15. NEOPLASTIC PROLIFERATIONS OF
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
• Present with widespread involvement of bone marrow
peripheral blood
• Liquid malignancy of either lymphoid or myeloid series
Leukemia
• Proliferations that arise as discrete mass
• Solid malignancy of lymphoid series
• Begins as malignant transformation of lymphocytes in
lymphatic system
Lymphoma
16. NEOPLASTIC PROLIFERATIONS OF
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Lymphoid
neoplasm
B cell, T –cell or NK cell
origin
Phenotypes of neoplastic
cell closely resembles that
of a particular stage of
normal lymphocyte
maturation
20. WHO CLASSIFICATIONS OF
LYMPHOID NEOPLASMS
Precursor
B-cell
Neoplasm
Peripheral
B – cell
Neoplasm
Precursor
T – cell
Neoplasm
Peripheral T
– cell /NK –
cell
Neoplasm
Hodgkin
Lymphoma
21. WHO CLASSIFICATIONS OF
LYMPHOID NEOPLASMS
• B – cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma (
ALL)
Precursor
B-Cell
Neoplasm
• Follicular Lymphoma
• Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
• Marginal zone Lymphoma
• Burkitt lymphoma
• Extranodal Marginal zone lymphoma
Peripheral
B-Cell
Neoplasm
22. WHO CLASSIFICATIONS OF
LYMPHOID NEOPLASMS
• T –Cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma (
ALL)
Precursor
T-Cell
Neoplasm
• Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma
• Anaplastic Large cell lymphoma
• Mycosis fungoides
• Extranodal NK/Tcell lymphoma
• Angioimmunoblastic T Cell lymphoma
Peripheral
Cell
Neoplasm
23. WHO CLASSIFICATIONS OF
LYMPHOID NEOPLASMS
• Classical subtypes
• i. Nodular Sclerosis
• ii. Mixed cellularity
• iii. Lymphocyte rich
• iv. Lymphocyte depletion
• Lymphocyte predominance
Hodgkin
Lymphom
24. WORKING FORMULATION
• An obsolete classification of non-Hodgkin lymphomas,
first proposed in 1982.
Low Grade
Intermediate grade
High grade
26. CINICAL PRESENTATIONS
Enlarged non-tender lymph
nodes (often > 2 cm)
Symotoms related to
involvement of extranodal
sites
(skin, stomach, brain etc)
Systemic symptoms (“B
symptoms”)
Fever, night sweats, weight
loss
Symptoms related to
hepatosplenomegaly
Symptoms related to
complications of bone
marrow infiltration
(Infections, anaemia, bleeding
and coagulopathies)
27. ETIOLOGY
• Exposure to radiation and certain chemicals (benzene etc)
• Infections (EBV in HL, H. pylori in gastric MALToma)
• Immunodeficiency
• Autoimmune disease
• Older age group
28. HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
• First described by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832
• Characteristic features:
Arises in a single node or chain of nodes (esp.
cervical)
Contains rare neoplastic distinctive giant cells
(“Reed Sternberg cells”), in a background of
abundant reactive inflammatory cells
One of the most common cancers in young adults
32. CLASSICAL HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
Nodular Sclerosis (66%)
-Fibrous bands and
nodules
-“Lacunar cell” variant of
cell
Mixed Cellularity (25%)
- Abundant RS cells
- Background of
lymphocytes, eosinophils,
plasma cells, neutrophils
Lymphocyte Rich (5%)
- Scattered RS cells in
lymphocyte rich
Lymphocyte Depleted
- Abundant RS cells and
mononuclear variants
- Only few background
lymphocytes
33. NODULAR LP HODGKIN
LYMPHOMA
• 5% of all Hodgkin lymphoma
• “Popcorn cells” / “L&H cells” rather than RS cells
• Background of small B-lymphocyte
34. • Distinction between Classical HL and Nodular LP
HL is based partly on immunophenotype
Classical: CD15+ CD30+ CD45- CD20-
NLPHL: CD15- CD30- CD45+ CD20+
35. ANN ARBOR STAGING SYSTEM
• I – Involvement of a single lymph node region or
lymphoid structure
• II – Involvement of two or more lymph node regions on
the same side of the diaphragm
• III – Involvement of lymph node regions or structures on
both sides of diaphragm
• IV – Involvement of extranodal sites
36. Prognosis of Hodgkin Lymphoma
• Generally better than non-Hodgkin lymphomas
• Depends greatly on stage (more so than histological
subtype)
• 90-100% of Stage IA and IIA curable
38. NON - HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
• Very diverse group of disorders
• Unimodal age distribution, with increasnig
incidence with age
• Many arise in extranodal sites (although the
majority are nodal)
39. Divided clinically into
Low grade
- Indolent, slow-growing, but resistant to therapy and rarely
curable
- Often present with painless generalized lymphadenopathy
High grade
- Aggressive, rapidly progressive, but sensitive to treatment and
potentially curable
- Often present with solitary rapidly enlarging mass