slides

1. UNITED NATIONS

2. Background
Today
more than 190 independent states.
80 years ago
there were only 70.

3. Wars & Conflicts
empires have broken up – most
recently the Soviet (Russian) empire.
Armenia and Azerbaijan, India and
Pakistan, Cyprus, Congo, Sudan.

4. Nationalism
has become a superior force.
Internationalism
has also developed.

5. United Nations (1945)
the world organization created after the
1939-45 (World War 2)
League of Nations (1919- 45)
the previous world organization that
started after First World War and it
ended after the World War 2.

6. Member States of United
Nations

7. Member States of United
Nations
Today
there are 193 members of UN.
Veto States (Permanent Members)
America, Britain, China, France and
Russia.

8. Security Council Members
to bring peace and security concerns
like international law, economic
development.
10 Council Members (temporary)
elected for two years.

9. Current Security Council
Members
 Argentina
 Azerbaijan
 Australia
 Guatemala
 Luxemburg
 Morocco
 Pakistan
 Republic of Korea
 Rwanda
 Togo

10. Objective
The Primary Role
assigned to the United Nations itself
was to give governments a means of
working together to prevent wars, or
at least to limit their effect.

11. Operations by UN
UN’s six decades of activity have often
required the use of soldiers, in
peacekeeping forces or as observers.
matters as trade, food, aviation, refugees,
drugs and health has mostly been done
through its ‘specialized agencies’.

12. Peace is too serious to be left to
civilians
concern about stopping civil wars –
which, in recent years, have greatly
outnumbered international ones.

13. A Rare situation in Centuries of
human history
Indeed, the active armed conflicts
between only sovereign states are
minor affairs by historical standards,
and there is no immediate potential
for any major wars.

14. Iraq’s seizing of Kuwait in
1990
Iraqi obduracy made it impossible to
negotiate a withdrawal which a small
UN force or observer mission could
supervise. To liberate Kuwait, a full-
scale military operation was
necessary.

15. Security Council to tackle
conflicts (civil wars)
Greece 1945-48
Angola 1975-91
Cyprus 1961-64

16. Somalia 1991-95
By the mid-1990s, experiences such
as this were making UN member
governments more cautious about
trying to stop civil wars.

17. Rwandan Genocide 1994
On April 6, 1994, a plane carrying
President Habyarimana, a Hutu, was
shot down.
Hutu (85%), Tutsi (14%) and Twa
(1%).

18. Current reform efforts may
enhance the UN’s ability to
act against genocide and
terrorism.