PRESENTATION OF DATA

2. FLOWOF CHART
 Introduction
 Data and its Types
 Secondary Data: Exploration and Use

3. DATA
 Data is a combination of information, fact
and knowledge. Sequence from data to
knowledge is: from data to information ,from
information to facts and finally from to
knowledge.

4. DATA TYPES
(1) Primary data
(2) Secondary data

5. SECONDARYDATA:
EXPLORATIONANDUSE

6.  Secondary data is defined as data collected earlier for a
purpose other than the one currently being pursued.
 It is actually the result and data collected by previous
research.
 This type of data is also called ‘ex post facto’

9. TYPESOF SECONDARYDATA
Secondary
Data
Documents
&
Records
Written
Documents
Non-written
Records
Surveys
Censuses
Regular and
occasional
surveys

10. DOCUMENTS& OFFICERECORDS

11. SURVEYS
 Censuses
 Population
 Industral
 Employment
 Land holding
 Agricuture

12. CENSUSINEMPLOYMENT

13.  Regular and occasional surveys
 Price index
 Family income and spending
 Labour market
 Import and export
 Organizational surveys
 International indexes
 Attitude surveys
 Occupational surveys

14. EVALUATIONOF SECONDARYDATA
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 It can be gathered much more
quickly
 It is less or no costly to
collect.
 Generating new insights.
 May not be appropriate in
solving the particular problem.
 Lack of standard classificaton.
 Lack of accuracy.

15. TYPES OF SECONDARY DATA
 Documents And Records
 1 . Written Documents
 Organizational record
 Notice Publications
 Websites And Internet
 2 Non written Records
 CD - Roms
 Films
 Taped Interviews
 Surveys
 1Censuses
 Population
 Industrial
 Employment
 2Regular And Occasional Surveys
 Price Index
 Family income and spending
 Labour Market
 Import and Export

16. QUESTIONNAIRE
A questionnaire is a formal list of question
design
to gather responses from respondents on a given
topic
It is well established,
practicable and reliable method of data
collection

17. TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Structured questionnaire(written questions)
2. Open ended questionnaire(questions
without answer option)
3. Closed ended questionnaire(questions with
answer option)
4. Mixed questionnaire(paper questionnaire)
5. Online questionnaire(electronic
questionaire)

18. INTERVIEW
Interview is a process allowing you to ask the question which
enable you to answer research question.
According to Kerlinger,” The interview is a face to face interpersonal
role situation in which one person, the interviewer, asks a person
being interviewed, the respondent, question designed to obtained
answers pertinent to the purpose of the research problem

19. FUNCTION OF RESEARCH INTERVIEW
• It can serve as an explanatory device when a
study is first being designed.
• Research interview are used as a data
collection instrument of variables.
• Supplement to the previous research.

20. INTERVIEW SCHEDULES
 Structured Interview
 Unstructured Interview
 Semi-structured interview

21. TYPES OF RESEARCH
1. One to one
a) Face to face Interview
b) Telephone Interview
2. One to many
a) Focus group Interview

22. OBSERVATION

23. WHY USE OBSERVATION????

24. CHOICES OF COLLECTING OBSERVATIONAL DATA
 1)Degree of structure
 Structured
 Unstructured
 2)Degree of disguise
 Disguised
 Undisguised
 3)Setting
 Natural
 Contrived
 4)Administration
 Human
 mechanical

25. ACTIVITIES IN DATA PROCESSING
1. Editing
2. Coding

26. CLASSIFICATION
Classification refers to dividing of the data in
to different categories, classes, groups.
Through classification , the complex and
scattered data are organized into concise
and logical forms.

27. TABULATION
 Tabulation tries to display the data in
easier term (table) which is great
helpful in data analysis.
 For example:-why were worker unable
to go work?
(1)I was sick. 5
(2) Someone in my family was sick. 3
(3)I did not feel like going to work. 2
(4) Other reasons 5
Total responses 15