Different Drugs explained in detail.

1. By-
Narayan Prahlad. V
4th
Se m e ste r Mo l. Bio
Guide d By-
Dr. Shaukath Ara Kahnum
De pt. O f Che m istry

2. Introduction
Classification
Chemotherapeutic Agents
-Antibacterial
-Sulphadrugs
-Antimalarial Agents
-Antipyretics
Important Chemotherapeutic Agents
Chemotherapy
Action of Chemotherapeutic Agents
Conclusion
Reference
Acknowledgement

3. • Drug is a compound that interacts with the
biological system and triggers a physiological
effect.
Examples: Antibiotic , Antimalarial , Antiviral etc.,
• Drug is derived from a French word “Drogue”
meaning Dry Herb.
Examples: Paracetamol, Penicillin etc.,

4. According to Therapeutic Agents-
1.Chemotherapeutic Agents
2.Pharmacodynamic Agents
3.Hormones
4.Vitamins

5. • Treatment of infectious diseases
• Designed to kill invading microbes selectively
without affecting the host.
Examples: Antibacterial, Antiviral, Antifungal
agents etc.,
Pharmacodynamic Agents
• Act on various functions/systems of body like
CNS.
Examples: Tranquilizer, Antidepressants etc.,

6. • PaulEhlrich-first scientist to use chemicals
against infectious diseases.

7. • 1904-profounded the principle of chemotherapy-
“Chemicals couldinterferewiththeproliferationof disease
causingmicrobes at theconcentrationleveltoleratedbythe
host.”
• Over the next 20 years efforts were made to create drugs
which would fight disease causing microbes.
• Then there was an important breakthrough when a
Yellow coloured compound-Proflavin(Antibacterial
Agent) was synthesized.
Proflavin

8. • Used to treat wounds but was ineffective in blood
stream against bacteria.
• In 1935 Prontosilwas created-prodrug for a class
of drugs-Sulphadrugs.
Prontosil

9. • They are those which fight bacteria.
• Reproduction rate is very high. Some double
every 15 minutes while some every half an hour.
• Some transmit deadly diseases like T.B,
Diphtheria etc.,

10. • Are chemicals produced by a microbe that is antagonistic
to another microbe at a specific concentration.
Example: Penicillin
• From Pe nicillium and fights against Tre po ne m a pallidium
(Syphilis)
• There are different types of antibiotics-
Beta Lactam-
Penicillin

11. Tetracyclins:
Consist of a system of four fused six membered
rings.
Examples: Chlorotetracyclin

12. • First isolated by Duggar in 1947 from
Stre pto m yce s aure o facie ns.
• Used to treat Co njunctivitis in cats.

13. • Synthetic compounds.
• Since Azodyes bind to animal protein effectively
scientists started to screen azodyes for their
ability to bind to bacterial proteins.
• Also Prontosil was found to have least toxicity.
• Ge rhard Do m ag k applied prontosil for the first
time as a therapeutic agent on his daughter who
was infected with Staphylo co ccus infection.

14. Soon it was studied-Prontosil was a Prodrug that
got converted to p-acetamidobenzene
sulphonamide within the body.
p-acetamidobenzenesulphonamide
• Later Scientists synthesized this and put it to test. Interestingly it
showed Antibacterial activity.

15. • Malaria-protozoal disease.
• Protozoan-Plasm o dium vivax, P. m alaria, P. o vale
& P. falciparum .
• Vector- Female Anopheles mosquito.
P. m alaria P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. o vale

16. • Drug is designed in such a
way-it attacks at various
stages of the malarial cycle.
• Wise to attack it at
sporozoites stage before it
attacks the liver.
Example: 4-aminoquinolines
inhibit the entry of merozoites
into the blood cells of host.
4-Aminoquinoline

17. • Literally “Against Fire”.
• Drugs used to reduce fever and body
temperature.
• Most common- Aspirin, Ibuprofen etc.,
• Primarily used for relieving pain.

18. Paracetamol:
Structure-
N-acetyl-p-amino phenol

19. • Also called Ace tam ino phe n (APAP).
• Widely used to relieve pain and reduce fever.
• Mild analgesic and major ingredient in cold and flu
remedies.
Uses-
• Reduce pain and fever in people.
• In children only if temperature is more than
38.5˚C/101.3˚F

20. • Better tolerated than aspirin in patients with high
gastric acid secretion and prolonged bleeding.
• Relieve pain in mild arthritis.

21. Sulpfanilamide:
Structure-
• First prepared by PaulG e lm o 1908.
• It’s a sulphonamide antibacterial.
• Contains a molecule of sulphonamide functional
group attached to aniline.
4-aminobenzene
sulphonamide

22. Uses-
• Sulphonamide-antibiotic character.
• Inhibits enzyme reactions involving p-
aminobenzoic acid(PABA) which is needed in
enzymatic reactions to produce Folic
acid(coenzyme) which is very much needed for
the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines and amino
acids.

23. Sulfaguanidine:
Structure-
• It is a sulfadrug containing sulfonamide.
• Used in the treatment of pneumonia, throat
infection etc.,
4-am ino -N[am ino (im ino )m e thyl] be nze ne sulpho nam ide

24. • Tre atm e nt o f a dise ase by using che m icals which
is adm iniste re d at a particular co nce ntratio n and
at a particular tim e .
• Sidne y Farbe r and PaulEhlrich are regarded as
the father of Modern Chemotherapy.
• Different types of chemotherapeutic agents like
Alkylating Agents, Antimetabolites etc.,

25. • Some drugs form a coat around the cell and thus
prevent it from any activity.
• Some bind to the receptors and thus block synthesis
of important molecules.
• Few of them interact with the enzyme or group of
enzymes thus inhibiting the synthesis of certain
molecules.
Example: Beta Lactam(Penicillin) blocks the active site
for cell wall synthesis.

26. • Some drugs act antagonistic to the essential metabolite
of the invading microbe.
Example: Sulphadrug antagonize the essential metabolite
p-am ino be z o ic acid(PABA). The essential structural unit to
all sulphadrugs-p-am ino be nze ne sulpho nam ide unit.
This is very similar to PABA in shape, size, and polarity but
slightly different. So the microbe incorporates p-
aminobenzene sulphonamide due to which many
important molecules cannot ne synthesized.
• Some make pores in the cell which later kill it.

27. • Drugs are very important chemicals in todays world.
• Without them diseases cannot be fought easily.
• They are the ones that protect our body from microbial attack.
• All the the drugs cannot fight all types of diseases like HIV and
so on as these microbes keep mutating themselves in order to
adapt.
• Lastly it is a better field for researching and finding new drugs
so that we can protect not just man but other creatures too.

28. • Carey,F.A., and J Sunderberg.2000. Advanced Organic
Chemistrey,4th
Edn.,New York.
• www.elmhurst.edu
• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

29. • Would like to thank Shaukath Mam for her valuable
guidance.
• Also Dr. N.S. Devaki for providing me this opportunity.
• Thank You All for your patient listening.

30. Thank You