Persian garden presentation

PARDIS
HAVEN ON EARTH
(THE PERSIAN GARDEN CONCEPT)
By: Dr. Hamed Faghiri
Date: 2017
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© 2017 HAMED FAGHIRI (CHARLEY) ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Introduction
• The tradition and style in the garden
design of Persian gardens has
influenced the design of gardens from
Spain to India and beyond.
• The local climate, high walled
structures, shady trees, water streams
and fountains are the factors which
makes the Persian garden a paradise
on earth.
• The different styles of Persian garden
are Hayat, Meidan, Chahar Bagh, Park
and Bagh. WATER STREAMS
SHADY TREES
SUCH AS CYPRUS
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Origin
• Persian gardens originated in
4000 BC.
• The decorated pottery of
that time shows the typical
cross plan of the Persian
gardens.
• This style is best seen in Cyrus
the Great's garden which
was built-in around 500 BCE.
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Evolution in the ages
• During the reign of Sassanids and under the
influence of Zoroastrianism, water was
considered an important factor in the art of
garden.
• The greater emphasis was given on ponds and
fountains in the garden.
• During the Arab occupation, gardens were
built by taking into consideration aesthetic
rules.
• The best example of this is 'Chahar bagh', with
four rivers and four quadrants representing the
world.
Chahar bagh lay out
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Pardis
• From the time of the Achaemenid empire the
idea of an earthly paradise spread to the
literature and languages of other cultures.
• The Avestan word pairidaêza-, Old Persian
*paridaida-, Median *paridaiza- (walled-
around, i.e., a walled garden), was
transliterated into Greek paradeisoi, then
rendered into the Latin paradisus, and from
there entered into European languages, i.e.,
French paradis, and English paradise (Oxford
English Dictionary XI, pp. 183-84; Yamauchi,
pp. 332).
• The word entered Semitic languages as well:
Akkadian pardesu, Hebrew pardes
(Nehemiah 2:8; Ecclesiastes 2:5; Song of
Solomon 4:13), and Arabic ferdaws (Koran
18.107, 23.11).
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Influence
• ‘Chahar bagh’ style was widely used
with the spread of Islam, from
Moorish gardens (Spain) to Mughul
gardens (India).
• In contrast with the European
gardens of the time the Persian
gardens were very lavish. These
gardens consisted of herb plants
around monasteries.
• The gardens also had red and yellow
beautiful, colorful fruit plants in it.
• The Persian gardens have influenced
the gardeners of Andalusia to India
and other countries also.
• After 18th century, European Garden
design began to influence Persia,
especially those of France, Russia
and United Kingdom.
Baha'i Shrine, Haifa, Israel
Taj Mahal, IndiaAlcazar, San Diego, CA, USA
Generalife, Andalusia, Spain.
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Influence
Hamilton Gardens,
Hamilton, New Zealand
The Untermyer Gardens,
New York, USA
Versailles Place in France
Persian Garden,
Bonn, Germany
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Features
• The Persian gardens are planted with
different types of fruit, flower trees, shrubs,
shady plants, etc.
• The irrigation canals are also planted in the
gardens.
• The canals were planted straight to provide
water to the plants which were also
planted straight along the canals.
• The Persian garden style spread eastwards
to India and westwards via Spain with the
spread of Islam and by the Romans.
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Features
• The construction of garden may have an emphasis
either on nature or on structure, however the main
thing this garden should allow is maximization of
function.
• The Persian gardens were built as a retreat from the
harsh landscape.
• These gardens are followed by modern-day
garden, from the sanctuaries and hunting parks of
5th century B.C., 19th century magical nightingale
gardens of Tehran, etc.
• The Cyrus's garden had a geometrical plan and
stone watercourses.
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Features
• These gardens are enclosed.
• The main purpose behind building such gardens was to provide relaxation in different manner
such as spiritual, leisurely (e.g. meetings with friends).
• “Pairi daeza” means enclosed space in Persian language.
• This Christian mythology adopted this term to describe the Garden of Eden or paradise on earth.
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Common features
• A high surrounding wall.
• Straight tile-lined channels of water.
• Bubbling fountains.
• Trees for shade, sunlight and fruit.
• A Pavilion or gazebo.
• Strong emphasis on flowers in beds and
pots.
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Natural elements
• The important Persian garden elements
are sunlight, shade, water, buildings.
• These elements provide relaxation in
different manners such as spiritual,
leisurely (e.g. meetings with friends) etc.
which is the primary aim of Persian
garden which is considered as a paradise
on earth.
• The Persian gardens often connect
internal yard gardens with the
surrounding outward gardens.
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The five geometry elements
1- Perspective (or visual expanse of the garden)
The greater length of the garden is where its most
significant elements are situated. Known as the spine
of the garden, this area helps to create a space for
meditation and enjoyment from the day-to-day.
Roads stretched into the horizon, brooks running to
the end of the garden, little gardens within the main
garden, the natural slope of the land and the
difference in vision angle from different locations in
the garden enriches the perspective of the space.
Also, one of the main principles of Persian
architecture is internalization and this is why gardens
are walled and enclosed spaces.
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2- Water Pathway
• The main issue was to get water from
distance points. For this purpose, ‘Qanats’
and wells were dug and constructed in
the heart of the garden.
• Water flowing from these points would run
into well spaced brooks and branch into
different sections of the garden like water
filled veins
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3- Overall rectangular geometry
• This shape made locating a precise place
for planting trees and implementation of
other structural elements much easier.
• It also helped to specifically frame a part of
the earth by imposing a definite
geometrical structure.
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4- Symmetry
The granges in the garden were not only built
symmetrical but were also situated symmetrically.
Trees, shrubs and flowers were also planted this way.
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5- Centralization of certain structures
This is manifest in placement of granges,
particularly granges of the ‘Hasht
Behesth’ (eight paradises) design where
granges are situated at the crossroads
that divide the garden into different
sections and therefore draw more
attention
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Types of Persian garden
• Formal
• Hayat (public and private)
• Meidan (public)
• Char Bagh (private)
• Casual
• Bagh (private)
• Park (public)
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Hayat (public)
• Publicly, it is a classical Persian layout
with heavy emphasis on aesthetics over
function.
• Man-made structures in the garden are
particularly important, with arches and
pools (which may be used to bathe).
• The ground is often covered in gravel
flagged with stone. Plantings are
typically very simple - such as a line of
trees, which also provide shade.
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Hayat (Private)
• Privately, these gardens are
often pool-centered and, again,
structural.
• The pool serves as a focus and
source of humidity for the
surrounding atmosphere.
• There are few plants, often due
to the limited water available in
urban areas.
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Meidan (public)
• This is a public, formal garden
which emphasizes more on
biotic elements than structure.
• Here we see bedding plants,
trees, shrubs, grasses, etc.
• In this garden also the elements
like gravel pathways, pools
divide the lawns.
• The shade providing structures
pavilions are also built.
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Char Bagh (private)
• These gardens are formal and private.
• The garden structure mainly consists of
four quadrants divided by pathways
and waterways.
• This garden has a balanced structure
with proper pathways and greenery
or plants around the periphery of the
pool.
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Bagh (private)
• Like other casual gardens, it focuses on
natural and green aspects of nature.
• These gardens are often attached to
houses consisting of trees, lawns and
ground plants.
• It gives less emphasis on waterways and
pathways.
• The primary aim is familial relaxation.
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Park (public)
• These are casual parks used for public
functions.
• These are full of various plants.
• Here we see pathways and seating but
these gardens are limited in terms of
structural elements.
• The purpose of such gardens is
relaxation and socialization.
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Park (public)
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Thank you
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Persian garden presentation

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