Nutrient mining in Agronomical crops

2. A Seminar On
Agriculture production and soil nutrient
mining in india
Presented by:
Nanher Angad Hanuman
Ph.D. (Agronomy)
Bihar Agricultural University , Sabour, Bhagalpur

3. In a densely populated country like India agricultural research was
mainly focused on increasing the production during the green
revolutionaries.
India registered an ever recorded food grain production of 264.38 Mt
with a consumption of 26 Mt of NPK’s during 2013-14 and it was
estimated that about 45 Mt of nutrients are needed to produce 300 Mt of
food grains by 2025 to sustain the requirement of growing population.
Present intensive production systems in India characterized by heavy
removal and inadequate replenishment of nutrients resulted in multiple
nutrient deficiencies and depletion of soil nutrient reserves.
INTRODUCTION

4. Crops Production (million tonnes)
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Rice 95.98 105.31 105.24 106.29
Wheat 86.87 94.88 93.50 95.85
Coarse
cereals
43.40 42.04 40.04 42.68
pulses 18.24 17.09 18.34 19.57
Total food
Grains
244.49 259.32 257.13 264.38
Agriculture Production Scenario in india
Source : ICAR 2014

5. Causes of decline in soil fertility
1. Loss of top soil by erosion
2. Nutrient mining
3. Physical degradation of soil (poor structure, compaction,
crusting and water logging etc.
4. Decrease in organic matter content and soil bioactivity
5. Loss of nutrients through various routes
6. Soil acidification, salinization and alkalinization
7. Inefficient soil management
8. Soil pollution

6. Nutrient mining
 Removal of more nutrients by crops than added through
manures or fertilizers is called as nutrient mining or
depletion. (Sanyal et al 2014)
 It is a widespread problem in low- and medium input
agriculture.
 At present, nutrient mining is a major threat to productive
sustainable farming.
 Nutrient mining is accelerated by imbalanced fertilization.
contd……

7. Nutrient mining
 It results in the exhaustion of any nutrient required in
moderate to large amounts.
 Nutrient mining could be severe in the case of N, P, K and S
depending on soil nutrient reserves and the amounts
replenished.
 The problem is more acute in areas where high yielding
varieties of crops are being cultivated .

8. Nutrient Mining in Soils of India (mt)
Nutrient Gross balance Net balance
Addition Removal Balance Addition Removal Balance
N 10.9 9.6 1.3 5.5 7.7 -2.2
P2O5 4.2 3.7 0.5 1.5 3.0 -1.5
K2O 1.4 11.6 -10.2 1.0 7.0 -6.0
Total 16.5 24.9 -8.4 8.0 17.7 -9.7
Source : Tandon (2004)

9. -2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
N P K
Nutrients('000t)
Addition Removal Balance
Negative Nutrient Balance in Rice-Wheat System in Indo-
Gangetic Plains
Source : Tandon (2004)

10. 13.4
11
8.2
7
5.8
4.9
4.1 3.7
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Responseratio(kg
grain/kgNPK)
Reasons:
 Inadequate and imbalanced fertiliser use
 Increasing multi-nutrient deficiency
 Lack of farmers awareness about balanced plant nutrition
 Poor crop management (Excess fertiliser dose not be the substitute of poor management)
Declining Fertilizer Response - Irrigated Areas
IPNI International Symposium, 2012

11. Nutrient Status – N P K
63
42
13
26
37
11
20
50
38
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
N P K
%deficientsamples
LOW MEDIUM HIGH
Indian soils poor in N and P with 89 and 80 percent soil samples in
low to medium category; relatively better in K with 50 percent
samples only low to medium.
Source : Tandon (2004)

12. Imbalanced fertilizer use evidenced by wider fertilizer
consumption ratios
State 2005-06 2006-07 2012-13
N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O
Haryana 29.6 8.8 1 47.3 13.4 1 39.8 10.9 1
Punjab 19.9 5.9 1 33.7 9.2 1 34.3 9.0 1
U.P. 12.1 4.1 1 16.8 5.2 1 15.1 4.5 1
Bihar - - - - - - 15.4 4.5 1
Ideal
Ratio
4.3 : 2.0 : 1
Source: FAI 2014

13. Year
?
B B
Mn Mn Mn
S S S
K K K K
Zn Zn Zn Zn
P P P P
Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe
N N N N N N
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Emerging Multi-Nutrient Deficiencies in Soils
Source : Kumar et al. (2004)

14. Low nutrient use efficiency
Nutrient Efficiency
(%)
Cause of low efficiency
Nitrogen 30-50 Immobilization, volatilization,
denitrification, Leaching
Phosphorus 15-20 Fixation in soils Al – P, Fe – P, Ca –
P
Potassium 70-80 Fixation in clay - lattices
Sulphur 8-10 Immobilization, Leaching with water
Micro
nutrients (Zn,
Fe, Cu, Mn, B)
1-2 Fixation in soils

15. Measures to control nutrient mining
Soil and crop management
 Erosion control
 Cropping system
 Appropriate crops and cultivars
 Weed control
Fertilizer management
 Rate and time of application
 Formulation
 Placement
Biological N Fixation
 Legume
 Azolla

16. 16
Measures to increase nutrient use efficiency
Measure Nutrient Increase in nutrient
use efficiency(%)
Split vs. single dose
application
N 15-20
Furrow placement vs
broadcast application
PK 20-30
The incorporation of urea
super granules (USG)vs split
application
N 20
The foliar vs basal
application
Micro-
nutrients
15-20
Neem coated vs prilled urea N 5-10

17. Location Crop Normal
Fertilization
Normal
Fertilization +
B+Zn+S
%
Increase in
Yield
Sripuram Maize 2980 4570 53
Malleboinpally Maize+
Pigeonpea
2380
240
4370
420
84
75
Nemikal Mung bean +
Pigeonpea
840
350
1100
660
31
89
Tirumalapuram Castor +
Pigeonpea
430
410
640
460
49
12
Nandavaram Pigeonpea 1630 2640 62
Nandavaram Castor 860 1290 50
Karivemula Groundnut +
Pigeonpea
1440
130
1960
330
36
154
SSNM in Rainfed Agriculture (yield kg/ha)
Singh et al 2008

18. Treatment Rice-wheat Rice-lentil Jute-rice-wheat
Control -56.0 -8.0 -49.0
N-only - -11.7 -35.0
NPK-only -10.8 -9.7 19.0
NPK +FYM 18.7 8.6 45.1
Soil quality change (as % over fallow) under different
management practices and cropping systems
Source: Mandal (2005)

19. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Sabour
Palampur
Ranchi
R.S. Pura
Ludhiana
Faizabad
Kanpur
Modipuram
Varanasi
Pantnagar
Mean
System productivity (t/ha)
Farmer's practice
SSNM
Performance of site-specific nutrient management as compared to
farmer's fertilizer practice under rice-wheat cropping system
Tiwari et.al. (2006)

20. Input, output, and balance of P in different states of India
Pathak et al. 2010

21. Input, output, and balance of N, P, and K in Indian agriculture
during 2000–2001
Pathak et al. 2010

22. Effect of IPNS packages on rice equivalent yield in rice-
wheat system
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Control 100 F 50F+FYM 50F+CR 50F+GM FP
REY(kg/ha)
REY

23. Location,
State
Grain yield
SSNM plot,
Kg/ha/
yr
Grain yield
FP plot,
Kg/ha/yr
Nutrients
applied under
SSNM
BCR of
improvement
(SSNM-FP)
system basis
Sabour
Bihar
13,849 8,658 N P K S (4) 6.8
Palampur
HP
9,896 6,955 N P K S B Zn
(6)
5.4
R.S.Pura
J & K
13,182 9,718 N P K S Cu Mn
Zn (7)
2.7
Ranchi
Jharkhand
10,957 6,202 N P K S B Cu
Mn Zn (8)
7.3
Ludhiana
Punjab
16,828 16,414 N P K S B Mn
Zn (7)
-1.4
(no improve-
ment)
Site Specific Nutrient Management
Rice-Wheat Cropping System
Contd..

24. Location, State Grain yield*
SSNM plot,
Kg/ha/
yr
Grain yield
FP plot,
Kg/ha/
yr
Nutrients
applied under
SSNM
BCR of
improvement
(SSNM-FP)
system basis
Kanpur
Uttar Pradesh
14,555 11,605 N P K S (4) 3.6
Modipuram
Uttar Pradesh
16,679 11,334 N P K S Cu Mn
Zn (7)
2.6
Varanasi
Uttar Pradesh
12,116 10,996 N P K S B Cu
Mn Zn (8)
2.6
Pantnagar
Uttaranchal
12,447 9,974 N P K S B (5) 4.6
Average 13,289.4 9,933.7 4.90
Site Specific Nutrient Management
Rice-Wheat Cropping System
Singh et al 2008

25. Change in available nitrogen (kg/ha), available phosphorus (kg/ha) and available potassium
(kg/ha), status of soil in different crop sequences at the end of the experiment (2009-10)
Treatments
(Cropping system)
Available Nitrogen
(kg/ha)
Available P
(kg/ha)
Available K
(kg/ha)
Rice - Fallow (100%) 240 25.00 106
Rice – Wheat (200%) 225 35.00 100
Rice – Mustard -
Greengram (300%)
260 30.48 111
Rice –Rajmash -
Greengram (300%)
290 31.00 112
Rice - Potato -
Greengram (300%)
250 22.60 90
Rice-Wheat+Mustard
(5:1) - Green gram
(300%)
278 29.67 96
Rice-Wheat+Rajmash
(5:1) - Greengram
(300%)
282 30.00 108
Rice - Potato + Wheat
(1:1) -Greengram
(300%)
245 23.12 95
SEm± 7 0.91 3
CD (P = 0.05) 22 2.79 10
Initial 225 20.0 115
Devkant et al., 2013

26. Treatments (Cropping
system)
Added N
(kg/ha)
through
fertilizer
Amount of N
(kg/ha)
removed by the
sequence
Expected
balance
Expected gain
(+)/
loss (-)
Soil value
at harvest
(Kg/ha)
Net loss (-) or,
gain (+)
in soil
B C A+B-C =D D-A E E-A
Rice - Fallow (100%) 240.00 139.71 325.29 100.29 240.00 15.00
Rice - Wheat (200%) 480.00 330.42 374.58 149.58 225.00 0.00
Rice – Mustard -
Greengram (300%)
400.00 354.65 270.35 45.35 260.00 35.00
Rice –Rajmash –
Greengram (300%)
480.00 352.28 352.72 127.72 290.00 65.00
Rice - Potato -
Greengram (300%)
480.00 549.68 155.32 -69.68 250.00 25.00
Rice-Wheat+Mustard
(5:1) - Green gram
(300%)
480.00 396.67 308.33 83.33 278.00 53.00
Rice-Wheat+Rajmash
(5:1) - Greengram
(300%)
480.00 401.75 303.25 78.25 282.00 57.00
Rice - Potato + Wheat
(1:1) -Greengram
(300%)
480.00 566.25 138.75 -86.25 245.00 20.00
Initial available N A = 225.00
Balance sheet of available N (kg/ha) in the soil in different crop sequences. (after
two years)
Devkant et al., 2013

27. Treatments (Cropping
system)
Added P
(kg/ha)
through
fertilizer
Amount of P
(kg/ha)
removed by the
sequence
Expected
balance
Expected gain
(+)/
loss (-)
Soil value
at harvest
(Kg/ha)
Net loss (-) or,
gain (+)
in soil
B C A+B-C =D D-A E E-A
Rice - Fallow (100%) 52.40 26.25 46.15 26.15 25.00 5.00
Rice - Wheat (200%) 104.80 65.37 59.43 39.43 35.00 15.00
Rice – Mustard -
Greengram (300%)
122.20 68.66 73.54 53.54 30.48 10.48
Rice –Rajmash –
Greengram (300%)
104.80 60.19 64.61 44.61 31.00 11.00
Rice - Potato -
Greengram (300%)
122.20 125.43 16.77 -3.23 22.60 2.60
Rice-Wheat+Mustard
(5:1) - Green gram
(300%)
104.80 72.99 51.81 31.81 29.67 9.67
Rice-Wheat+Rajmash
(5:1) - Greengram
(300%)
104.80 70.70 54.10 34.10 30.00 10.00
Rice - Potato + Wheat
(1:1) -Greengram
(300%)
122.20 136.61 5.59 -14.41 23.12 3.12
Initial available P A = 20
Balance sheet of available P (kg/ha) in the soil in different crop sequences. (after
two years)

28. Treatments (Cropping
system)
Added K
(kg/ha)
through
fertilizer
Amount of K
(kg/ha)
removed by the
sequence
Expected
balance
Expected gain
(+)/
loss (-)
Soil value
at harvest
(Kg/ha)
Net loss (-) or,
gain (+)
in soil
B C A+B-C =D D-A E E-A
Rice - Fallow (100%) 66.60 117.32 64.28 -50.72 106.00 -9.00
Rice - Wheat (200%) 133.20 311.53 -63.33 -178.33 100.00 -15.00
Rice – Mustard -
Greengram (300%)
99.80 292.00 -77.20 -192.20 111.00 -4.00
Rice –Rajmash –
Greengram (300%)
133.20 274.74 -26.54 -141.54 112.00 -3.00
Rice - Potato -
Greengram (300%)
233.20 568.70 -220.50 -335.50 90.00 -25.00
Rice-Wheat+Mustard
(5:1) - Green gram
(300%)
133.20 348.77 -100.57 -215.57 96.00 -19.00
Rice-Wheat+Rajmash
(5:1) - Greengram
(300%)
133.20 343.67 -95.47 -210.47 108.00 -7.00
Rice - Potato + Wheat
(1:1) -Greengram
(300%)
233.20 606.53 -258.33 -373.33 85.00 -30.00
Initial available K A = 115.0
Balance sheet of available K (kg/ha) in the soil in different crop sequences. (after
two years)
Devkant et al., 2013

30. Green seeker Based N Application In Rice

32. Medium term Strategy
 Use of optimal dose based on soil health status.
 Promotion of Neem-Coated Urea.
 Promotion of Micronutrients.
 Promotion of Organic Fertilizers.
 Promotion of Water Soluble Fertilizer.

33. Conclusion
• Widespread nutrient deficiencies and deteriorating soil health are
cause of low nutrient use efficiency, productivity & profitability.
• Adoption of site-specific balanced and integrated nutrient
management involving major, secondary and micro nutrients, organic
manures, bio fertilizers and amendments.
• Utilizing all indigenously available nutrient sources
• Effective soil testing service to back up precise fertilizer use
• Creating awareness amongst farmers on benefits of balanced
fertilization.