for this is two–fold. One being that when NASA's budget was at its highest back in the 60's during the Apollo missions, a study was
conducted examining the financial impact of the billions spent on putting a man on the moon. The study found that the roughly $25 billion spent
during those years was $52 billion in return by 1971 and even more by a decade later. For every technological advance and groundbreaking scientific
Eureka moment, there are benefits to the everyday person from the inventions and research NASA has put into from

The Space Mission
In addition to considering the main goals of the base, one must also consider the costs. Due to the high cost and limited space within a spacecraft,
everything aboard must serve a purpose. After the spacecraft lands, the internal structure in which the astronauts had been living will serve as the main
building due to its capacity to sustain human life in the more extreme conditions of space. The first spacecraft which arrived on Mars, unmanned,
contained rovers to collect information about the base site as well as assist in the construction of the laboratory and greenhouses contained within the
spacecraft. To function correctly as a laboratory and a greenhouse however the inclusion of a life support system including water recycling, oxygen ...
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The lack of proper nutrients and vitamins can lead to increased bone atrophy, muscle atrophy, and decreased energy, while creating a susceptibility to
other diseases or infections which can spread to the other crew members. The contamination of an environment leads to the psychological effect of a
ruined area or the loss of security which can affect the whole group (Enrico, C. 2013). The nature of this risk will last in–transit as well as upon the
surface of Mars. In addition, if malnutrition occurs to one crew member, then likely the problem lies with the food stores which would be a disaster
for the mission. Therefore, a good alternative to the prevention for food contamination would be to grow crops in space as a reserve. It would serve
two purposes; it could be used to do research upon the growth of plants in a microgravity environment, and it will serve as a preventative security
measure. A pre–flight instruction session of the symptoms of malnutrition will allow for the recognition and increase the amount of time in which the
astronauts have to address the problem. However, the constraints in these sessions might occur when regarding the operations of the mission, and the
capability of growing food would be greatly reduced by the limited space onboard,

Mars Gale Crater
On October 8, NASA released information confirming that there were once lakes on Mars, specifically in the Gale Crater. The water helped deliver
sediment to the bottom of the crater.
Mars' Gale Crater currently contains Mount Sharp, the foundation of which is provided by aforementioned sediment delivered by the water. According
to Ashwin Vasavada,Mars Science Laboratory project scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab, "Observations from the rover suggest that a series of
long–lived streams and lakes existed at some point between about 3.8 to 3.3 billion years ago, delivering sediment that slowly built up the lower layers
of Mount Sharp."
This finding comes in a long string of other findings that water once existed on Mars. Just last month,

The Pros And Cons Of Human Space Exploration
Human space exploration certainly has its advantages over robots in several ways. The first of such is that humans are capable of on–the–spot
decisions and critical thinking. Humans are able to adapt and respond to unforeseen circumstances while robots simply cannot. Such a thing is evident
in the robotic Viking mission to Mars. Detailed by the article "The Future of Space Exploration –Manned or Robotic Missions," the Viking landers on
Mars were equipped with tools to sample the Martian soil and a small chemistry lab to detect whether or not the soil contained life. The results
obtained were highly unusual, and chemical reactions from the soil were unlike any known life–form on Earth. It was concluded that the soil was
lifeless; however, the robot was designed only to detect Earth–type life. The chemical reactions certainly could have been a sign of unknown Martian
organisms, and a trained human would have been able to test for this and reach a definitive conclusion. If a trained human was in the same position, he
/she would have been able to perform additional tests and conclusively determine whether or not unknown Martian life existed in the soil sample ...
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Human exploration is much more efficient in terms of scientific progress per mission. However, looking strictly at monetary cost per mission,
robotic exploration is much cheaper. The Mars Science Laboratory, the latest Mars rover, cost roughly 2.5 billion dollars to build and land on Mars
(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "Mars Science Laboratory Landing"). The exact cost of a manned mission to Mars is uncertain, but
is given a range of 80 to 100 billion dollars (Kaufman, "A Mars Mission for Budget Travelers"). The rover is clearly a more efficient choice in terms
of monetary value; however, the scientific knowledge gained from manned versus unmanned missions is drastically

Mission 33284 Research Paper
June 3, 1986 an adroit group of astronauts went on Mission 33284: Journey to Mars. They went on this trip in search of life on Mars, or at least
evidence of life on Mars. Five of them set out on this precarious journey to space.. Not a single one returned home. No bodies were discovered, no calls
were sent back to base, not a single clue was given as to what happened; it was just nothing. A full "investigation" was conducted and it was concluded
that something happened to the engine and they fell into oblivion. December 8, 2016, 30 years later, another set of astronauts were chosen to take part
in Mission 33284 once again. The fortunate group of 6 were: Kamila Hernandez, Jackson Sky, Linda Marshall, Ronald Po, Alexandra Janet, and Jason
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For a moment the ship stayed just floating in space then it began its steep descent into the deep dark trenches of space. The ship fell for what felt
like years until it finally crashed on a hard surface. Kamila, who had bloody nose and left leg was completely shattered, looked around at the now
wrecked ship. The entire back of the craft was flattened the only that was visible was the long trail of blood trickling down. Kamila slowly crawled
to the intercom and dialed 33284 on the intercom. Nothing happened. She dialed again and again and again and again and once more and another,
but... nothing happened. She sat staring at the blank intercom in complete disbelief then she began to sob. Now realizing she was stranded in space
with no one to help, and little oxygen left she began to sob harder and harder until she began hyperventilating. While wiping her tears something
caught her eye, there was a piece of a spacecraft outside. But it wasn't a piece of her spacecraft... it was another spacecraft. "How could it be though,"
she thought, " what other spacecraft has cras–..." She didn't even finish her thought before realizing. She looked down at the intercom once more and
understood that 30 years no calls were received because the calls weren't meant to be received. She realized that the call she just made didn't go
through not because it was busted but because it wasn't made to go through. She realized what Joe meant when he said that she would find out
eventually what 33284 meant. And as she sat there all bloodied and wounded, she realized she wasn't sent out to find life on Mars she was sent to

The Curiosity Rover
Mars has long been an unachievable goal for all nations. Starting in 1969, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) aimed to change
that. With missions ranging from observing climate to taking photos, NASA has examined the surface, atmosphere, and subsurface of Mars. In 2011,
NASA launched the Curiosity rover with the goal of discovering organic compounds essential to life on the surface of Mars (Administrator, 2017). This
mission, Vit Rover, named after the prefix meaning life, will continue the work of the Curiosity rover and answer three questions: Can the organic
compounds on Earth sustain life? What kind of life does the climate of Mars permit, if any? Can humans and Martian life coexist without disruption?
These questions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cruise stage will occur between July of 2022 and January of 2023. During this phase, navigation, altitude, and trajectory will be altered and
monitored. The approach phase will include entry, descent, and landing and will occur between January and February of 2023. The last phase
before the objectives of this mission begins is rover egress. Rover egress will include an antenna launch, taking photos of Mars' surface, calibrating
scientific instruments for use, selecting a suitable path for the rover to take, and standing the rover upright. After this stage, the rover can begin to
roam on Holden Crater and complete the objective of discovering life on Mars. The overall goal of this mission is to locate life on Mars in
preparation for future colonization. This rover will help NASA's scientist discover what life is on Mars and whether that life can coexist with humans.
With the success of this mission, human exploration will be able to begin earlier and become

Mission Control Diary
I performed the initial check on the rocket's systems. All the lights went green, the rocket was ready and I radioed into Mission Control. "Everything's
good to go. Give us the countdown when you're ready." I looked over to Logan and Trevor, who were seated a few feet away and said, "I can't believe
this is finally happening!" Logan was a thin man with blonde hair. He was the smartest out of all of us. Trevor was tall and also had blonde hair. I was
tall and I had brown hair and brown eyes.
"Yep, ever since we went to JPL in highschool, I knew I wanted to go toMars," Trevor said as he buckled his safety harness. Trevor had a grin on his
face that said more than his words ever could. Trevor and I had spent all of our four years at Redwood High ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Should we run?"
"That weapon is super big! Doubt it'd just shoot at us, it'd destroy us. Besides, I can't run, my likes are like freaking jelly!" Trevor replied
melancholically.
"Mission Control...ARE YOU SEEING THIS?" My voice cracked over the microphone.
"We have detected a large energy source in your sector. Can you confirm?" Mission Control inquired smoothly.
"Can–can we confirm? WE ARE STARING DOWN THE BARREL OF A SPACE LASER!" Logan howled as he played through what he predicted
would happen. "We are going to die," he thought. "We are donezo!"
Mission Control,with a slight hint of urgency in their voice, said, "We, uh, we are not positive on what the reading are providing. We think it could be
–"
We could only watch as a huge laser destroyed the Earth. Everything we had ever known was gone in an instant. Mission Control, everyone working
there, deceased. How could we move on? There was nothing left of Earth but the despair in our hearts. We only had memories to look back at.
"Sooo, uh, should we be glad that it was not us to die? Or is that not a nice point of view?" Trevor sighed. We never imagined this could happen, it was
just us three–and whatever aliens were still watching

How Is Humor Used In Andy Weir's The Martian
Happiness, sadness. Joy, fear. Humor, seriousness. These are all emotions felt when reading The Martian. In The Martian, astronaut Mark Watney is
stuck on Mars with no hope of surviving. His crew has deserted him in a sandstorm, and he is fighting for survival. Watney has to learn to never give
up, no matter where he is. Andy Weir, a very interesting man, has crafted a book filled with humor and suspense through hisnovel, The Martian.
Andy Weir is living an amazing life. At age fifteen, Andy Weir became a programmer for a national laboratory (About Andy Weir). Weir wanted to do
this because he is a long time science nerd (From Book to Blockbuster). Weir has also enjoyed writing books. He wrote The Martian in 2011. In 2015,
The Martian became a movie starring Matt Damon as the main character Mark Watney. (The Martian' Filming Location). Andy Weir is an
accomplished writer and a very smart man. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One good example of humor is where Mark comes up with new name for " kilowatt–hours per sol ". A sol is a day onMars. "I'm gonna invent a new
scientific unit name. 1 kilowatt–hour per sol is... I'll call it a pirate–ninja" (Weir 230). This is important because it lightens the mood of the book.
Another good example of humor is when Mark is building a bedroom for his trip. He is taking a trip here to try to get to a place to get off Mars.
"Problem is (follow me closely here, the science is pretty complicated), if I cut a hole in the Hab [the place he stays], the air won't stay inside
anymore" (Weir 263). He has to do this to to get canvas for his vehicle. This is funny because anyone can understand that. Humor is a big part of the
novel because it makes it more

NASA: The High Cost Of NASA
NASA has to spend at least five hundred million dollars per launch in space. They do quite a bit of experiments in space, and have mission on mars
and the moon. They made the International space station, and made quite a few rockets and planes to send to space and in the air. If NASA didn't
make satellites you wouldn't be able to watch tv or call someone from long distance. NASA can do a bundle of experiments but what is NASA. First of
all they are a government agency. Anything that might happen they are responsible for a almost all of science and technology in space and on Earth.
This program was created to oversee space exploration and find different planets to find different planets, if we ever run out of room on Earth. NASA
does space exploration and also they do aeronautics research. NASA are a very big company, but it... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It costs roughly about four hundred and fifty million dollars per launch and bigger missions can cost millions and even billions of dollars just for one
launch. An average cost for a mission is four hundred and fifty million because they haven't done super big missions but either they are already on or
on their way to mars for a mission. NASA don't just have mission for planets they also have the International Space Station that is basically a
permanent laboratory in space. The International Space Station is used for a galore of experiments. International and technological is the largest
endeavor. It is a permanent laboratory up in space. Most of the time during experiments in space they will use gravity, pressure and temperature in a
variety of experiments that they cannot do down on Earth. A space shuttle can travel faster than you think in space. It can travel up to seventeen
thousand and five hundred miles per hour and that is twenty eight thousand kilometers per hour. One space shuttle or spaceship can use up to five
hundred thousand gallons of fuel for only one

Mars 'Curiosity' Rover
1.0Introduction Mars; the fourth planet from the sun, and considering the vast expanse of the universe, Mars is only a mere 49 million miles from
Earth. Mars has been the object of many speculative questions and hypothesis. Over the years, many have wondered if Mars ever sustained life, or if
not, if it were possible to one day sustain life; i.e. Humans. There have been many missions to Mars in an attempt to answer those and other questions,
like the three separate rover craft missions that will be discussed in this paper. Most recently, the idea to put humans on Mars has gained traction and
scientists have begun the process to put that plan into motion. The goal of this paper is to provide more in–depth detail of those missions, their ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hassler,*, Cary Zeitlin, Robert F. Wimmer–Schweingruber, Bent Ehresmann, Scot Rafkin, Jennifer L. Eigenbrode, David E. Brinza, Gerald Weigle,
Stephan BГ¶ttcher, Eckart BГ¶hm, Soenke Burmeister, Jingnan Guo, Jan KГ¶hler, Cesar Martin, Guenther Reitz, Francis A. Cucinotta, Myung–Hee
Kim, David Grinspoon, Mark A. Bullock, Arik Posner, Javier GГіmez–Elvira, Ashwin Vasavada, John P. Grotzinger, MSL Science Team (2013) Mars'
Surface Radiation Environment Measured with the Mars Science Laboratory's Curiosity Rover Science, Vol. 343 no. 6169
S. P. Gorevan, T. Myrick, K. Davis, J. J. Chau, P. Bartlett, S. Mukherjee, R. Anderson, S. W. Squyres, R. E. Arvidson, M. B. Madsen, P. Bertelsen, W.
Goetz, C. S. Binau, L. Richter (2003) Rock Abrasion Tool: Mars Exploration Rover Mission. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Volume 108,
Issue E12, December 2003
Larry A. Haskin, Alian Wang, Bradley L. Jolliff, Harry Y. McSween, Benton C. Clark, David J. Des Marais, Scott M. McLennan, Nicholas J. Tosca,
Joel A. Hurowitz, Jack D. Farmer, Albert Yen, Steve W. Squyres, Raymond E. Arvidson, GГ¶star KlingelhГ¶fer, Christian SchrГ¶der, Paulo A. de
Souza, Jr, Douglas W. Ming1, Ralf Gellert, Jutta Zipfel, Johannes BrГјckner, James F. Bell, III, Kenneth Herkenhoff, Phil R. Christensen, Steve Ruff,
Diana Blaney, Steven Gorevan, Nathalie A. Cabrol, Larry Crumpler, John Grant & Lawrence Soderblom (2005) Water Alteration of Rocks and Soils
on Mars at the Spirit Rover Site in Gusev Crater Nature

The Occupational Characteristics of Microbiology
Graduating from The University at Albany's Biology program provides a wide selection of job opportunities upon leaving college. While students
have the option of picking from a B.A. or a B.S., the focus of a B.S. in biology has more scientific purposes. Graduation requirements are difficult, but
certainly not impossible, requiring 67–68 credits over 4 years. These credits include 36 biology credits, 16 chemistry credits, 8 math credits and 8
physics credits. The job opportunities that become open to the holder of a B.S. range across many fields, including education, health and medicine, and
a plethora of research opportunities. Just some of the many opportunities open to biology grads include laboratory technicians, researchers,
pharmacists, teachers, doctors, and microbiologists. The opportunities change as a biology major may decide to master in a more specific science of
biology, and microbiology is one popular field to enter. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, a microbiologist is someone who studies
"microorganisms, or microbes, a diverse group of minute, simple life forms that include bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa and viruses" (Pg. 1).
On a day to day basis, an average microbiologist will deal with treating infections; identifying and classifying new organisms as they are discovered;
and finding new uses for already discovered organisms. Other various tasks a microbiologist may perform are epidemiology, writing research reports
and describing new

Research Paper On Mars Exploration Rover
ESS 102 Research Paper
Bo Wang In 2017, scientists discovered a planet hidden beyond Pluto, they named it planet X. Twenty years has passed. In 2037, NASA decided to
launch a robotic mission on planet X. The goal of the mission is to find the existence of water and detecting the major components of atmosphere and
soil. The ultimate goal is to determine whether planet X can become our second Earth. The science fiction paper will be in the form of a log in the
perspective of the space rover landed on Planet X. Opportunity was launched in July 2003 for an exploration on Mars. Its mission was to search for
signs of past life on Mars [1]. In particular it was searching for geological clues about the existence of water on Mars and whether Mars was wet
enough to be hospitable to life [2]. Opportunity was lucky that it landed close to a thin out crop of rocks and it was able to find the evidence of
existence of deep salty water flowed over the area from those rocks [2]. Moreover, those rocks could also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Mars Exploration Rover – Opportunity". NASA. RetrievedFebruary 2, 2014.
[2] California, United States. NASA. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA Facts: Mars Exploration Rover. NASA: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
Institute of Technology, Oct. 2004. Web. 29 Jan. 2016.
[3] Showstack,R., (2011), Mars Opportunity rover finds gypsum veins, Eos Trans. AGU, 92(51), 479.
[4] Hamran, S. E., et al. "The RIMFAX Ground Penetrating Radar on the Mars 2020 Rover." AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. Vol. 1. 2014.
[5] Berthling, Ivar, et al. "Rock glaciers on Prins Karls Forland. II: GPR soundings and the development of internal structures." Permafrost and
Periglacial Processes 11.4 (2000): 357–369.
[6] Rapp, Donald, et al. "The Mars oxygen ISRU experiment (MOXIE) on the Mars 2020 rover." Space forum. 2015.
[7] Beegle, Luther, et al. "SHERLOC: scanning habitable environments with raman & luminescence for organics & chemicals." Aerospace Conference,
2015 IEEE. IEEE,

History Of Mars Research Paper
History of Mars
Current evidence suggests that Mars was a planet similar to Earth, which has inspired many different beliefs today. Currently, on Mars there are seven
active probes searching for information about the planet's environment. The two Exploration probes search for different types of rocks and soil, which
could potentially hold clues on Mars' water activity, while the Curiosity rover is searching for signs whether or not Mars is or was suitable for life.
Each of the seven probes work together to answer the question "did life or water once exist on the red planet?"
Long ago people had many thoughts on this red planet that they saw in the sky. When seen through telescopes in the 1800s, people saw strange
markings they thought to be canals on the planet that convinced them of an advanced alien civilization. In 1938, the ... Show more content on
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This successful probe was fitted with instruments used to search for microorganisms on Mars. Traveling to more recent times, the Mars
Pathfinder arrived on Mars in July 4, 1997 and helped make history by proving that missions to Mars could be accomplished on a low budget. Our
most recent rover, Curiosity, also known as the science laboratory, landed on Mars on August 6, 2012. This rover is studying Mars for the ability to
support microbial life which could greatly help us in our search for life on Mars today. Mars gets its red appearance from the iron particles in the dust
spread around the crust and its atmosphere. The Mars main composition layers consist of no tectonic plates and mostly a basalt crust with a dormant
core. Mars' atmosphere consists of about 95% carbon, 3% nitrogen and minute traces of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and many other elements. This
atmosphere is 1% of the Earth's atmosphere which does not protect Mars from primarily solar radiation making Mars a very dangerous

The Pros And Cons Of Missions To Mars
Do you know all the dangers and financial problems when going to Mars? Missions to Mars are very expensive. The federal government does not have
enough fundability to fund unneeded trips to Mars. NASA is one of the programs that the government has decided it cannot continue to finance at its
current rates, and the money being put into NASA has been cut back (Leonard) Mars has a very harsh environment, which could harm humans if
travelled there. The environment has very little oxygen and freezing temperatures. Scientist believe that if humans go to Mars we will be able to learn
from it. Mars missions are not a good idea due to rising costs, environmental problems, and believes that Mars will teach us.
The expense of the Mars mission will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also believe that money isn't an issue, due to fundraising and saving money. Lastly, that progress will be made by sending humans to Mars.
We as humans are not going to learn from Mars, nor can Mars teach us about Earth history. Money is one of the major problems that the Mars
Missions face, if money wasn't such a problem then they could send astronauts to Mars on Mars Missions more commonly. The money issues are
very extreme, due to not having enough funding. Fundraisers could possibly help out, with maybe one mission. However, when a series of
missions is composed, how is NASA going to be able to have even fundaments to afford the trips Mars missions have moved into the cost category
of the "flagship" missions to the outer solar system." (Leonard). The flagship mission is a series of missions that are the most expensive and largest
of three classes of NASA Solar System Programs. The next Mars Mission is to cost around $300 million, which is a lot to work with. NASA does
not have enough money coming in to support the Mars Missions. When progress is made to send humans to Mars, those humans life are being at
risks, due to all the hazardous environmental problems that are faced on Mars. Being in Mars for 2–3 minutes, you are more than likely dead, due to
either not having enough oxygen or freezing to death. Ionizing Radiation is another

Comparing A Cage of butterflies to Mission to mars Essay
Science fiction produces a "what if" element that asks a question and prophesises the future. There are many texts, which presents the
reader or viewer with a particular way of science fiction. The two texts, "A cage of butterflies" by Brain Caswell and "Mission to
Mars" by Brian de Palmer, both of which conform to science fiction. The technology used in "A cage of butterflies" is of extremely
high standard and produces a theme that prophesises about experimentation and mutations occurring on humans. The theme in "Mission to
Mars" is about discovery, communication and reaching out to other life forms.
In "A cage of butterflies", the research laboratory in NSW is covertly set, as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The babies communicate using pictures and emotional feelings to the others but is hard for them to communicate in this manner so they try to use
their linguistic abilities.
The "what if" of the novel represent what might happened if we continue to experiment on life forms. A serum injected by Larsen caused
mutation of the babies resulting in the fusing of the cerebral hemispheres and the enhancement of the babies with extra abilities such as advanced
communication and telepathy. Larsen's greed was shown in his experiments on the kids and in the future, this greed may possibly entice some people
to conduct similar experiments.
The setting in "Mission to Mars" fills the audience with expectations, as it is futuristic. Mars is presented in a red colour. The planet is
rocky lifeless and barren, with storming winds blowing dust all over it. The tremendous size of the mountains and gorges make the humans look
insignificant and vulnerable. Inside the face on the planet, a bright, blinding white light in the background, symbolised peace and high authority eg.
Navy uniform. Inside the space ship, the camera angles give the audience an impression of weightlessness. The camera angles also show how small
and cramped the ship is and how movement is difficult. The technology used in the space ship is also high in technology. When they voyage out into
space, the music

Unmanned Missions For Future Manned Missions
Unmanned Missions to Mars Pave the Way for Future Manned Missions
Table of Contents
I.Introduction3
II.History
a.Cost
b.Goals and Objectives
III.Life on Mars
a.Instrumentation
i.Cameras
1.Mast Camera (Mastcam)
2.Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI)
3.Mars Descent Imager (MARDI)ii. Spectrometers
1.Alpha Particle X–Ray Spectrometer (APXS)
2.Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam)
3.Chemistry and Mineralogy X–Ray Diffraction/X–Ray Fluorescence Instrument (CheMin)iii. Radiation Detectors
1.Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD)
2.Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN)iv. Environmental Sensors
1.Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS)
v.Atmospheric Sensors
1.Mars Science Laboratory Entry Descent and Landing Instrument (MEDLI)
b.Landing site selection
i.Final Four
1.Ebersewalde
2.Holden
3.Mawrth
4.Galeii. Other sites considered
1.Miyamoto

2.Nili Fossae Trough
3.Southern Meridiani
c.Launch
i.Launch vehicle (Atlas V 541)
IV.Discoveries
a.Landing payload
b.Atmospheric composition
c.Evidence of an ancient streambed
d.Radiation levels
e.A habitable environment
V.Conclusion
a.Cultural impact
b.Mars 2020
I.Introduction
Since the moment man became self–aware, he looked up in the night sky and basked in the splendor of the stars and felt, what could only be
described as, pure fear and loneliness. It is natural for man to fear what he does not understand, but what of loneliness? Under the twinkling of the stars,
man has

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL): The Curiosity Crater
The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), also known as the Curiosity rover, is a NASA mission with the goal of discovering details about past and
present–day Mars. The primary purpose of the mission is to determine if Mars once had a suitable environment for microbial life. The area of Mars
chosen to be studied is an ancient impact crater called the Gale Crater. It has many unique geologic features that piqued the interest of astronomers and
geologists and could be indicative of past water flows and possibly habitable environments. Since landing on the crater in 2012, the rover has been
very successful and has given a lot of information about the past and present of the plant.
The Gale Crater The Gale Crater is a large, ancient impact crater found ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has six wheels for travel, and a robotic arm used to collect samples and bore into rocks with an attached drill. The rover generates power through
radioactive decay from plutonium–283. According to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, CA, the rover is equipped with the most advanced
technology in order to study the present geology and environment of Gale Crater. Ten different instruments are being by the rover. One important
instrument is called Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) which is used to analyze materials collected by the rover and take samples of the atmosphere in
order to determine abundance of elements of different isotopes and compounds present. The Mast Camera is used for high resolution imagining in
order to view the rover's surroundings. The CheMin instrument analyzes materials collected by the rover using X–ray diffraction and fluorescence. The
ChemCam instrument is used to vaporize rocks by using a laser, and a telescope is then used to image plasma light from the rocks, and identify
elements present. Located on the robotic arm, the Mars Hand Lens Imager is used to take very detailed images of small features. The Alpha Particle
X–ray Spectrometer is also located on the robotic are and is used to determine amounts of elements present. The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD)
is used to determine amounts of radiation in the crater. Another instrument is the Mars Descent Imager was used to film video during landing in order
to map geology of the landing site. The Rover Environmental Monitoring System is used to measure environmental factors such as pressure, humidity,
temperature, and winds. Lastly, the Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons instrument is for detecting the presence of hydrogen beneath the surface (Jet
Propulsion Laboratory,

Nili Fossae Research Paper
Nili Fossae Trough: The Red Planet's Landing Site Is Arrayed With Fantastic Colors; Blue Color Dominates
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) reveals that Nili Fossae trough, a possible landing site in Mars, have the most colorful spots on the Red
Planet. It shows green, blue and red patches, as shown in the photos taken by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO).
NASA confirmed that red is not only the color of Mars. There is an array of colors under Mar's bedrock. The blue that dominates the part of the
landing is due to "homogenized dust." These fantastic colors of the Nili Fossae are credited to the rich geologic history of the area.
The Omega spectrometer on Mars Express and the CRISM spectrometer on MRO discovered that the Nili Fossae

The Mars Exploration Rover Mission
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched two similar twin robotic rovers, which were Spirit and Opportunity toward Mars
on 10 June and 7 July 2003 (NASA 2012). Spirit and Opportunity landed in Gusev Crater on 4 January 2004 and in Meridiani Planum on 25 January
2004 respectively (NASA 2012). Opportunity is still operating and roving after 10 years on the Martian surface while final communication of Spirit
to the Earth took place on 22 March 2010, which is around six years into its mission (NASA 2012). The rovers were thought to last 20 times longer as
compared to its original design. As part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, the Mars Exploration Rover mission is a continuing multi–mission effort
to study Mars as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although Spirit and Opportunity encountered plenty of setbacks, however, they were still able to reach Mars on schedule (Goodrich et al. 2010).
Achievements of the Mars Exploration Rover mission are impressive. Spirit found evidence of past water through its months–long trek across different
layers of hilly terrain at Columbia Hills, as each layer consisted of clues to past environmental conditions on Mars (NASA 2013). More signs of a
wet past became obvious as the rover gained altitude. By investigating the composition and texture of more than six different types of rocks,
scientists identified that this area was once a hot, violent place with volcanic explosions and impacts (NASA 2013). Marks on debris throughout
the area were formed by abundant water in the form of hot springs or other water features. Mineral goethite which only forms in the presence of
water was found to present in one of the rock types (NASA 2013). Therefore, it signified the first direct evidence of past water in Columbia Hills.
Besides that, spirit's wheel scraped a trench in Mars surface soil as it struggled up toward a ridgeline on Husband Hill, disclosing light–toned material
in which the salty material had water molecules bound to the minerals, uncovering the watery pasts of Mars (NASA 2013). In addition, dust found in
Gusev Crater by Spirit was found to consist of ferrimagnetic minerals such as

How Is Humor Used In Andy Weir's The Martian
NASA has been trying to survive on Mars for years, but in this novel, they already have. The Martian is a science fiction novel about Mark Watney, a
botanist for NASA, is involved in a mission to Mars, until one day he is left behind on Mars with limited supplies. Watney has to persevere through
several challenges to get back home, and try not to die in the process. The Martian is a very suspenseful book written by the interesting author, Andy
Weir, who uses humor to counter the drama.
Andy Weir has led an exciting and interesting science–filled life, for instance, when Weir was fifteen, he got hired as a programmer for a national
laboratory (BookBrowse), and later attended college at the University of California (Lundquist). Space travel, orbital dynamics, relativistic physics,
astronomy, and the history of manned spaceflight are a few of Weir's interests, that he said inspired The Martian (BookBrowse). Weir originally
posted the novel on his website as a free serial, but after countless people requested it, he put it on Kindle for 99Вў (Lundquist). After having a such a
science–filled life, it is no ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main idea is that Mark Watney gets stranded onMars with no means of communication, as shown in this quote; "Everyone made it but
me"(Weir 4). This is part of Mark telling the story of how he got stranded, and it lets readers know he is completely alone. That is the main struggle
for Watney, but he faces numerous other huge challenges and technical issues, for example "I'm very lucky it hasn't blown. Even a small static
discharge would lead to my own private Hindenburg.....The Hab [ The "habitat" that the astronauts live in] is now a bomb" (Weir 37). This shows how
it seems that everything is working against Watney in his struggle to stay alive. The amazing use of suspense in this novel will keep readers entertained
and

The Marti Science Fiction
Albert Camus once said, "Fiction is the lie through which we tell the truth." Science Fiction movies are based on fictional science that most often relate
to unproven theories. In the movie The Martian, there are many science related concepts present. Some of these concepts include the storm on Mars,
the plants, the rover, the time required to reach Mars, and the gravity among others. How accurate is this movie? The movie has some true and some
false representations of science.
The storm in the beginning of the movie was very powerful and devastating, which led the crew to leave Mark Watney behind. Paul Withers, an expert
on Mar's weather, says that the atmospheric pressure on Mars is about one percent of Earth's (Rimer); this means that the ... Show more content on
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Nathan Phillips, professor of earth and environment, was asked if it would be possible to grow plants on Mars and he said "as long as viable plant
material has access to light, water, and nutrients, which I imagine were filtered from waste, and the temperature that's good for a human is generally
good for plants, they should grow" (Rimer); therefore, growing plants on Mars is possible. During the movie, the scientists mentioned that to get to
Mars takes approximately nine months; it is difficult to determine if this fact is right or wrong. The time that it takes depends on many factors, like the
distance between the two planets and the speed of the spaceship. The distance varies because the planets orbit the sun at different speeds, and each one
has a different orbit. Some of the spaceships sent to Mars have taken between 128 days (Mariner 7 in 1969) and 333 days (Viking 2 Orbiter/Lander
1975); the last mission was in 2011 (Mars Science Laboratory) and it took 254 days (Redd). This time ranges between four to eleven months, so even
though the time cannot be determined accurately, the movie tried to use concrete information.
The Martian surprised many scientists because of the high accuracy of science portrayed in the movie. Although the devastating storm and the
Earth–like gravity were not genuine, most of the other things are possible or real. Planting potatoes to survive is possible under certain conditions on
Mars, which was depicted in the movie. Most of the technology shown already exists or is currently being developed. In conclusion, The Martian is
one of the most scientifically accurate movies

Mars Research Papers
Viking 1 lander launched by NASA took the first picture of Mars on July 20, 1976. The picture has shown a strangely familiar, yet different enough to
challenge scientists to figure out more about this planet. Mars, the Red Planet, attracts people since ancient times, the Greeks call it Ares. Mars has
stayed in the human imagination until the rise of science and technology has discovered it. Mars appears in orange visually, and it is slightly more
than half the size of Earth. Mars has about 15% of Earth's volume and about 71% as dense as Earth. (NASA) The inner four planets – Mercury, Venus,
Earth and Mars – are made up mostly of iron and rock. Mars is composed of mostly iron–rich basaltic rock similar to Earth's thin crust. (NASA)
However, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the announcement in 1996 by a team of scientists that a meteorite from Mars contained what might be the residue of ancient microbes, public
interest became regalvanized by the possibility of past or present life there. The climate of Mars changes over time. "Mars Science Laboratory (MSL)
mission will determine Mars' climate change over time for the lower and upper atmosphere. The mission will allow scientists to determine more
precisely the composition of the Martian atmosphere. Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission will investigate the composition of rocks, soils, and
land forms that might be linked with changes in the planet's atmosphere over time. (NASA) The key to understanding whether life could have
evolved on Mars, many scientists believe, is water. (NASA) Other than water, there are many elements required to support life. For example, suitable
climate, temperature, atmosphere and more, are conditions necessary for life on Mars, as important as water. After Earth, Mars has the most habitable
climate for living in the solar system. Geologic features of Mars are collected by the Curiosity rover and studied by scientists. For instance, to find out
has liquid water ever flowed on the surface of Mars and what caused the climate change on Mars. Of course, there are more environmental conditions
affect Mars that lead scientists to further explore the natural environment of

Mars Research Paper
Do you know that reddish planet that you could see through a telescope in the sky? Well everyone knows that planet and the planet is mars. Mars is
known as the red planet because of its reddish color. Also Mars was named after the ancient romans after their god of war mars. Mars is the ninth
planets that makes up the solar system. Mars is known to be the fourth planet away from the sun. Earth is mars neighbor the third planet from the sun.
Mars diameter is about 4,200 (6,790 kilometers). Mars makes a little more than half the size of the earth. The only planets smaller than mars is
mercury and Pluto (dwarf planet). It takes mars 687 days to revolve around the sun. Mars also rotates once every twenty–four hours and thirty–seven
minutes. Mars ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mars has a total of 43,000 craters. Mars is also close to the asteroid belt in which mars has a greater chance getting hit and causing a crater. There is
also a volcano called Arisa Mons. Arisa Mons has various caves. The caves are known to be called "seven sisters." The cave entrance measure 100
m to 252 m wide and are also believes to be 73 m to 96 m deep. Mars lost its magnetosphere 4 billion years ago. It is believed that mars lost its
magnetosphere because of it various asteroids strikes. Also methane was detected in the Martian atmosphere. It is suggest the methane may last as
long as 4 earth's years and as short as 0.6 earth's years. The curiosity rover landed in august of 2012. The curiosity rover was able to make
measurements that distinguished between different isotopologues of methane. The most accurate information found on earth would have to be the
2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Opportunity rover, and Curiosity rover. The curiosity rover was the first to find
deep samples. When mars is close to the sun it looks yellow, orange, or red. Mars actual color is butterscotch and the redness is mostly because of the
dust. The only other country to land a spacecraft on mars was the Soviet Union in 1971 and

7 Minutes Of Terror Essay
"Sometimes when we look at it, it looks crazy," said Adam Steltzner. Adam is an engineer who works for NASA, a part of the United States
government that explores space. Adam was talking about landing something on Mars. "It is the result of reasoned engineering thought. But it still looks
crazy."
Adam and some of the people he works with made a video called "Seven Minutes of Terror" about aMars landing. In the video, they introduced people
around the world to one of the most daring and creative achievements of engineering ever completed. That achievement was the pinpoint landing of
Curiosity on Mars. Curiosity is a machine called a rover, and it was built to explore the surface of Mars.
The seven minutes described in Adam's video refer to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead, engineers came up with a maneuver that would allow the craft carrying Curiosity to turn quickly. Then, rockets would turn on and allow
Curiosity to make a vertical landing.
Switching from a parachute to a controlled rocket descent could have gone wrong at any time. Still, even getting the descent right was not enough to
succeed. Once the parachute was cut free, the force from the rockets could raise so much dust that the dust itself could damage the rover.
Always thinking ahead, the engineers came up with a solution. They created a device to complete the last step of the landing. The device was called
a "sky crane." When the sky crane was close to Mars's surface, it used a set of cables to lower Curiosity onto the ground.
At last Curiosity landed, going from 13,000 miles per hour to zero in just seven minutes. The capsule that had been carrying Curiosity still had all its
rockets firing. It blasted back into the sky and landed somewhere else on the planet. The landing was a success.
The Ongoing Mission
NASA says that the MSL mission is part of a long–term plan. This plan uses robots to explore Mars. The most popular question is whether there ever
was life on Mars. Looking for the answer to that question is just one piece of a bigger

Satirical Techniques Used In Andy Weir's The Martian
Andy Weir never meant for his book to become a smashing hit turned into a movie. The Martian takes place on the planet Mars with astronaut Mark
Watney stranded on the deserted planet. Mark has a hole in his stomach, no communication with NASA, is left with no choice rationing his food to
save his life. In this edge–of–your–seat story, Andy Weir uses suspense as well as humor to make living onMars seem a little more bearable. Andy Weir
originally wrote the novel The Martian for his science blog readers with added elements of humor + suspense to create an award winning novel.
Before becoming a bestselling author, Andy Weir was just a science blogger who wrote The Martian for his science blog readers, andnever dreamed of
his novel evening going ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another instance in which Weir blends suspense into his writing is:
"Potatoes are now extinct on Mars." (Weir 171).
When the hab blows up, Marks' potatoes were exposed to the frigid temperatures of Mars, in which they almost immediately shrivel up and die. This is
showing how one little thing gone wrong results in chain event that doesn't end well. The book would be very predictable and boring without the
element of suspense.
By creating this bestselling novel, Andy Weir has set up a formula for any sciencefiction novel to be written with his incorporation of sarcasm with
the added sense of fear. Weir was a child raised under two science involved parents, so it's no wonder where he got the inspiration from. By using
sarcasm, Weir developed a sort of "Watney" style of humor. The reader doesn't just see it as joking. Humor is one of the main things that keeps Mark
alive. By keeping the readers on the edge of their seat with twists and turns no one saw coming, it's hard to find a chance to set this book down!
Because The Martian is such a enthralling novel, Weir could be on the way to writing another

Nasa Curiosity Mission
The topic of Mars has long been of interest to astronomers and science fiction enthusiast alike. The premise of another planet supporting life excites
people like no other. In 2004, The United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA, began preliminary science experiments and
instrument proposals for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) and a robotic space probe mission to Mars. After long testing and development stages, the
mission birthed a rover, Curiosity, which was launched in November 2011 and subsequently landed August 6th 2012. As we speak Curiosity is
collecting invaluable data for our understanding of mars including: habitability, climate and geology, and possibly setting up a manned mission to mars
in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Curiosity rover is an amazing piece of machinery, and it must be to accomplish the objectives that it plans to. NASA obviously had the greatest
minds and engineers on this project as is evident by its construction. The rover is powered by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator, akin to the rovers
of previous Mars missions. A Radioisotope power system is a generator that produces electricity from the natural decay of plutonium–238, which is an
isotope. Heat given off by the natural decay of this isotope is converted into electricity by thermocouples, providing Curiosity with constant power
during all seasons and through the day and night. Extra heat given off called waste heat can be used via pipes to warm systems, freeing electrical
power for the operation of the vehicle and instruments. This is crucial as the temperature on Mars can vary from –127 to 40 degrees C. Additionally
there are two computers in board the rover called the Rover Compute Element. The computers contain radiation–hardened memory to deal with the
extreme amounts of radiation in space. The rover's computers are constantly self–monitoring to keep the rover operational, such as by regulating the
rover's temperature. Communication is also a vital part of the mission which is why Curiosity is equipped with telecommunication by several means.
The first is an X band transmitter and receiver that can communicate directly with Earth. Another is a UHF Electra–Lite software–defined radio

Animal Testing Should Be Banned
When using cosmetics or common house cleaning products many do not realize that they are supporting animal cruelty. Animal testing is among the
most disturbing experiments being done today. Vivisection is the practice of animal experimentation. It can include administering drugs, infecting
animals with diseases, poisoning for toxicity testing, brain damaging, maiming, blinding, and other painful invasive procedures. Animal testing has
protocols that cause severe suffering such as long–term social isolation, full–body restraint, electric shocks, withholding of food and water, or repeated
breeding and separating infants from mothers. It is using millions of animals in ways that cause distress or death to test the safety of drugs and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Animal research facilities require total fresh air exchanges for ventilation, using large volumes of air, resulting in a high consumption of energy and
carbon emissions (Cubitt and Sharp). Energy demands are due to the environmental and space needs of the animals, barrier protection from outside
pathogens, indoor air quality, lighting, and the requirement for power intensive equipment in research (Reynolds). A plethora of chemicals are used in
every step of animal testing. They include chemicals for sanitation, disinfection, sterilization, animal care, and research and testing procedures. The
Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA) helps protect laboratory workers by regulating the handling and disposal of hazardous chemicals, as well
as other toxic infectious, mutagenic, and carcinogenic agents (National et al.). Similar to any other testing methods, animal testing and research
involves the use of many toxic substances, including irritants, corrosive substances, asphyxiates (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, helium, ethane,
nitrogen, methane), neurotoxins (mercury and carbon disulfide), reproductive and developmental toxins, and carcinogens. In addition, flammable,
reactive, and explosive chemicals are used in research (Batton et al.). These chemicals that are used for animal testing can affect the environment by
interrupting the growth cycle for plants. Since millions of animals are used for research, that means millions of chemicals are being disposed of in the

The Mars Exploration Rover Mission (Spirit and Opportunity...
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched two similar twin robotic rovers which were Spirit and Opportunity toward Mars
on 10 June and 7 July 2003 (NASA 2012). Spirit and Opportunity landed in Gusev Crater on 4 January 2004 and in Meridiani Planum on 25 January
2004 respectively (NASA 2012). Opportunity is still operating and roving after 10 years on the Martian surface while final communication of Spirit
to the Earth took place on 22 March 2010, which is around six years into its mission (NASA 2012). The rovers were thought to last 20 times longer as
compared to its original design. As part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, the Mars Exploration Rover mission is a continuous multi–mission effort
to study Mars as a possible habitation for past or present life and to look for signs of life as well as to prepare for human exploration. Primary objective
of the Mars Exploration Rover mission is to explore and characterize a wide range of soils and rocks that possess clues or evidences to past water
activity on Mars (NASA 2012).
It is hard to get to Mars and it is even harder to land on Mars, thus Spirit and Opportunity had to overcome numerous challenges in order to land on
Mars and to carry out their missions. These two rovers were required to fly through approximately 483 million kilometers of deep space and a very
precise landing spot had to be targeted (Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2011). Although their flight paths can be adjusted along the way,

The Martian
Written over a period of 3 years, The Martian by Andy Weir became quite the success. Originally self
–published as an e–book on Amazon the book
later became a huge hit in the science–fiction genre. This is due to the fact that it appealed to both the casual readers and the hard–core science fans. In
2014 the book was officially published by Broadway Books. It contains a total of 369 pages
The book takes place on Mars and more specifically Acidalia Planitia, a plain in the North part of the planet. The habitation module or Hab for short
is where our survivor will be spending most of his time while not in his rover. Another location is the Hermes, the spaceship where the rest of the crew
is. The last major location is NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While evacuating due to the severity of the storm the communications antenna breaks and hits Mark Watney knocking him out. Believing him
dead his crew reluctantly continue the evacuation. Waking up to find out he is the only person on the planet Mark starts preparing his plan to
survive. Using his home made dirt and rationing his food he hopes to be able to live until the Ares 4 mission arrives a couple of years later.
Watney regains communication with NASA after bringing Pathfinder, an old rover that died in 1997, back to life. While attempting to create
water Mark creates an explosion that causes the death of many of his crops. Realizing he will no longer have enough food to last the 3 years of
wait, NASA hastily prepares a resupply mission. Cutting some corners to save time causes some safety procedures to be overlooked. The resupply
mission ends up exploding shortly after launch. Having little to no choice the crew aboard Hermes decide to use a manoeuver to flyby Earth and
return to Mars for Mark. Watney proceeds to the Ares 4 mission site to be able to reach the Hermes with the Ascent Vehicle. After making
modifications to the vehicle to make it lighter Mark gets ready to return home.
Mark Watney: Main Character, is a botanist and an engineer. He is a very important part of the book.
The Crew: Other than Commander Lewis, very little is said about the crew which includes Martinez, Beck, Johanssen and Vogel.
Commander Lewis: Head of the Ares 3 mission, Lewis is responsible for everyone. She is the one that calls the shots and decides to reroute Hermes to
go back for Mark.
Mitch Henderson: Head of the Ares 3 mission. He is the one that sent the Purnell manoeuver to

Atmospheric and Terrestrial Understanding of Mars Essay
While robotic and crewed missions are similar during the space mission design process, they contain many dissimilar characteristics that propel the
way in which mission architectures are composed. Placing human beings into the vastness of space boosts the degree of adaptability and flexibility
that cannot be achieved in robotic missions. However, crewed missions are more complex than robotic missions. Space is a hostile, antagonist
environment that necessitates life support systems and other human factors that increase the cost of the mission in an extremely dramatic way. In
addition, the complexities and the cost increase dramatically when a surface base or an outpost is needed to be reached. A Martian surface base will
support a number... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A major part of this study is the topic of a Request for Proposals, and a concept will be created for this purpose. Specific mission objectives are
needed to define what is required to design the surface base. The objectives of the mission fuel how the base is defined because they share several
fundamental facets. In order to outline the surface base, the needs of the mission and base, goals, assumptions, constraints, and assessments of
technology need to be clearly stated. The mission's aspects and those of the surface base take the part of the remaining constraints and requirements of
the design. The surface base's two types of requirements, identified from the mission objectives are, first, to support the people on the base, and
second, to meet the mission objectives. The definition of a requirement is a characteristic or statement of what is needed or wanted. Requirements in
space mission design convey the aspects that are necessitated to meet the goals and objectives of the mission. In addition, the requirements also
convey the how precise a system is needed to function while obtaining the objectives. Many systems and elements must work together to the mission,
as well as scientific and crew activity on the surface base. Systems vary as the mission varies, but a solid infrastructure is needed to support the base at
the

Andy Weir's The Martian
On the red planet, one man lives. He may escape, but he may not. Mark Watney is the man on Mars, but he is not meant to be there. Limited resources
and harsh conditions may put this character in danger, but he has some resources he can use. Mars can be a deadly place. But with the right tools, he
can survive. The author of The Martian, Andy Weir, has led an interesting life, elements of which he incorporates into his book along with suspenseful
science–fiction and well–timed humor, which makes the book an enjoyable read.
The Author, Andy Weir, has led a life that is almost as interesting as the book he wrote. He was born and raised in California, the only child of an
accelerator physicist father and an electrical–engineer mother who divorced when he was eight (Lundquist). He is a lifelong space nerd and a devoted
hobbyist of subjects such as relativistic physics, orbital mechanics, and the history of manned spaceflight. His next book, ARTEMIS, is available
now (Author, Andy Weir). Andy Weir was first hired as a programmer for a national laboratory at age fifteen and has been working as a software
engineer ever since ("Menu."). As readers can see, Andy's life has been full of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It keeps readers laughing just the right amount the whole time. Some important information is that Mark is a botanist, someone who studies/grows
plants. "I don't want to come off as arrogant here, but I'm the best botanist on the planet." (Weir 146). He is on Mars, and there aren't any botanists there
but him, so that makes him the best one. Secrets don't need to be shared – everyone needs to keep them "under their hats". There are many expressions
people use that aren't meant to be taken literally. "'Keep it under your hat'... 'I don't wear a hat'..." (Weir 199) This is humor that can make readers
laugh. If someone doesn't wear a hat, that doesn't mean they can't hold anyone's – Mark's or anyone else's – important secrets "under their

Essay on Quality Assurance for Biological Products
A biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease is known as a vaccine. A vaccine contains an agent that would stimulate the
body's immune system. The immune system will recognize the agent as "foreign" and destroy it, once destroyed, the body will keep a record of it so
the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters. The agent in the vaccine, resembling a
disease–causing microorganism, is often made from a weakened or killed form of the microbe, toxin, or one of its surface proteins (6). Vaccines have
no guarantee that it will bring complete protection for a disease. This is mainly because the host's immune system simply does not respond enough, if
not at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once detected, the next step would be to prepare the vaccine strain so that the virus will be adapted for use in manufacturing vaccine. The vaccine
virus is mixed with a standard laboratory virus strain and grown together in order make the virus less dangerous and better able to grow in hen's eggs.
In about three weeks, a hybrid is formed where the inner component is the laboratory strain, and the outer component is the pandemic strain. Once
completed, the vaccine strain is distributed to vaccine manufacturers. The manufacturers will inject the vaccine virus into thousands of eggs, eggs are
incubated for two to three days during which the virus multiplies. The egg white, which now contains millions of vaccine virus, is then harvested, and
the virus is then separated from the egg white (7). Producing each batch, or lot, of antigen takes approximately two weeks, and a new batch can be
started every few days. The next step would be the quality control, and this can only begin once the reagents for testing the vaccine are supplied by
WHO laboratories. Quality control will test each batch and verify the sterility the bulk antigen. Then the batch is diluted, packaged, labeled, and
shipped out. So that this production of vaccine in terms of manufacturing runs smoothly and effectively, the WHO publishes a document on the general
requirements for manufacturing establishments and control laboratories in 1966. The aim of the document published by WHO is to provide

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