- Biodiversity. - Bio-terrorism. - Human Rights in GMOs cases. - The Impact of Reproductive Rights.

1. human rights in scientific research
Mustafa Ali Mohamed

2. Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the variety of life on the
entire Earth.
It's the Varity of all life forms; the different
plants, animals and microorganisms. Their
species , genes and the ecosystem of which
they are apart.

3. Biodiversity divides to :
1- Species biodiversity: refers to the number of
species and the number of individuals in each
species.
2- Genetic biodiversity: "of genes within a species".
3- Ecological biodiversity: as "ways of interaction".
Threats to biodiversity
Common threat of biodiversity is extinction

4. According to the International Union for Conservation of
Nature (IUCN), globally about one third of all known species
are threatened with extinction. If we do not stop the threats to
biodiversity, we could be facing another mass extinction with dire
consequences to the environment and human health and
livelihood.

5. Human population in relation with
biodiversity:
The earth is losing biodiversity at a rate not seen since
the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs 65
million years ago.
It might therefore be thought that bringing
human rights into the equation when thinking
about strategies for protecting biodiversity
only serves to muddy the waters.
Biodiversity and human rights
under a common threat;

6. Human Population
In size and resources
of
Human Enterprises
Agriculture Industry Recreation International Commerce
Land Transformation
Like:
Land Clearing
Forestry
Intensification
Biotic Additions
and Loss
Like:
Invasion
Hunting
Fishing
Global
Biogeochemistry
Like:
Carbon
Nitrogen
Water
Climate Change
Like:
Enhanced
Greenhouse
Aerosols
Land cover
Loss of
Biological Diversity
As:
Extinction of species
And populations
Loss of ecosystemsVitousek et. al (1997) Science, 277, p.494-499

7. so,..
• Humans require a great deal of resources
and space and have not had a record of
sharing.
• Our increasing numbers will certainly
increase the rate at which animals and
plants are lost.

8. Quick Actions to Protect Biodiversity
and Ecosystems:
1. Plant native species to provide shelter and food for
native animals “natural reserves”.
2. To reduce pressures on watersheds, eliminate
pesticide and herbicide usage.
3. Buy products that support wildlife conservation and
sustainable farming practices.
4. Protect aquifers, save energy, and reduce waste
water, which in turn helps protect ecosystems.

9. • "For if one link in nature's
chain might be lost, another
might be lost, until the whole
of things will vanish by
piecemeal."
- Thomas Jefferson

10. Bioterrorism
"Bioterrorism” - The unlawful use, or threatened use, of
microorganisms or toxins derived from living organisms to produce
death or disease in humans, animals, or plants. The act is intended to
create fear and intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of
political, religious, or ideological goals.
Bioterrorism is classified according to CDC into 3 categories:
Class-a-: These high-priority agents include organisms or toxins that
pose the highest risk to the public and national security.
Class-b-: These agents are the second highest priority result in
moderate illness rates and low death rates
Class-c-: These third highest priority agents include emerging
pathogens that could be engineered for mass spread in the future.

11. In our branch as agricultural biotechnologists we only aware
about agricultural bioterrorism as Agriculture is considered
by many to be the perfect target for bioterrorism, also called
Agro-Bioterrorism.
Agro-bioterrorism targeting the food
supplies
Considerations of biological warfare and
bioterrorism nearly always focus on the direct
threat of the use of human diseases as weapons.
However, the possibility of biological attack on the
plant or animal resources of a country is
increasingly recognized as a serious threat.
Agricultural terrorism is not about killing
animals; it is about crippling an economy. To
that end livestock/poultry industries and crops
would be preferred by terrorists.

12. For animals, there are many foreign agents readily
available in nature, from low-security laboratories, even
from commercial sources, that require little effort or risk to
smuggle in. Most foreign animal agents pose no risk to
human health, so the terrorist may feel some sense of
security in handling and dispersing these pathogens.
For plants, as a case study; In 2011, the entire 400 million
base-pair genomic sequence of Cannabis Sativa was
published online which, Allows continued research to the
medicinal effects of Tetrahydrocannabinol and
Cannabanoids which, Could place THC production in
anything & Could create mutant strain Similar to H7N9
“type of influenza”.

13. Agriculture is highly vulnerable to genotype-specific
weapons:
Agriculture, particularly in many developed countries, has
several properties that make it defenseless to attack with
genotype-specific weapons.
Typically, it employs monocropping of large acreages with
genetically identical cultivars, and high-density husbandry of
genetically inbred animal strains. These agronomic practices
reduce the genetic variability that makes populations resistant to
genotype-specific weapons, and thereby create conditions that
facilitate disease spread.
To defend against agricultural terrorism Reduce
dependence on monoculture and expand the diversity
of genotypes cultured

14. Defending against Agro-Bioterrorism
Countries that engage in high intensity
agriculture of a limited range of varieties could
reduce their exposure to both deliberate and
natural disease outbreaks by:
1- Increasing the use of Intercropping
2- Expanding the diversity of genotypes utilized
3- Reducing the size of plots
4- A variety of other agricultural changes designed
to reduce susceptibility to disease outbreaks.

15. Human Rights in GMOs Cases
A genetically modified organism (GMO)
or genetically engineered organism
(GEO) is an organism whose genetic
material has been altered using genetic
engineering techniques. These
techniques, generally known as
recombinant DNA technology, use DNA
molecules from different sources, which
are combined into one molecule to
create a new set of genes.

16. "The availability of food in a quantity and
quality sufficient to satisfy the dietary needs of
individuals, free from adverse substances, and
acceptable within a given culture;
The accessibility of such food in ways that are
sustainable and that do not interfere with the
enjoyment of other human rights."
General Comment 12, paragraph 8 (E/C.12/1999/5

17. The right to sufficient food
Some ethical aspects of GMOs fall within the context of
the right to sufficient food, which is derived from
the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
At the 1996 World Food Summit, the Rome
Declaration on World Food Security and the World
Food Summit Plan of Action reaffirmed the right of
everyone to sufficient food. SO, the earlier quotation
related to the right to sufficient food are considered to
be highly relevant to the analyses of GMOs.

18. The right to informed choice
Which derives from the ethical concept of autonomy of
individuals. This principle can be applied, for example, in the
debate on labeling food derived from GMOs to ensure that
consumers know what they are consuming and are able to
make informed decisions.
Particularly in developing countries, the very poor (both
women and men) may lack the most basic information to
make decisions that may affect their health and capacity to
sustain themselves. Appropriate methods to reach the least
educated, the poorest and the most disadvantaged groups
should form part of any strategy to inform the public so that
individuals are able to choose according to their needs.

19. The right to democratic
participation
Addresses the need for justice and equity, which are of major
concern in the context of GMO-related decisions.
Principles of justice may include gender equality, need, accountability,
liability, and fair and democratic procedures. Many young people,
particularly the poor and powerless, have little education and no
social entry point to influence decisions about GMOs. They should
also have the right to choose the product that best suits their needs.
Of concern is the fact that future generations have no voice or vote in
decisions taken on GMOs today, which means that ways must be
found to ensure that their interests are taken into account.
Options must be kept open so as to enable future generations to meet
their specific needs, including those deriving from unpredictable
environmental changes.

20. Conclusion
Modern biotechnology, if suitable developed, could offer new
and broad potential for contributing to food security.
At the same time, the speed of genetic change made possible by
genetic engineering may represent a new potential impact on
the biosphere.
However, it is not possible to make sweeping generalizations
about GMOs; each application must be fully analyzed on
a case-by-case basis.
Through complete and transparent assessments of GMO
applications, and recognition of their short- and long-term
implications, the debate can be less contentious and more
constructive.

21. As..
The right to sufficient food, as understood today,
carries with it obligations on the part of states to
protect individuals' autonomy and capacity to
participate in public decision-making fora,
especially when other participants are more powerful,
assertive or aggressive. These obligations can include
the provision of public resources to ensure that those
fora take place in a spirit of fairness and justice. And
that consider an indirect important violence to Human
Rights.

22. The impacts of reproductive rights
There has been a shift in the acknowledgement of, and
access to, some aspects of sexual and reproductive
rights.
Then recently, rights discourses have been integrated
to varying extents within many social justice
movements and are increasingly integrated into
global and national policy frameworks, especially
those relating to gender equality and health

23. Twelve human rights key to reproductive
rights
1. The Right to Life.
2. The Right to Liberty and Security of Person.
3. The Right to Health, including Sexual and Reproductive Health.
4. The Right to Decide the Number and Spacing of Children.
5. The Right to approval to Marriage and to Equality in Marriage.
6. The Right to Privacy.
7. The Right to Equality and Non-Discrimination.
8. The Right to be Free from Practices that Harm Women and Girls.
9. The Right to Not be Subjected to Torture or Other Cruel, Inhuman, or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
10. The Right to be Free from Sexual and Gender-Based Violence.
11. The Right to Access Sexual and Reproductive Health Education and
Family Planning Information.
12. The Right to Enjoy the Benefits of Scientific Progress.
As stated in Paragraph 7.3 of the ICPD Programme of Action

24. Under principal of,
- The Right to Health, including Sexual and Reproductive Health.
- The Right to Decide the Number and Spacing of Children.
- The Right to approval to Marriage and to Equality in
Marriage.
Reproductive health show that people are able to have a
satisfying sex life and that they have the ability to reproduce
and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so.
In this last condition are the right of men and women to be
informed and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and
acceptable methods of family planning of their choice, as well
as other methods of their choice for regulation of fertility,
which are not against the law, and the right of access to
appropriate health-care services that will enable women to go
safely through pregnancy and childbirth and provide couples
with the best chance of having a healthy infant
(cairo programme of action paragraph 94).

25. Under principal of,
- The Right To Equality And Non-discrimination.
- The Right To Be Free From Practices That Harm Women And
Girls.
- The Right To Not Be Subjected To Torture Or Other Cruel,
Inhuman, Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment.
- The Right To Be Free From Sexual And Gender-based Violence.
Empowering women with the ability to regulate and control their
fertility is a basic requirement for women's health, well-being, and
quality of life.
In many societies, the predominant objection to the use of
contraception was really an objection to the control of contraception
by women, rather than against contraception itself.
Male dominated societies resented giving control of the process of
reproduction to women.

26. So, under authority of:
- The Right To Access Sexual And Reproductive Health Education
And Family Planning Information.
- The Right To Enjoy The Benefits Of Scientific Progress.
First, reproductive health policies should include safeguards
against the violation of reproductive rights.
Second, gender equality programs should be seen as essential for
building sustainable reproductive rights and reproductive
health policies.
Finally, broad-based policies strengthening democratic
institutions as well as agencies and organizations at the
governmental and non-governmental levels for promoting
social development are essential for achieving reproductive
health through improvements in gender equality.

27. Thank you

28. References
• http://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Conservation/Biodiversity.aspx
• http://www.slideshare.net/darrylw/biodiversity-powerpoint-
8657848?related=1
• http://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Conservation/Biodiversity.aspx
• http://www.slideshare.net/doctorrao/bioterrorism-
7510003?next_slideshow=1
• http://www.iatp.org/files/Agricultural_Biowarfare_and_Bioterrorism.htm
• http://www.cfr.org/agricultural-policy/regulation-gmos-europe-united-
states-case-study-contemporary-european-regulatory-politics/p8688
• http://www.slideshare.net/xxxyooou/controversies-and-laws-governing-
gmos?qid=bc3aaa6d-71c0-47ad-8273-
9c8c5040437a&v=default&b=&from_search=6
• http://www.bgci.org/education/article/0423
• http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x9602e/x9602e08.htm#TopOfPage
• http://www.osisa.org/buwa/regional/sexual-and-reproductive-health-
and-rights-useful-discourse-feminist-analysis-and-activ
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3241939/