The document provides information on Mughal and Persian gardens, their history, features, and key examples. It discusses the origins and key elements of Persian garden design that influenced Mughal gardens in India and beyond. Some of the main gardens and their features summarized include: - Ram Bagh in Agra, one of the oldest Mughal charbagh gardens built in the early 16th century. - The terraced gardens of Kashmir adapted the Persian charbagh layout with axial water channels and terraces. - Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar built in 1619 with three terraces and pavilions connected to Dal Lake by a canal. - Nishat Bagh in

1. HISTORY
OF
LANDSCAPE

2. MUGHAL & PERSIAN
GARDENS

3. LOCATION
Samarkand , Persia
Arabia , India

6. RAM BAGH
• The oldest Mughal charbagh (four-quartered garden)
in Agra, built by the Babur during the early 16th
century.
• Also called Bagh-gul-Afshan (light scattering
garden) and Aalsi Bagh (lazy garden)
•Bagh-I-Gul-Afshan (The flower Scattering garden)
Bagh-I-Nur-Afshan (The light scattering garden)
Or Ram bagh (1526-30, 1615-19 A.D.)

8. Humayun's Tomb
COMSSIONED BY BEGA BEGUM IN 1569-1570 designed
by Mirak Mirza Ghiyath
• The garden is divided into 36 squares by a grid of
water
channels and paths.
• The square garden is surrounded by a high rubble wall
divided initially into four large squares separated by
causeways and channels.
• Each square divided again into smaller squares by
pathways creating a char bagh.

11. Terraced gardens of Kashmir
Adapted from Persian gardens but with an axial
water channel & terraces.

12. Shalimar Bagh
1619 by jehangir completed in 1630 by shah jahan.
Terraced garden with Three terraces.
The three terraces have 3 pavilions each
• Diwan-I-aam
• Diwan-i-khaas
• Zenana section
Connected to the Dal lake with a canal.
The canal measures 6 meters across.
Adorned with chinar trees (Platanus orientalis).

14. Nishat bagh
•1633 by Asif Khan (shah jahan).
•Directly fronts the dal lake, earlier the approach
used to be from the lake.
•Built in the east-west direction.
•Terraced garden with 12 terraces symbolic of the
zodiac.

17. RED FORT
Hayat-Bakhsh Garden - ‘life-bestowing garden”
• Divided into squares on the pattern of Mughal
gardens with causeways and channels between
them.
• This garden is intersected by two channels of water
to
north of the fort laid out by Shahjahan when he built
the fort in 1639-48.
•Two pavilions called Savon and Bhadon stand at
either end of the north-south channel.

18. BHADON PAVILLION
SAWAN PAVILLION

19. Nahr-i-Behisht
• The apartments consist of a row of pavilions that sits
on a raised platform along the eastern edge of
the fort, looking out onto the river Yamuna.
•The pavilions are connected by a continuous water
channel, known as the Nahr-i-Behisht, or the
"Stream of Paradise", that runs through the centre
of each pavilion.
• SHAH BURJ AT NORTH-EASTERN CORNER OF THE
GARDEN AND AZAD BURJ ON THE
SOUTH-EASTERN CORNER OF THE FORT

21. The gardens of Taj Mahal
•Built by shah jahan.
•According to the holy Koran, a garden is symbolic of
paradise.
•Garden divided into 4 parts(importance of number 4 in
Islam).
•Further divided into 16 sections.
•Trees of Taj garden are either that of Cyprus (signifying
death) or of the fruit bearing type.(signifying life) arranged
in a symmetrical pattern.
•Garden conjures up the Islamic concept of heaven where
rivers of water, milk, wine and honey flow.

23. •Water in the canals was drawn from the river using purs, a
system of drawing water physically from river using bucket
and ropes.
• For irrigation the water from the overflowing canals was
Used
•The tank has been arranged to provide a crystal clear view
of Taj in its water
•Out of total area of 580 meter by 300 meter of the Taj
complex, gardens alone cover an area of 300 meter by 300
meter distance and are based on geometric arrangements of
nature
•a copper pot was provided under each fountain head: water
filled the pots ensuring an equal pressure to each fountain.

25. Shalimar Garden , Lahore
•1642 under shah jahan.
•An adaptation of the chahar bagh concept and the
•shalimar bagh in Srinagar.
•A three terraced garden with resting and meeting
•pavilions and also a royal bath.
•There are 410 fountains in the garden and five water
•cascades.
•Planted with fruit trees and other odiferous plants.

27. •The Persian Garden refers to a tradition and style of
garden design which originated in Persia and which
influenced the design of gardens throughout the larger
region.
• The origin of Persian gardens may date back as far as
4000 BCE; The decorated pottery of that time displays
the typical cross plan of the Persian garden.
Persian Garden

28. El Partal in the upper Alhambra, Granada

29. •These gardens are enclosed.
•The main purpose behind building such gardens was to
provide relaxation in different manner suchas spiritual,
leisurely (e.g. meetings with friends).
•“Pairi daeza” means enclosed space in Persian
language.
•This Christian mythology adopted this term to describe
the Garden of Eden or paradise on earth.
FEATURES

30. Gardens Of Eden

31. •The construction of garden may have an emphasis either
on nature or on structure, however the main thing this
garden should allow is maximization of function.
•The Persian gardens were built as a retreat from the
harsh landscap
•These gardens are followed by modern-day garden, from
the sanctuaries and hunting parks of 5th century B.C.,
19th century magical nightingale gardens of Tehran, etc.
•The Cyrus's garden had a geometrical plan and stone
watercourses.
FEATURES

33. • A high surrounding wall.
• Straight tile-lined channels of water.
• Bubbling fountains.
• Trees for shade and fruit.
• A Pavilion or gazebo.
• Strong emphasis on flowers in beds and pots.
Common features
of Persian gardens

34. RECTANGULAR LAYOUT
AND SQUARE
•What really distinguishes Persian garden from the
gardens of other nations, however, is the unique and
intricate geometrical design that governs it. Square and
rectangle are the predominant shapes.
•Despite their precise spacing and order, Persian
gardens still manage to create a range of different
spaces within their main space by using various
natural and man-made materials that differ in shapes
and sizes.

36. THE FIVE ELEMENTS
There are five elements which contribute to the geometry of
Persian gardens.
• Perspective (or visual expanse of the garden) -The greater
length of the garden is where its most significant elements
are situated. Known as the spine of the garden, this area
helps to create a space for meditation and enjoyment from
the day-to-day. Roads stretched into the horizon, brooks
running to the end of the garden, little gardens within the
main garden, the natural slope of the land and the difference
in vision angle from different locations in the garden
enriches the perspective of the space. Also, one of
the main principles of Persian architecture is internalization
and this is why gardens are walled and enclosed spaces.

37. Persian-style garden which was layed out in Haifa, Israel.

38. • Water Pathway -The main issue was to get water
from distance points. For this purpose, Qanats and
wells were dug and constructed in the heart of the
garden. Water flowing from these points would run
into well spaced brooks and branch into different
sections of the garden like water filled veins.
Fin Garden, Bagh-e Tarikhi-ye Fin. Kashan, Iran.

39. • Overall rectangular geometry of the garden –
This shape made locating a precise place for planting trees
and implementation of other structural elements much
easier. It also helped to specifically frame a part of the
earth by imposing a definite geometrical structure.
An overall top view of Pasargadae at Cyrus’ time. Note the
canal, water channels; the two rectangles are gardens.

40. • Symmetry - The granges in the garden were not only
built symmetrical but were also situated symmetrically.
Trees, shrubs and flowers were also planted this way.
The walkways, garden and pools of the Taj Mahal, seen
On top of the platform on which the mausoleum stood.

41. • Centralization of certain structures –
This is manifest in placement of granges, particularly
granges of the Hasht Behesth (eight paradises) design
where granges are situated at the crossroads that divide
the garden into different sections and therefore draw
more attention.

42. TYPES OF
PERSIAN GARDENS :
FORMAL
• Hayat (public and private)
• Meidan (public)
• Char Bagh (private)
CASUAL
• Bagh (private)
• Park (public)

43. •Publicly, it is a classical Persian layout with heavy emphasis on
aesthetics over function.
•Man-made structures in the garden are particularly important,
with arches and pools (which may be used to bathe).
•The ground is often covered in gravel flagged with stone.
Plantings are typically very simple - such as a line of trees, which
also provide shade.
•Privately, these gardens are often pool-centered and, again,
structural.
The pool serves as a focus and source of humidity for the
surrounding atmosphere. There are few plants, often due to the
limited water available in urban areas
HAYAT (PUBLIC AND PRIVATE)

45. • This is a public, formal garden which emphasizes more
on biotic elements than structure.
• Here we see bedding plants, trees, shrubs, grasses, etc.
• In this garden also the elements like gravel pathways,
pools divide the lawns.
• The shade providing structures pavilions are also built.
MEIDAN (PUBLIC)

47. • These gardens are formal and private.
• The garden structure mainly consists of four quadrants
divided by pathways and waterways.
• This garden has a balanced structure with proper
pathways and greenery or plants around the periphery
of the pool.
CHAR BAGH (PRIVATE)

48. Aram bagh garden at Agra

49. • These are casual parks used for public functions.
• These are full of various plants.
• Here we see pathways and seating but these gardens
are limited in terms of structural elements.
• The purpose of such gardens is relaxation and
socialization.
PARK (PUBLIC)

51. • Like other casual gardens, it focuses on natural and
green aspects of nature.
• These gardens are often attached to houses consisting
of trees, lawns and ground plants.
• It gives less emphasis on waterways and pathways.
• The primary aim is familial relaxation.
BAGH (PRIVATE)

52. • The important Persian garden elements are sunlight,
shade, water, buildings.
• These elements provide relaxation in different manners
such as spiritual, leisurely (e.g. meetings with friends)
etc. which is the primary aim of Persian garden which is
considered as a paradise on earth.
• The Persian gardens often connect internal yard
gardens with the surrounding outward gardens.
Natural Elements Of
Persian Landscape

53. • The important factor to be considered while designing
the Persian garden is sunlight and its effects in the
garden.
• Architects arranged the samples and forms from the
rays of light to restrain the sunlight.
• The specific textures and shapes were chosen by the
experienced architects to harness the light.
SUNLIGHT

55. • Shade is also an important element due to heat of Iran.
• The Persian gardens includes trees, shrubs and trellises
which work as biotic shades to provide protection from
strong sunrays.
• In these gardens we can see large number of big shade
trees, fruit and flower trees as well.
• Walls and pavilions are also important in blocking the
harsh sunrays.
• Mostly cypress trees are found .
SHADE

57. • In desert regions, there are many dry areas beside the many forests,
therefore water comes as the next important element in the Persian
garden.
• The underground water canals are built on slopes to facilitate either
natural or the artificial flow of water (waterfalls).
• It is assumed that this style of irrigation is thousand years old.
• This style works in the best way and widely used even in modern
gardening styles.
• For this purpose of moving water around the surface water systems.
• Trees are planted in a ditch called a jub, to prevent water
evaporation and allow quick access of water to the tree roots.
WATER

58. • In many of the Persian gardens, buildings of splendour, brick works
and pavilions are seen.
• Here we also get to see the different structural designs like royal
palaces, mansions, temples, etc.
• Iranian architects used to build domes on square buildings very
skilfully.
• These enhance the beauty of these gardens.
• In Persian gardens, beautiful arches were constructed.
• In front of many mansions and palaces of these gardens, the water
fountains were placed as the source of cool, peaceful atmosphere and
pleasure.
• The beautiful types of glasses (e.g. stain glasses) were used for
windows and other glass works.
BUILDING

60. The rectangular gardens, surrounded by a high red
sandstone wall, follow the Persian chahar Bagh or 'four
gardens' layout. Brought to India by the first Mughal
Emperor Babar, himself a keen botanist, this layout
frequently formed the plan of tomb layouts during the
Imperial era, including Akbar's tomb at Sikandra as
shown here.
THE CHAR BAGH LAYOUT

61. • The garden is on the opposite bank of the River Yamuna
to Agra's Red Fort. It is a classic tomb garden with stone
edged flower beds on the lawns. This is unlikely to have
been the original planting pattern. The garden was
designed by Nur Jahan for her father's tomb on the bank
of the River Yamuna. Situated in a garden amidst
fountains, it has a square lower storey with four minarets
in the four corners.
ITMAD-UD-DAULA’S TOMB

63. Typical of Mughal gardens, it was reared in a char Bagh
pattern, divided into four quarters by shallow water
channels intersecting at right angle. There was a
fishpond in the center of the garden. Niches were made
in the northern wall for
the lamps that illuminated it in night on festive and
ceremonial occasions. There is a carved sloping stone
slab on the southern side with fish scale to allow the
smooth flow of water in the tank.
THE ZENANA GARDEN
AT FATEHPUR SIKRI

65. THANK YOU
PALUVADI MUKUNDA PRIYA
18031AA058