Efficient Nutrient Management in Fodder Maize( Zea mays L.)

1. Efficient Nutrient Management in
Fodder Maize( Zea mays L.)
Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana (PUNJAB), INDIA
Vajinder Pal Kalra L-2014-A-02-D

2. *Area under fodder crops = 0.84 M ha
Annual production = 67.27 million tones
Demand per day = 88.2 million tones
(40 kg green fodder per adult per day)
Introduction
**Area under fodder maize = 0.06 M ha
Production = 2.27 million tones
*Productivity = 40-41 t/ha
Forage variety recommended in Punjab: J-1006
Sowing time: march to mid- september
Harvesting for fodder: within two months after sowing
**Director Animal Husbandry Deptt. Punjab (2014)
*Package of Practices (Kharif 2014)

3. Growth stages of maize
Stage for Harvesting : Silk to milk stage

4. Supply and demand scenario of forage and roughages (1995 - 2025) in
India (million tones)
Year Supply Demand Actual deficit Deficit (%)
Green Dry Green Dry Green Dry Green Dry
1995 379.3 421 947 526 568 105 59.95 19.95
2000 384.5 421 988 549 604 121 61.10 21.93
2005 389.9 443 1025 569 635 126 61.96 22.08
2010 395.2 451 1061 589 666 138 62.76 23.46
2015 400.6 466 1097 609 696 143 63.50 23.56
2020 405.9 473 1134 630 728 157 64.21 24.81
2025 411.3 488 1170 650 759 162 64.87 24.92
Based on XIth Five Year Plan Document, Government of India

5. Amongst the non-legume cultivated
fodders, maize is the only fodder which
produces better nutritional quality along
with good quantity of biomass
Free from anti-quality components, since
both sorghum as well as pearl millet
possesses anti- quality components such
as HCN and oxalate, respectively
Why maize as fodder ?

6. Fodder Physiological stage Harvesting
(DAS)
CP
(%)
IVDMD
(%)
Maize Silk to milk stage 55-65 11-8 68-52
Bajra Boot stage 45-55 10-7 62-55
Sorghum Initiation of flowering 70-80 8-7 60-57
Teosinite Pre flowering 80-95 9-7 62-58
Sudax Subsequent cutting 30 DAS 65-70 11-7 60-55
Napier bajra
hybrid
One metre height and
Subsequent cutting 30 DAS
55-60 11-7 60-55
Guinea grass One metre height and
subsequent cutting after 25-30
DAS
55-60 10-8 60-57
Comparative nutritional quality of non-legume fodders
Gupta et al (2004), PAU, Ludhiana
Nutritional value of forage crops of Punjab

7.  Provision of balanced ration containing nutrients, vitamins and
minerals is necessary for the growth and production of dairy
animals
 Decreased or increased nutrient content of fodder crop affect the
livestock health and ultimately milk production
 Excessive or lower application of nutrients cause diseases to
animals
 Excess fertilization may contribute towards accumulation of
nitrates in forages which is a potent anti-nutritional component
and may cause large scale livestock losses
Need of nutrient management in fodder crops

8. Nutritive value of fodder maize (dry matter basis)
Parameter Concentration (%)
Dry matter (DM) 22.0
Crude protein (CP) 10.0
Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) 56.0
Acid detergent fibre (ADF) 35.0
Non fibre carbohydrate (NFC) 22.0
Acid detergent lignin (ADL) 3.5
Energy NEL (Mcal/kg) 1.20
Calcium (Ca) 0.29
Phosphorus (P) 0.25
Potassium (K) 1.5
Digestible crude protein (DCP) 7.0
Total digestible nutrients (TDN) 66.0
Nutritive value of fodder crops of Punjab (2014),Pp:22

9. Effect of N levels on yield and quality of fodder maize
Treatment Plant
height
(cm)
Stem
diameter
(cm)
Leaf area
plant-1
(cm2)
Fresh
weight
plant-1(g)
Dry
matter
yield
(t ha-1)
Forage
yield
(t ha-1)
Crude
protein
(%)
N (kg/ha)
O 166.27 1.06 1780.39 286.75 12.82 35.95 6.45
50 181.61 1.17 2107.48 322.66 13.96 41.54 7.78
100 196.53 1.24 2286.29 340.98 14.49 47.16 8.20
150 209.66 1.32 4207.47 353.01 15.15 52.21 9.14
CD(p=0.05) 3.38 0.04 120.20 17.38 0.49 1.97 0.18
Aslam et al (2011), Faisalabad
Crop Environ 2:47-51
Sandy loam
Available N = 253kg/ha
Available P = 22 kg/ha
Available K = 142.5 kg/ha

10. Effect of N fertilizer on quality components of maize fodder
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
50 100 150 200
Urea kg/ha
crude protein
crude fibre
biomass (t/ha)
(%)
Almoradea et al (2009), Iran
American- Eurasian J Agric and Environ Sci 6:441-46
(%)
Loamy sand
Available N = 242kg/ha
Available P = 18kg/ha
Available K = 175 kg/ha

11. Effect of various doses of nitrogen and phosphorus on
different yield traits of maize fodder
Treatment Plant height
(cm)
No. of leaves
per plant
Green fodder
yield (t/ha)
Dry matter
yield (t/ha)
Dry matter
contents
(%)
N (kg/ha)
0 103.17b 12.73NS 24.89b 4.33c 18.95d
60 105.83b 12.74 25.09b 4.37c 19.56c
120 113.34ab 13.00 26.22b 6.08b 20.72b
180 117.78a 13.15 27.96a 6.56a 21.69a
P (kg/ha)
0 95.76c 12.40b 21.36c 4.15c 18.94d
30 107.85b 12.56b 24.46b 5.31b 19.54c
60 115.66ab 13.13a 29.11a 5.84a 20.41b
90 120.86a 13.53a 29.22a 6.07a 22.03a
Ali et al (2012) Punjab, Pakistan
Pak J Agric Res 25(3):196-205
Loam
pH=7.7
OC=0.65 %
Available P = 5.7 mg/kg
Available K = 78 mg/kg

12. Effect of P fertilization on the quality traits of maize fodder
Treatment
P (kg/ha)
Crude protein
(%)
Crude fibre
(%)
Ash
(%)
NDF
(%)
ADF
(%)
0 5.85h 21.00 6.28g 52.63 28.84
26 6.14g 21.35 6.32g 52.59 28.71
37 6.52f 21.38 6.58f 52.55 28.60
43 6.70f 21.46 6.72e 52.54 28.54
47 7.07e 21.49 6.86d 52.52 28.51
51 7.34d 21.52 6.98c 52.52 28.50
56 8.35c 21.52 7.02c 52.46 28.45
53 9.10b 21.55 7.07bc 52.43 28.42
55 10.30a 21.59 7.18ab 52.40 28.36
57 10.55a 21.63 NS 7.26a 52.44 NS 28.36 NS
Rashid and Iqbal (2012), Okara
J Ani Pl Sci 22(1):199-203
Clay loam
pH=8.0
OC=0.8 %
Available P = 5.6 mg/kg
Available K = 71 mg/kg

13. Growth, yield and chemical composition as influenced by
different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus
N-P level
(kg/ha)
Plant
height
(cm)
Stem
diameter
(cm)
Green
fodder yield
(t ha-1)
Leaf area
plant-1
(cm2)
Crude
protein
(%)
Total ash
(%)
0-0 157.0f 1.16f 34.43g 2508h 7.73g 8.17d
120-40 162.9ef 1.23ef 37.07f 2692g 8.71f 8.33cd
120-60 167.2de 1.26def 38.40ef 2807fg 8.78ef 8.3cd
120-80 170.6d 1.28def 39.44e 2922f 9.10de 8.50cd
160-40 174.1cd 1.33de 44.76d 3182e 9.03ef 8.83bcd
160-60 174.2cd 1.37cde 46.10cd 3317d 9.43cd 9.17abcd
160-80 179.3bc 1.40bcd 47.51c 3557c 9.62bc 9.83ab
200-40 185.5b 1.49abc 50.51b 3825b 9.98ab 9.33abc
200-60 194.3a 1.53ab 55.47a 4150a 10.17a 10.17a
200-80 198.8a 1.58a 55.59a 4218a 10.21a 10.17a
Ayub et al (2002), Faisalabad
Asian J Plant Sci 1:352-54
Available N = 213 kg/ha
Available P = 32kg/ha

14. Dry yield (t/ha) of fodder maize as influenced by N and K20
application
K20 (kg/ha)
N (kg/ha)
0 150 225 Mean
0 13.60 30.70 29.53 24.61
50 9.45 34.15 32.86 25.48
75 9.48 33.84 31.76 25.07
Mean 10.84 32.89 31.87
CD (p=0.05) = 2.64 (Interaction)
Sandy loam
Available N = 365 kg/ha
Available P = 32.65 kg/ha
Available K = 142.5 kg/ha
Nanjundappa et al (2004), Bangalore
Indian J Agron 39:473-75

15. Effect of P and S application on dry matter yield (g/pot) of
maize plants
P level
(mg/kg of
soil)
S level (mg/kg of soil)
Mean
0 30 60 90
0 12.22 15.65 15.35 14.60 14.46
30 24.31 35.45 36.00 33.40 32.29
60 30.00 47.30 46.67 44.30 42.07
90 30.85 40.70 43.00 42.14 39.17
Mean 24.35 34.78 35.25 33.61
CD(p=0.05) PxS= 1.92 P= 0.96 S= 0.96
Khin and Singh (2007), Hisar
Forage Res 33:82-86
EC= 0.12dS/m, pH=8.0
Available N =49.0mg/kg
Available P = 4.0mg/kg
Available K =128.0mg /kg
Available S =7.8mg/kg

16. Effect of P and Ni application on dry matter yield (g/pot)
of maize plants.
P level
(mg/kg of
soil)
Ni level (mg/kg of soil) Mean
0 30 60 90
0 15.40 17.43 14.17 12.30 14.83
30 35.78 40.94 32.67 25.20 33.64
60 42.07 47.83 38.00 30.00 39.53
90 40.80 45.13 42.00 38.00 41.83
Mean 33.51 37.88 31.72 26.38
CD(p=0.05) PxNi =1.39 P =0.69 Ni =0.69
Available N =49.0mg/kg
Available P = 4.0mg/kg
Available K =128.0mg /kg
Available S =7.8mg/kg
Khin and Singh (2007), Hisar
Forage Res 33:82-86

17. Interaction effect of N levels and time of application for N
uptake in maize fodder
Time of N application N levels (kg/ha)
40 80 120
N uptake (kg/ha)
½ basal + ½ 25 DAS 7.81 16.19 45.25
1/3 basal +2/3 25DAS 7.80 22.21 65.85
½ basal + 1/4 at 25DAS + 1/4 at pre
tasselling
11.36 29.71 84.25
1/3 basal + 1/3 at 25 DAS + 1/3 at
pre tasselling
13.65 35.79 128.62
Bindhani et al (2007), Bhubaneshwar
Indian J of Agron 20:135-38
CD(p=0.05)=18.52 (Interaction )
Sandy loam
pH = 5.7 (Acidic)
OC= 0.37 %(low)
Available N= 235 kg/ha
Available P =21.7kg/ha
Available K=203.7 kg/ha

18. Effect of various doses of N and application time on different
yield traits of maize fodder
Treatment Plant height
(cm)
LAI Green fodder
yield (Kg/ha)
Protein yield
(kg/ha)
Total Nitrogen
uptake (kg/ha)
N (kg/ha)
40 85.3 0.52 1659 16.22 12.75
80 133.5 0.58 2078 38.27 32.10
120 168.6 0.67 3300 127.47 101.39
CD(p=0.05%) 7.4 0.024 301 5.25 9.70
Timing of N application
T 1 113.1 0.56 1949 10.60 28.85
T 2 121.1 0.58 2220 11.31 39.39
T 3 134.4 0.59 2400 12.37 52.21
T 4 148.0 0.62 2813 13.31 74.53
CD(p=0.05) 8.4 0.028 348 0.83 11.20
Bindhani et al (2007), Bhubaneshwar
Indian J Agron 20:135-38
T1=½ basal + ½ 25 DAS
T2= 1/3 basal +2/3 25DAS
T3=½ basal + 1/4 at 25DAS + 1/4 at pre tasselling
T4=1/3 basal + 1/3 at 25 DAS + 1/3 at pre tasselling

19. Effect of split application of N and application methods on growth
characters of fodder maize
Treatment
N Application time/N
application method
Leaves
per
plant
Plant
height
(cm)
Stem
girth
(cm)
LAI CGR
(gm-2 day-1)
TDM
(t ha-1)
Control 9.7 68 2.5 3.55 13.02 6.98
Planting, V4 12.3 139 4.8 9.19 15.30 8.20
Planting, V4, V6 14.8 163 5.7 13.16 16.05 8.64
Planting, V4, V6, V8 13.0 147 5.4 10.47 15.64 8.38
Planting, V4, V6, V8, V10 13.0 147 5.1 10.04 15.44 8.27
CD(p=0.05%) 0.36 2.53 0.07 0.29 0.14 0.05
Broadcast 12.8 147 4.6 9.33 15.09 8.09
fertigation 13.6 159 5.5 10.78 15.48 8.29
Side dressing 11.4 93 4.1 6.73 14.70 7.88
CD(p=0.05) 0.27 1.96 0.06 0.23 0.08 0.04
Hassan et al (2010), Pakistan
Sarhad J Agric 26:77-82
Clay loam ,OC =0.7%
Available P =9 kg/ha
Available K = 385 kg/ha

20. Effect of nitrogen levels and time of application on fodder maize
Treatment
Green forage
(t ha-1)
Dry matter
(t ha-1)
Maize
+cowpea
Maize
+cowpea
Control 46.3 13.4
30 kg N ha-1 as basal 56.5 15.0
60 kg Nha-1 as basal 61.7 15.8
90 kg N ha-1 as basal 64.8 16.9
30 kg N ha-1 as basal+30 kg N ha-1 at 25 DAS 70.0 18.0
60 kg N ha-1 as basal+30 kg N ha-1 at 25 DAS 64.2 16.8
30 kg N ha-1 as basal+30 kg N ha-1 at25 DAS+30 Kg N ha-1
at 40 DAS
71.2 17.7
Pure intercrop (30 kg N ha-1 as basal) 36.5 8.4
Pure maize fodder (30+30+30 kg N ha-1 ) 61.7 17.3
CD(p=0.05) 7.7 1.6
Short communications (1993),Hisar
Forage Res 19:212-15
OC=1.10%
Available P =48.0 kg ha-1
Available K =283 kg ha-1

21. Yield and quality of forage maize as influenced by different zinc
levels
Treatment Yield (q/ha) Plant
height
(cm)
Green
forage
Dry
matter
Crude
protein
Control 268 60.2 3.87 225
Soil application 25 kg ZnSO4/ha 333 80.7 4.80 239
Foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 at 20 and
40 DAS
303 67.7 4.23 230
Soil Application Of 25 kg ZnSO4/ha + foliar
application of 0.5% ZnSO4 at 20 and 40 DAS
316 78.0 4.57 240
CD(p=0.05) 23.8 5.6 0.34 8.9
Patel et al (2007), Anand
Forage Res 32:209-12
Sandy loam
OC=0.24% ,
Available P=57.40 kg/ha
Available K=215.40kg/ha
Available Zn=0.42ppm

22. Effect of different nitrogen sources on fresh forage yield and
dry forage yield of maize fodder
Treatment Fresh forage
yield (t/ha)
Dry forage yield
(t/ha)
Crude
protein
Crude fibre
2004/05 2005/06 2004/05 2005/06 Leaf
(%)
Stem
(%)
Leaf
(%)
Stem
(%)
Control 17.70 29.80 7.40 7.20 7.00 7.30 28.95 29.97
NPK 40.70 58.0 13.40 13.30 9.30 8.89 26.63 27.65
ASN 48.60 70.40 15.70 15.50 9.77 9.43 25.25 26.27
AS 29.60 41.90 10.40 10.40 8.41 8.52 27.45 28.47
Urea 26.40 34.25 9.20 9.30 7.50 7.28 28.47 29.49
CD (p=0.05) 1.20 31.15 0.24 0.31 0.08 0.11 0.34 0.40
Nitrogen Dose = 43 kg /ha
Sandy clay loam
Mohamed Hassan Amin (2011), Sudan
J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 10:17-23

23. Influence of P sources and their levels on dry matter yield of
maize (g pot-1)
P level
(mg kg-1 soil)
P source
SSP APP NPK mix. mean
0 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3
20 16.0 10.7 10.0 12.2
40 20.0 12.3 10.7 14.3
60 23.0 13.7 10.3 15.7
80 21.7 13.7 10.7 15.4
Mean 17.8 11.7 10.0 13.2
Kumar and Chaudhary (2003), Hisar
Forage Res 19:176-82
Sandy loam
Available P=6.72 kg/ha
Available Zn=0.1ppm
CD(p=0.05)=1.5 (Interaction) S= 0.66 L= 0.86

24. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on maize
fodder yield (q/ha)
N- level
(kg/ha)
Farm yard manure (t/ha)
0 12.5 25 Mean
0 255.22 255.97 291.35 267.18
40 281.96 335.97 336.49 318.14
80 289.64 354.61 403.76 349.34
120 345.61 429.31 443.92 406.28
Mean 292.86 344.10 368.75
CD (p=0.05) FYM = 9.1 Nitrogen =7.5 FYM x N =13.0
Loamy sand
OC=0.33% ,
Available N=130kg/ha
Available P=28.5kg/ha
Available K=240kg/ha
FYM
N =1.1%
P = 0.49%
K = 2.17% Kalra (2012), Ludhiana
M. Sc. Thesis, PAU, Ludhiana

25. Effect of biogas slurry on maize fodder (Zea mays) nutritional status
Nutrient
content
Biogass slurry N (kg/ha)
control 60 70 82
DM (%) 19.28c 19.78b 21.31a 19.74b
CP (%) 10.14c 10.86b 11.91a 9.31d
Ash (%) 7.50d 8.49c 10.23a 9.36b
ADF(%) 35.31 34.97 34.87 33.30 NS
NDF(%) 55.87 56.34 57.66 55.69 NS
Islam et al (2010), Bangladesh
Turk J of agric 34:91-99
Silt loam
OC=1.1 %, pH = 6.7
Total N =1.32 mg/kg
Total P = 1.38 mg/kg
Total K =3.94 mg/kg
Biogass slurry
pH = 7.8
Total N =5.88 mg/kg
Total P =2.72 mg/kg
Total K =1.33 mg/kg

26. Effect of different levels of compost on yield and quality
parameters of maize fodder
Compost
(t/ha)
No. of
leaves
Area per
leaf (cm2)
Biomass
yield
(MT/ha)
Crude
fibre
(%)
Ash
content
(%)
Control 11.22c 409.56d 27.13d 35.25 7.08c
5 11.44c 430.68c 33.03c 35.06 8.10b
10 12.22b 450.72b 35.89b 35.79 9.67a
12 14.00a 474.70a 38.12a 34.32 NS 9.90a
Islam et al (2014), Pakistan
IJCBS Res Paper 1(5):92-97
Silt loam
Soil
N = 0.14 %
P = 0.12 %
K =0.41%
S =0.11 %
Compost
N = 1.89 %
P = 0.80 %
K =0.88 %
S =0.82 %

27. Yield of fodder maize as influenced by farming system
approach in Tamil Nadu
Treatment Single plant
weight (gm)
Green fodder yield
(kg/ha)
2000-01 2001-02 2000-01 2001-02
No manure 130.6 148.6 19,387 22,051
Rec. Dose of NPK through fertilizers. 171.2 213.4 25,387 31,626
Buffalo manure at 100% production level (7.25 t) 166.8 213 24,738 31,577
Buffalo manure at 75 % production level 162 205.8 24,027 30,678
Goat manure at 100 % production level (1.20t) 141.5 185.1 20,966 27,438
Goat manure at 75 % production level 138.1 174.4 20,581 25,868
CD(p=0.05) 3.8 5.8 398 462
Skekinah (2004), Coimbtore
Indian J Agron 49:22-25
Cropping - 0.80 ha
Agroforestry - 0.1 ha
Buffaloes and goats -0.06ha
Farm pond -0.04 ha

28. Interaction effect of different levels of NPK and their sources
on maize fodder yield
Treatment
Green fodder yield(t/ha)
100 % Inorganic 75% Inorganic
+25% Organic
50% Inorganic
+50% Organic
N60 P12.9 K24.9 29.58 26.53 23.46
N120 P25.8 K49.8 43.08 39.87 37.05
N180 P38.7 K74.7 49.07 45.84 42.64
CD(p=0.05)= 3.88(Interaction)
Singh et al (2010), Varanasi
Indian J Agron (2):100-104
Sandy loam
Available N = 219.6 kg/ha
Available P = 18.81 kg/ha
Available K = 189.7 kg/ha

29. Yield and quality of forage maize as influenced by different
levels of recommended dose and FYM
Treatment
Yield (q/ha) Crude
protein
(%)
Plant
height
(cm)Green
forage
Dry
matter
100% RD 283 65.0 5.19 223
50% RD + 10t FYM/ha 297 69.7 6.10 231
75% RD + 10t FYM/ha 310 69.5 6.12 237
100% RD + 10t FYM/ha 329 82.3 6.84 243
CD(p=0.05) 23.8 5.6 1.03 8.9
Patel et al (2007), Anand
Forage Res 32:209-12
Recommended dose =80 kg N/ha + 30 kg P2O5
Sandy loam
OC = 0.24 % (low), pH= 7.6
Available P = 57.40 kg/ha
Available K = 215.40 kg/ha
Available Zn =0.42 ppm (low)

30. Interaction effect of different fertilizer combination on dry matter
yield (q/ha) of maize fodder
Fertilizer levels
Zinc level 100% RD 50% RD+
10 FYM/ha
75% RD+
10 FYM/ha
100% RD+
10 FYM/ha
Control 49.7 62.4 59.3 69.3
Soil application of 25 kg ZnSO4/ha 87.5 76.6 72.3 86.3
Foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 at
20 and 40 DAS
52.2 64.5 65.8 88.2
Soil Application Of 25 kg ZnSO4/ha
+ foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 at
20 and 40 DAS
70.5 75.6 80.5 85.6
CD(p=0.05)= 11.2 (Interaction )
OC=0.24%
Available P = 57.40 kg/ha
Available K = 215.40kg/ha
Available zinc = 0.42 ppm
Patel et al (2007), Anand
Forage Res 32:209-12

31. Effect of humic acid levels on yield and quality components of
fodder maize
Humic acid
(kg/ha)
Plant
height
(cm)
Green
fodder yield
(kg/ha)
Dry matter
yield
(kg/ha)
Crude
protein
(%)
NDF
(%)
Control 177c 59996e 10267d 8.00c 56.20
5 180c 61540d 10941c 8.38c 55.14
10 187b 62385c 11298b 10.13b 56.48
15 198a 65190b 11590b 11.31a 56.20
20 200a 67384a 11855a 11.38a 55.82
25 201a 67384a 11980a 11.50a 55.96
30 195ab 67197a 11867a 11.25a 57.11NS
Daur and Bakhashwin (2013), Saudi Arabia
Pak J bot 45:21-25
pH=7.4 ,OC=2.01%Total N=0.11%
Soil type- clay loam

32. Effect of Azotobacter and N on Growth and dry matter yield of
maize fodder
Treatment Plant height
(cm)
No. of
leaves/
plant
Fresh weight
(gm)
Dry matter
(gm)
Dry matter
yield (kg/ha)
Control 57.5 7.1 16.2 5.41 1647
Azotobacter 62.5 7.5 16.9 5.66 2190
N 72.5 8.3 17.6 5.99 2320
Azotobacter + N 81.3 8.7 23.6 7.89 2472
CD(p=0.05) 14.2 1.0 4.6 1.55 535
Humbe and Bhuktar (2010), Aurangabaad
Bioinfolet 7 : 171-72
N= Urea @ 60 kg/ha
Available N = 223kg/ha
Available P = 18 kg/ha
Available K = 132.8 kg/ha

33. Treatment LAI LAD
(days)
TDM
(t ha-1)
N Uptake
(kg ha-1)
Application method N level (kg ha-1)
Broadcast
0
60
100
140
180
3.57h
5.72h
7.69d
11.27b
11.20b
46h
73f
99d
145b
144b
8.03fg
8.20efg
8.30def
8.50cd
8.65bc
21.87i
39.87g
61.89d
92.53b
92.66b
Fertigation
0
60
100
140
180
3.50h
6.73e
10.57c
15.57a
15.63a
45h
86e
136c
201a
200a
8.05fg
8.40cde
8.60c
8.90ab
9.05a
20.71i
48.90f
75.52c
120.42a
120.7a
Side dressing
0
60
100
140
180
3.55h
4.82g
5.64f
7.65d
7.63d
46h
62g
72f
98d
98d
8.00c
8.12efg
8.22defg
8.40cde
8.30cd
20.13i
36.51h
54.14e
73.91c
73.8c
Hassan et al (2010), Pakistan
Pak J Bot 42:4095-4101
Impact of N application methods on growth characters of fodder maize
Available N=425 kg/ha
Available P = 8.5 kg/ha
Available K=380 kg/ha

34. Treatment Leaves per
plant
Plant height
(cm)
Stem
girth(cm)
Green fodder
yield(t ha-1)
Application method N level (kg ha-1)
Broadcast
0
60
100
140
180
10.0e
10.0e
10.9d
13.1b
13.0b
65j
91h
120f
159d
169c
2.56g
3.62f
4.45e
5.17c
5.23c
17.33g
34.75f
59.50d
75.25b
79.50b
Fertigation
0
60
100
140
180
9.6e
10.7d
13.0b
15.1a
15.0a
65j
111g
149e
193b
199a
2.59g
4.40e
5.62b
6.86a
6.85a
18.50g
43.50e
70.25c
91.25a
94.00a
Side dressing
0
60
100
140
180
10.0e
10.0e
10.0e
12.0c
11.8c
66j
82i
90h
110g
114g
2.55g
3.65f
4.32e
4.72d
4.80d
17.75g
31.00f
40.75e
56.00d
57.75d
Impact of N application methods on growth characters of fodder maize
Hassan et al (2010), Pakistan
Pak J Bot 42:4095-4101
Available N=425 kg/ha
Available P = 8.5 kg/ha
Available K=380 kg/ha

35. Effect of winter crops on growth parameters and productivity
of maize fodder
Previous crop Plant height
(cm)
Leaf area index Green fodder
Yield (q/ha)
Dry matter
yield(q/ha)
Wheat 169.6 2.75 318.2 54.9
Rye grass 171.3 2.81 335.4 56.6
Barseem 182.6 3.12 352.9 60.2
CD(p=0.05) 10.2 0.18 17.2 3.5
Available N=185.6 kg/ha
Available P=16.2 kg/ha
Available K=224.0kg/ha
Tiwana et al (2006), Ludhiana
Forage Res 31:244-47

36. Maize fodder production with and without N fertilization as effected
by legumes
Treatment Green fodder yield
(t/ha)
Dry fodder yield
(t/ha)
Crude protein yield
(kg/ha)
0 kg
N/ha
80 kg
N/ha
Mean 0 kg
N/ha
80 kg
N/ha
Mean 0 kg
N/ha
80 kg
N/ha
Mean
Control 14.53 19.56 17.72b 2.94 3.75 3.34b 287.00 495.67 391.33c
Pigeon pea 15.89 22.72 18.63ab 2.95 4.59 3.77ab 282.22 555.67 418.94b
Sesbania
gentia
18.11 25.06 21.58a 3.57 4.83 4.20a 334.50 571.28 452.89a
Mean 16.23 23.02 3.19 3.52 304.09 549.91
Clay loam
OC=1.15 %
pH=7.8
Total N = 0.089 %
Habib et al (2011), Faisalabad
Pak J Bot 43(2):921-28

37. Residual effect of P fertilizer from previous crop on the growth and
yield of succeeding maize fodder crop
Treatment Dry matter accumulation
(g/plant) at 30 DAS
Plant height at harvest
(cm)
Green fodder yield
(q/ha)
P2O5 kg/ha 1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year
0 10.58 10.70 171 172 366.52 386.23
20 10.90 11.05 174 175 376.08 395.15
40 11.31 11.38 176 182 398.02 417.68
60 11.43 11.49 178 185 401.18 421.16
CD(p=0.05) NS 0.63 NS 9 21.86 18.99
Clay loam
Available N = Medium
Available P = Medium
Available K = High
Sharma et al (2002), Udaipur
Indian J Agron 47:177-80

38. Effect of vermicompost, biofertilizer and P on dry matter and grain yield of
chickpea and residual effect on maize grown for fodder purposes
Treatment DM yield of chickpea
(g/plant)
Grain yield of
chickpea (t/Ha)
Dry fodder yield of
fodder maize (t/ha)
Vermicompost 1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year
No vermicompost 17.44 19.62 1.91 2.05 6.66 7.05
Vermicompost@ 3 t/ha 18.60 20.95 2.26 2.44 7.43 7.58
CD(p=0.05) 0.48 0.52 0.06 0.07 0.23 0.28
Biofertilizer
control 17.10 19.38 1.81 1.94 6.60 6.86
Rhizobium 18.18 20.39 2.13 2.32 7.05 7.36
Rhizobium + PSB 18.78 21.09 2.32 2.48 7.50 7.71
CD(p=0.05) 0.59 0.64 0.08 0.08 0.28 0.34
P (kg/ha)
0 16.16 18.48 1.72 1.81 6.30 6.43
13 18.35 20.56 2.16 2.38 7.15 7.40
26 19.55 21.81 2.37 2.55 7.70 8.11
CD(p=0.05) 1.01 1.05 0.13 0.15 0.37 0.38
Jat & Ahlawat (2006),New Delhi
J SusAgric 28(1):41-54
Sandy loam
OC=0.36 &0.38 % , Available P = 9.8 &10.2 Kg/ha
Available K = 230.2 & 223 kg/ha

39. Conclusion
 Fodder maize response to N upto 120-200 kg/ha and split application of N
helps in getting higher response
 Fertigation is effective to produce same yield as that of conventional method of
fertilizer application and save 25-50% fertilizers
 P also helps in getting higher yield while interacting with micro and macro
nutrients such as S and Ni
 P @ 40-60 kg/ha and residual effect of P helps in getting higher dry matter yield
 Organic fertilizer in combination with inorganic fertilizer helps in getting the
higher response as FYM @ 12.5 tone helps in reducing the recommended dose
of fertilizer by supplying the micro and macro nutrients
 Application of bio-fertilizers also enhance the fodder yield
 On Zinc deficient soil, Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha is effective in
ameliorating the deficiency and helps in getting higher yield
 In bulky manures, compost @ 12t/ha, dried slurry @ 70 kg N/ha and HA @ 20
kg/ha as synthetic source in organic agriculture improves quality and yield
traits of fodder maize.

40. All the human & animal
manure which the world
wastes if returned to the
land, instead of being
thrown into the sea, would
suffice to nourish the world
-Victor Hugo