Devising Education Policies

Devising Education Policies
The devising of education policies and ensuring it is adhered to in schools is the responsibility of the
National Government, which consists of two divisions that deal specifically with all areas that are
relevant to education such as the Department for Education. This department develops the core
subjects and syllabus that are studied in the national curriculum throughout schools in the UK as
well as Early Years Foundation Stage. The National Government instructs OFSET officers to carry
out annual inspections of schools in order to monitor and evaluate whether protocols and procedure
are being implemented in regards to school policies, legislations and the law to ensure standards are
maintained in teaching practice of the national curriculum etc The DFE also sets up school league
tables in order to compare schools and there services, standards achieved, progress etc which are
accessible to schools, organizations and the public, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore the LEA can also provide training which they can deliver in schools or via local
education development centreâ€TMs regarding changes to policies that may have an impact on staff
working in schools. (Stonebridge course materiel)
The LEA also provide important guidance to schools on safeguarding issues and protecting
vulnerable children for e.g. when staff are employed, it is the responsibility of the LEA to ensure
that enhanced DBS checks are carried out and any convictions are discussed prior to being given
employment.
Question: Question 15
Answer: Schools have an important role in providing information services as well implementation
of national policies as these policies affect how the national curriculum subjects are taught in
schools, how the schools are run, the types of support and training opportunities which are available
to staff at schools and the overall provisions provided by
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

My Views On Education And Policy Cycles
With years of experience Ravitch explains her changed views on education and policy cycles.
Ravitch talks about the evolution of her experience from public schooling to politics. She discusses
education and how it transformed to a testing movement. The two main focuses in American
education were accountability and choice. Educational differences began with the transition of the
Clintons administration to the Bush administration. Her career enhanced within education when she
was asked to work for the Department of Education. She joined the Bush administration to be the
assistant secretary in charge of educational research and improvement. Ravitch wanted to focus on a
strong curriculum, which included opportunities in liberal arts and sciences. Ravitch explains her
passion for the American school system and the progress she made. Her focus was to keep a well
rounded educator in each classroom. Ravitch starts by explaining the ideas of charter schools and
other market based reforms. Ravitch discusses the difference between the no child left behind act
and a nation at risk. The Clinton administration Goals 2000 program gave the states federal money
for individual academic standards. The Bush administration implemented the no child left behind act
in 2002. Bush's no child left behind program melded smoothly, with a central feature of the Clinton
administration's Goals program: namely leaving it to the states to set their own standards and pick
their own tests (Ravitch, 2011).

The Pros And Cons Of British Education Policies
Trowler (2003) describes education policy as a 'design' to follow the principles and procedures
relating to education issues, the specifications of which is to bring about the desired goals. However,
Ball (1990) defines educational policy as not only a direct response, but also a respond to the
formation of complex and diverse elements. Many policies begin at the macro level, with large
organisations such as The World Bank, UNESCO and the United Nations. The policy then streams
down to a national level, which then filters further down into regional and local levels. Bell and
Stevensons (xxxx) point out that most educational policies start with the central government, which
then transfers onto local councils and schools. This then has a considerable ... Show more content on
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Throughout history, there have been many attempts to reform the education system in this country.
All of these reforms have different policies, which a different government brings in every time and it
is elected into power. They bring their own political agendas to alter the education system. Despite
all the previous policies, there are some that have their advantages and disadvantages but the major
shift happened in between 1980– 1990 (Ball, 1990). Britain's education system became 'increasingly
politicised' during this time. Ball (1990:3) describes this period as 'Thatcherism'. Margaret
Thatcher's Conservative government brought a lot of changes in the education system, including
parents' choice in selecting schools for their children, the national curriculum, national assessment
and school self–sufficiency. The main reason for introducing the national curriculum was due to the
failing teachers and this lead to a 'failing country' (Trowler, 1993:100). Whitty (2016:27) describes
Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government restructure as "a marketising approach to the reform
of the school system". Similaly, Machin (CEE DP 57) refers to this as being 'market mechanisms'.
These reforms were designed to improve pupil's achievement and the achievement rate did improve.
However, this raised concerns about increased inequality in our school systems. Different policies
have different implications, as mentioned above. The Conservative government's policy between the
years 1980 to 1990 had achieved its target, but its implications left a huge gap of inequality in our
school system. Trowler (1993: 152) discusses the current century education policies which have to
solve five major issues. These are: 'improving education provision, social deprivation, improve the
teaching profession, improve educational management and to create a learning

Sexual Education Policy Report
The policy issue that I chose to write about is Sex Education in the classroom. Almost all student in
the USA receive some type of sex education between the grades 7th and 12th. Sometime even as
early as 4th grade.
Many states now have laws that do not allow the parents to opt out of the class, regardless of how
they feel about their child being taught, these things ("Contemporary Education Issues | K12
Academics," 2015). While some states leave it up to the individual district to set the rules for sex
education in the district.
Sexual Education suggests to deliver the knowledge, standards and procedures that allow the
implementation of human rights, the satisfactory enactment in our personal lives, inspire a
thoughtful change in civic values, ethical attitudes, and active oppositions which arouse the personal
development and social combination of pre–teenagers and teenagers, and subsequently prevent the
transmission of HIV, undesirable pregnancies, and sexual violence. In general it must breakdown all
the ties between stereotypes and mythologies about sexuality.
The roles of government, and all the programs that have been launched, promote a good quality
sexual education. They do not only teach contraception methods, but encourage the student to be
educated and not be sexually active. They can provide information that can be extremely important
for the future of the youth in our country.
These programs are thought to promote values and handle concerns everyone should

Essay on Zero Tolerance Policy of Education in America
Zero Tolerance Policy of Education in America In Bedford, Texas, a 16–year–old honor student was
expelled after a security guard noticed a kitchen knife on the floor of the student's car. The knife
apparently had fallen unnoticed as the student carted some of his grandmother's possessions to
Goodwill. He was ordered to spend a year in a juvenile–justice education program and banished
from district property and school–sponsored activities. [...] In Deer Lakes, Pennsylvania, a
kindergarten student was suspended for bringing a toy axe to school. He was dressed as a firefighter
for Halloween. [...] In Thornton, Colorado, a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If a student was a relatively good kid with no past disciplinary actions taken against him or her, they
were much more likely to have a punishment that actually taught them something, rather than
creating a sense of resentment towards the school authorities, and "the system" in general. Before
the era of zero tolerance, a kid with a great future ahead could not screw it all up by making one
simple mistake.
The line that zero tolerance crosses is one of intent. Zero tolerance looks only at the offense that has
been made, not at the circumstances that brought it about. If someone with no intent of doing
something unlawful accidentally commits a crime, they are punished equally with one who
deliberately inflicts harm.
So how did zero tolerance laws come about? When major incidences of school disruption, like the
Columbine shooting, started occurring, school officials decided they needed to start cracking down
on discipline. After realizing certain things were starting to get out of hand, the federal government
made it mandatory for, "[...] a zero tolerance policy toward the possession of illegal drugs and
weapons on school grounds," (Copenhaver 1).
In the beginning days of zero tolerance, the laws truly did focus on behavior that could be deemed
dangerous and criminal, and required a mandatory expulsion for

Analyzation of Attendance Policy in Higher Education Essay
Various universities and individual faculty members frequently differ in terms of attendance policy.
The frequent absence of explicit university wide policy enables instructors to implement a wide
range of attendance requirements and subsequent penalties for absences. Even professors with a lax
attendance policy encourage regular class attendance, deeming it a critical element of student
success. The classroom has traditionally played a central role in educational institutions. Relentless
innovation in the field of information technology has significantly reduced the importance of the
physical classroom in the modern education environment. Most educators have embraced the newly
available technology but remain steadfast in their loyalty to ... Show more content on
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Students in there freshmen year are a large part of the excessively absent trouble area, on average
33% of first year student are typically absent from class. Absenteeism is not limited to the young;
reports claim that absenteeism from an average class in a small school is 25%. On a similarly typical
day a medium sized school would experience a 34% average, while a large institutions reports a
shocking 40 % average (Romer 168). Excessive absenteeism has been reported in connection with
particular classes. The most obvious of which are large first year introduction courses as their
patrons were the leading absentee student group. Interestingly the absenteeism was most
pronounced in courses dealing with the natural sciences (Friedman, Rodriguez, and McComb 124).
Students may choose to miss class for a variety of reasons, both legitimate and otherwise. In regards
to first year students an emerging pattern may be key in explaining their excessive levels of absence.
Along with the traditional challenges of freshmen year, recently admitted freshmen do not view
attendance and effort as integral for academic success. Their warped point of view stems from their
undemanding high school experience, one that left them utterly unprepared for the rigors of higher
education. The recently entering freshmen class on average spent less time studying while achieving
higher grades then any previous class. Recently entering freshmen are not an isolated group; they
represent the

Types Of Resource Based Policies That Education Policymakers
Dan Fette
Yuyang Gu
Laura Hitchcock
Siyun Zhong
Introduction:
There are three types of resource–based policies that education policymakers typically consider:
Total Resource Policies, Input Policies, and Output Policies. The proposed policy of setting a
maximum class size of 14 in East Lansing public schools is a type of input policy. Input policies, as
the name suggests, alter a particular input into education, such as teacher quality, class size or the
quality of school facilities. It is generally believed that the input that has the largest effect on student
achievement is class size and as such this type of policy has been getting the most attention among
economists.
The East Lansing school board wants to make 14 the maximum size for ... Show more content on
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Class size as one of the most affection of input policy, although reducing class size cost a lot, it
brings a high achievement of students. School should reduce the class size as measured by the
student–teacher ratio. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Joshua Angrist (2004) provides a clear
summary of the current connection between research evidence and policy implementation related to
class size reduction initiatives – "under relatively ideal circumstances (in particular, given long
enough lead time and funding adequate to reduce class size without compromising other educational
inputs), class size reductions can increase test scores. This is an important result and a performance
standard that many and perhaps most programs, however well–intentioned, do not live up to."
Potential costs and benefits
Generally, reducing class size is attractive to both parents, students and teachers. According to
Eugene M. Lewit and Linda Schuurmann Baker, one recent national poll found that 70% of adults
believe that reducing class size would result in substantial improvements in public schools and less
than 10% believed it would have no impact. Here we will discuss many of the potential costs and
benefits that reducing class size may bring to students, schools and the society. (Lewit and Baker, pg
1) Of all the costs associated with class size

How Legislation and Policies Influence Education in...
Australia is very a multicultural and diverse country. Consequently schools are faced with many
diverse students of different abilities and backgrounds. To ensure equity and fairness among
students, policies and legislations have been put into place to ensure diversity is being catered for
and that no student is being excluded from the education system. Some of these policies and
legislation include: The Disability Discrimination Act 1992, The Salamanca Statement, Disability
Standards 2005, Inclusive Education Statement, Disabilities Services Act QLD 2006 and the
Melbourne Declaration. As educators, it is important to acknowledge and implement these polices
when planning activities/lessons/curriculum in the classroom. This essay aims to ... Show more
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The teacher can encourage this inclusion by teaching the students, parents, and other community
members about negative stereotypical attitudes about students with disabilities by avoiding negative
words, such as "disabled", or "crippled", or "handicapped" and to promote positive ideas about
disabilities into class work, the student's play time and other activities. To further ensure that the
classroom is promoting equality for the child with the disability, the teacher should incorporate an
inclusive curriculum mindset, by adapting the lessons, learning materials and classroom to suit the
needs of all the different types of learners including the child with the disability within the
classroom. In 1994, representatives of 92 governments and 25 international organizations formed
the World Conference on Special Needs Education and called on the international community to
endorse the concept of change and inclusion through a new statement called 'The Salamanca
Statement'. As this was the first major international statement of what an inclusive approach to
education needs to be, they formed practical strategies to ensure this positive inclusion would take
place worldwide. The statement outlines that every child has a right to education and must be given
the opportunity to learn. It also urges the government to adopt the principle of

Texas Sexual Education Policy : A Proposed Policy Change
Texas Sexual Education Policy: A Proposed Policy Change Aneetta Alex GOVT 2306.0U2: State
and Local Government University of Texas at Dallas Summer 2016 Texas Sexual Education Policy:
A Proposed Policy Change Texas currently does not have mandated sexual education for students. In
a deeply conservative state, sexual education is extremely taboo because many parents feel as
though sexual education can promote sexual activity in young adults. When tracking the history of
sexual education in Texas, it is evident that there is an overwhelming amount of programs that
encourage abstinence as the only method of contraception. Although Texas does not require sexual
education to be taught, it does have limitations as to what can be taught. Legally, sexual education
programs have to stress abstinence as the primary method of contraception. When taught, it is not
legally required that medically accurate information about contraception be taught. In addition to
this, there is no law requiring sexual education to be culturally appropriate or unbiased and it is
perfectly legal to promote religion while providing sexual education. Parents must be notified and
have the option to refuse to suscept their child to sexual education. Additionally, any sexuality other
than heterosexuality must be portrayed in a negative light in Texas as Texas law prevents sexual
education from being inclusive of LGBTQ people. In 2014, Texas received over $5.1 million dollars
in federal funding to

Analysing Problems with the Implementation of Inclusive...
1
Analysing problems with the implementation of inclusive education policies in India using Multiple
Governance Framework
DRAFT
Monika Nangia
EGPA Conference, 7–10 September, 2010, Toulouse
France
EGPA Permanent Study group XIII on Public Policy
Analyzing implementation in the age of governance
2
Analysing problems with the implementation of inclusive education policies in India using Multiple
Governance Framework
Monika Nangia
Abstract
Reflecting its deep commitment to universalizing access to and completion of elementary education
of satisfactory quality by 2010, the Government of India (GOI) launched the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
(SSA), the National Program for Universal Elementary Education (UEE) The program provided a
comprehensive policy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using the MGF to analyse the inclusive education policies, this paper identifies that the actors
involved in designing those policies at various levels are situated not just hierarchically but also
laterally, in distinct organisational settings. A traditional 'stages' analysis is likely to entail
assumptions that the policies to be identified are in the least clear, credible and
2 Hill, M. and Hupe, P. (2006) 'Analysing policy process as multiple governance: accountability in
social policy' in Policy and Politics, vol. 34, no. 3, pp 557–73.
3 Ostrom, E. (2007) 'Institutional rational choice: an assessment of the institutional analysis and
development framework' in Sabatier (ed.) Theories of Policy Process. Boulder CO: Westview Press.
pp.3–17.
4
consistent with strong political leadership and clear lines of accountability.4 It will assume that there
exist governance mechanisms facilitating the decentralisation processes and adequate legal and
financial support to the proposed policy reforms. The MGF approach alternatively raises empirical
questions about the extent to which these exist and the forms they take. For instance, it allows us to
explore the level of engagement between the political–administrative institutions responsible for
establishing the institutional framework and the contextual relations determining the

Federal Education Policy
According to Bredekamp (2014), "Federal education policy is often designed to hold schools
accountable for educating every child and to close the achievement gap between groups of children"
(p.183). Federal policies have many affects on child development. There are certain policies that
mandate that schools are held accountable for students' test scores. Teachers and staff are expected
to reform their curriculums in order to raise scores. Not only do the policies have an effect on
children, but the teachers as well. Within the policies protocols and standards are created to ensure
that children learn through experiences and critical thinking to attain academic enhancement. For
policymakers, it is important to promote healthy development, ... Show more content on
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The policies can have positive affects as well as negative effects. The regulations that are
implemented within school standards can be rewarding to students and their academic scores. High
quality education becomes effective and supportive to the needs of the students and their families. It
is always important to continue reforming these policies because education and learning evolves
overtime. This proves reasoning with the new laws that are coming in effect as well as

Early Childhood Education Policy Analysis
Based on this policy analysis, the recommended alternative is for the federal government to educate
states on recognizing the importance of and participating in the quality early education programs.
Some states have already started making progress in modeling and developing early learning
systems for children zero to age five. According to the Whitehouse (2011), "The President's 2012
budget calls upon Congress to establish a new, competitive Early Learning Challenge Fund,
administered by the Departments of Education (ED) and Health and Human Services (HHS), for
states that are ready to take dramatic steps to improve the quality of their early childhood programs.
The Early Learning Challenge Fund will be complemented by investments in Head Start ... Show
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This is to ensure that capable providers who are able to assist them are serving children and families.
The administration supports a newly designed technical assistance program that brings both current
and best practice evidence –informed practices for local programs. They also support the local
programs working with their local school systems to be educated on the skills that children will need
and the gains they will need to achieve by kindergarten in order to achieve a smooth transition into
formal schooling. According to the Whitehouse, "We must support families, communities, and
schools working in partnership to deliver services and supports that address the full range of needs
of Hispanic students" (2011). Through early childhood education programs such as Head Starts,
services are not just offered at the school programs but in the home as well. The administration
believes that some of the funding that is allocated to these programs should be used in recruiting and
retaining high–quality teachers this includes Latino teachers who can overcome the language barrier
and help achieve the language gap. To continue these ongoing resolutions, congress recently enacted
programs that support various neighborhoods. The implementation of Promise Neighborhoods
projects is in the testing stage right now, where

American Foreign Policy And The Education System
When Noam Chomsky speaks about education, he referred to it as an "imposed ignorance".
Thoughts on Intellectuals and The School is written by world–renowned linguist, Noam Chomsky as
a response to the issues of Western education and the impact it has in the lives of the intellectuals
and scholars. Chomsky is noting that intellectuals often cared more about attaining power than
exposing the lies and truth. With that, he provided examples from the failure of the American
Foreign Policy and decision making system to which the intellectual community fails to contribute
its opinions to social issues, and instead, disdained from it. Furthermore, Chomsky suggested that
schools should provide more discussions revolving moral and ethical concerns ... Show more
We believe that if with knowledge, comes power, and with power comes a great responsibility,
Chomsky was right that what mattered most was not the American intellectuals offering their
allegiance to the country, but rather exercising their power to challenge the effectiveness of the
individuals who represent their nation.
Chomsky criticized how the American education system is portraying the country as a dominant
power and treating the rest of the world as an American preserve. As such, there is the the
justification of unethical behaviors that can affect American student's perspectives of their
superiority toward other country. Chomsky regarded this circumstances as a national disgrace
toward American education system. Due to the fact that schools are the fundamental ground for
future candidates of intellectuals, technician or troops who will disturb the status quo in the future
that responsible for developing the means for the extension of American power.
By way of example, history educators have glossed over several facts that certain historical events
left a bad mark in history. Such as, the Napoleonic War where thousands of Europeans are killed. It
is that debates regarding Napoleon's legitimacy and moral ethical dilemma are rarely discussed, and
history are rather seen as a win or lose situation between two nations at war. This view is very
narrow and hinders students from becoming open–minded, problem

Politics and Policies Influencing America’s Education of...
America's educational system is home to an increasing number of English language learners. Some
research indicates that by the year 2030, over 40% of elementary and secondary students served by
schools in the United States will come from homes where a language other than English is spoken
(Thomas & Collier, 2001). In an effort to accommodate these students, the United States has
adopted policies at both the federal and state levels. Generally, the direction taken to meet the needs
of English language learners has depended on the climate of the nation. During times of peace and
prosperity, policies reflect the nation's tolerance of other languages and cultures. However, during
times of war or conflict, policies have reflected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The BEA was the first federal attempt to provide educational programs for students with limited
English proficiency. Funding in the forms of grants was made available to schools to help at least
begin to meet some of the needs of students not fluent in the English language. Although the BEA of
1968 did not solve the issues regarding the education of students speaking languages other than
English, it was a step in decriminalizing the incorporation of bilingual education in schools across
much of the United States. Improvements were made in our country's education of ELL with the
ruling in the case of Lau versus Nichols in 1974. The initial suit was brought by 1,800 Chinese
students in the San Francisco area who claimed that they were not receiving equal educations within
that system because they lacked proficiency in English. Initially, the students were unsuccessful in
their claim as the court ruled that students bring to the educational system with them different
linguistic and cultural backgrounds and that the school system itself cannot accommodate for such
differences. The case made its way to the Supreme Court, however, where a ruling was made in
favor of the students. This decision guaranteed ELL the right to an appropriate education regardless
of their proficiency in the English language. While Lau versus Nichols was a step in the right
direction for bilingual education and meeting the needs of students below proficiency in English, it
did

Pursuing An Education For Public Policy
During an economics lecture the professor said to my class " I do not know whether the increasing
income inequality is an issue or not". I was perplexed. I thought the goal of Economics, as a social
science, was to achieve the maximum welfare of people while efficiently using resources. So how is
income inequality that renders many people worse off, not an issue? By not stating his opinion, he
wished to remain unbiased. However, if everyone were to keep their understanding of justice and
inequality to themselves without meaningful dialogues, no societal issue would gain attention or
action.
I felt my theoretical background required training in practical applications to conceive working
solutions to some of the most pressing problems of our time. Realizing I want to be equipped with
the tools necessary to take appropriate measures when the welfare of individuals is compromised, I
knew I should seek an education in Public Policy. With my interdisciplinary academic background, I
aspire to contribute to the field of Public Policy by bringing a transnational–feminist perspective to
the socio–economic policy discourse. Therefore, there is no better place for me to pursue my
doctoral degree in Public Policy than at Chicago Harris School of Public Policy.
My experiences in research and community service have molded my policy interests and prepared
me for my graduate education in policy formulation and analysis. My joint research paper on the
lives of women veterans in the U.S.

Adult Education Policy Analysis
In terms of policy development, an educational issue that is always changing each year is adult
education. The adult leaner can be one the trickiest populations to educate, because adults come
from many different backgrounds. In my opinion, adult education starts when a student beings their
educational career in undergrad, and continues with post–bachelor degrees, work place
environments, and even at home.
According to Kristen Caschera, the three most significant challenges an adult learner faces are
balancing school and life responsibilities, accessibility, and cost (Cashera, 2013). This is an issue in
policy development because in order to run an effective educational program, it must need to meet
the needs of an adult learn, focusing on

Education Policy : Is It, Damned Lies, And Education
Most commonly when asked: "what is education?" the answer usually falls along the line of:
attaining knowledge that will be used in one's future life and helping prepare one for their future.
Much like we found when asked the same question in my class, Elementary Education 110:
Education Policy: Lies, Damned Lies, and Education. Each student's answer was similarly along the
line of that or relatable to it. However, with such a common, stable, definition or understanding of
what education is, education has still been seen to change continuously over the history of the
United States with different reforms. Education has been around since the 1600s of American and is
very much present now in the 21st century, but due to the fact that there have been so many different
reforms throughout time I will only touch on a few. With limitations, I will focus on the first and
second Massachusetts Laws (1642 and 1647), the desegregation with Brown v. Board of Education,
Balanced Literacy in District 2 of New York, and No Child Left Behind. The purpose of this essay is
to analyze what I have found in my research on how the relationship between school and society,
and how it has changed in the United States across the Historical Eras. In this analysis, I relate the
changing of reforms to Diane Ravitch's book, The Death and Life of the Great American School
System, along with some other resources used in the Education Policy class. Education can be
traced back as far as the time of

The State Of The Texas Education Policy
The current state of the Texas education policy is very complex and its roots can be traced all the
way back to times were there was no equality in the public school system, we can even say it can be
traced as far back to the state's split from Mexico. This was a very problematic situation that began
to be reformed heavily starting in 1954. The legislations that passed to resolve this problem have
morphed the Texas Public education policy into what it is today.
It was because of the split from Mexico that Texas created the Constitution of the Republic of Texas,
which included a clause in it that established a public school system, but it wasn't successful in
achieving that goal until 1954 when a bill was passed. This plan was to be ... Show more content on
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They were in charge of creating policies for Texas public education, choosing a budget, making
rules for school accreditation, and being in control of agreements for supplying the public schools
(i.e. textbooks). They also had the right to choose a commission of education, whom would serve
for, four years and would become the chief executive officer for the TEA.
While the Texas public school system may not be segregated now it took a lot of court cases to get
there due to Texas past as a highly segregated state. While this is the route that Texas takes, the
United States simply takes the route of creating acts such as Race and National Origin
Discrimination. Desegregation has been a troubling issue in not only the Texas public school system
but also the United States as a whole. However, they have had to two totally different ways to
handle this situation. Under the Texas Constitution separation of races was not wronged. This all
change after a very controversial court case, Plessy vs. Ferguson and continued to reform by way of
court decisions. The Plessy vs. Ferguson case decided that facilities could be segregated, but they
must be "equal". Texas being the highly racist state that it was at the time found loopholes around
this judgment. Many of the schools for "colored" didn't have enough supplies, outdated textbooks
and underpaid and not very well

Bilingual Education Act Of 1968: Policy Analysis
The Bilingual Education Act of 1968 provides a clear perspective on the issue of the public policy
process. It started out with a clear goal in mind: to provide instruction to non–English students in
American schools by providing some teaching in their native language along with English. The act
was a part of the broader Elementary and Secondary Education Act, and a part of the Civil Rights
movement because of its issues relating to language and culture. It was particularly aimed to the
large amount of Hispanic immigrants in the American Southwest. The provides an issue that is
complex and changing rapidly especially in today's multiethnic and multilinguistic United States
society. The agenda setting process for the Bilingual Education ... Show more content on
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The amendments created established goals for the program, explicitly defined what bilingual
programs would be, and mandated that feedback would be provided on the programs to determine
whether or not they were meeting their goals. It also eliminated the low–income requirement for
students to receive the supplemental education. Also in 1974 came a ruling in Lau vs. Nichols,
which determined that school districts must provide bilingual programs. "The Supreme Court
reasoned that the responsibility to overcome language barriers that impede full integration of
students falls on the school boards and not on the parents or children; otherwise, there is no real
access for these students to a meaningful education." (64) In 1981, the Fifth Circuit heard a case
regarding bilingual education, in Castaneda vs. Pickard, whereby they established policies in order
to define the necessary actions which must take place in order to properly instruction English
second–language students in American schools. "The program must be based on sound educational
theory, it must have sufficient resources and personnel, and it must prove to be effective in teaching
students English. (64) In the 1980s, bilingual education policy found itself under fire from those
who believed that providing instruction in a language other than English was only further splitting
the nation apart. In 1994, bilingual education was

Public Policy Concerning Education During Prisons
Public policy concerning education in prisons decisively emphasizes punitive programming over
rehabilitate or educational programming. In regards to higher education in prisons the persuasive
public echo of "why should criminals get for free what the rest of us pay for" is a falsehood built on
the backs of these rulings. I would argue that the education paid for through incarceration entails a
greater personal cost of freedoms than a paid tuition could ever represent. I doubt anyone would
ever go to prison to obtain a "free" education. The ever–increasing costs of higher education invoke
a regime of scarcity that produces anxiety within the working and middle class. Higher education no
longer represents automatic future economic security, furthering social fear. I would argue against
the elimination of higher education in prisons; research shows that prison education reduces
recidivism rates and improves public safety (Chappell). Education behind bars means a greater
likelihood of post–release employment. Post–release employment means stability and independence.
Stability and independence mean a lower chance of recidivism. Criminal justice researchers Richard
Tewksbury and Kenneth Stengel conclude a more abstract benefit of prison education than just
reducing recidivism, "Participation in educational programs yields a positive influence on the
psychological well–being of inmates, reduces rule infractions, and enrolled inmates serve as role
models to other inmates"

Single-Sex Education Policy Analysis
In today's society the word gender has once again regained its popularity among the media. A single
gender class or school is one that contains learners of a single sex as opposed to coeducational
classes or schools. It is possible to have a coeducational school with single gender classes. The
percentage of coeducational classes and schools is far more dominant than that of single gender
classes and schools in the nation. While it is clear that the preference among the nation is
coeducational schools there have been numerous schools that are on the raise to establish single
gender schools especially after 2006 when a few restrictions on Title IX have been lifted. Title IX
permits for single sex schools but have a small exception for single gender classrooms within
coeducational school. The exceptions must be met with appropriate justifications. The 2006 loosen
restrictions must not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
is not justifiable. My position on the matter is that we should look at alternative ways to improve our
middle schools as single gender classrooms is not the best option.
References
Mansfield, K.C. (2013). The growth of single–sex schools; Federal policy meets the local needs and
interest. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 21 (78). Retrieved 10/30/2015, from
http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/1181
PedroA. Noguera(2013). Saving Black and Latino boys. Phi Delta Kappa International, 30 (20).
Retrieved 10/20/2015 from http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2012/02/03/kappan_noguera.html?
tkn=RROFtDeesX80HWq7cNUOHUKiwS%2Fn9DMeNzTL&print=1 Janet Shibley Hyde; Carlie
M. Allison; Erin Pahlke. (2014). The effects of single–sex compared with coeducational schooling
on students performance and attitudes; A meta–analysis. American Psychological Association, 140
(1042–1072). Retrieved 10/30/2015 from

Essay on Education Policy in Michigan
An outdated education system is the largest problem Michigan faces because it affects not only the
present, but also the future of the state. Important issues cannot be solved, nor policies created to
remedy them, if the people attempting to solve them are not equipped with the skills and knowledge
needed to make informed decisions. The state cannot run itself, let alone the nation as a whole, if its'
people are uneducated. The Constitution, the very basis of our government, relies heavily on the
assumption that citizens of the United States are able to make knowledgeable and well–reasoned
decisions, the types of which cannot be made when a person does not receive a proper education.
This proper education is unattainable when low ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After several years of success, the required cuts along with economic woes rendered Proposal A
largely ineffective and unable to properly fund Michigan's schools, creating a massive problem in
the way Michigan school districts are to be funded, as well as developing a need for new educational
policy to supplement or overhaul Proposal A and the Michigan educational system. The educational
funding problem in Michigan takes root back in 1809, when the first public school was founded.
While funding was not an issue at the time, the way schools were funded through local property
taxes eventually created a large problem. Fast forward to 1985, Michigan has long moved past the
rural cities of the 1800's and into affluent suburbs and cities. The size and taxation pools of cities
have greatly changed from 1809 to 1985, but the way schools were funded remained exactly the
same. This lack of change led to a large disparity in school funding from richer districts to poorer
districts. Coupled together with local governments' inability to convince citizens to vote in favor of
millages and tax hikes, the disparity ballooned. In 1993, Bloomfield Hills ranked in the 99th
percentile of Michigan schools, was spending on average $10,294 per–student, while Standish
Sterling ranked in the bottom 1st percentile, spent $3,738 per–student, roughly a $6,500 difference
per–student (Roy 2003). This inconsistency greatly disadvantaged students all the way to 95th
percentile, where there

Minimum Tolerance Policies : Zero Tolerance, Zero Education
mes Paul
Dr. Graybill
English 101
29, November, 2015
Zero Tolerance Policies: Zero Tolerance, Zero Education
The school to prison pipeline is a growing issue in schools around the world today. The school to
prison pipeline is becoming larger and larger each year due to the zero tolerance policies held by
many schools. Zero tolerance policies have been proven to be very ineffective in bad schools who
use them as a way to get rid of disruptive students. Alongside with being proven ineffective the zero
tolerance policies also damage and slow the process of education to a child that is targeted. The
school to prison pipeline is a very bad thing. Children are losing education due to the pipeline. Zero
tolerance policies are also not good because students can lose their education due to small things
done in class. The pipeline refers to students "is a series of zero–tolerance policies implemented by
principals, school boards and state legislatures in response to the 1999 Columbine school shooting"
(Lowery, "Clogging the Pipeline"). The zero tolerance policies are policies that "[refer] to strict,
uncompromising, automatic punishment to eliminate undesirable behavior" (Wilson, "Tuning off the
school–to–prison–pipeline"). The zero tolerance policies are a very bad thing. The zero tolerance
policies have been based on the "the assumption that removing students from schools when they
behave disruptively will create peaceful learning environments and deter others from engaging in

Bilingual Education Policy Analysis
Bilingual education policies in the Unites States have been influenced by many factors. These
factors range from the different attitudes towards languages in general and the controversy that
bilingual education creates among interested parties, to the relation between state and federal level
language policies. All of these factors together, along with a number of historical events, have
contributed, in one way or another, in shaping the country's policies of teaching language–minority
students (Crawford, 2004; Johnson & Johnson, 2015; Ruiz, 1988).
Before proceeding to the discussion of each factor, we may begin with a definition of what bilingual
education is. According to the Education Commission of the States website (2015), bilingual
education ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Johnson and Johnson (2015) point out that the nation level language policies are affected by the way
each state interprets and implements them. For instance, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) in
2002, has been implemented in Arizona State in a way that resulted in reinforcing the English–only
programs that are already in it. While the same act resulted in a notable growth in other non–English
programs in Washington State. The interpretation and application of the NCLB Act in both Arizona
and Washington states played a significant role both cases in determining the type of education in
the public schools in both states (Johnson & Johnson, 2015, p. 93). This, as a matter of fact, shows
that the federal level language policies, NCLB here, empower states' roles in deciding the most
suitable approach to follow in the implementation

A Uniform Policy: The Best Strategy to Attain the Best...
All parents want their children to have the best education possible. Indeed, school should be an
enriching experience for all ages and students should be provided with the tools and environment to
achieve their maximum capability. The best way to accomplish this goal is to introduce a uniform
policy to public schools. In 1994, the first uniforms were required in the schools of Long Beach,
California; since then, other public schools have followed in their footsteps, also adopting uniform
policies (Chen). The president of the Long Beach School District gave his comments on the
effectiveness of uniforms, saying, "These schools are becoming educational workplaces. Students
arrive dressed for success, ready to learn. They're getting along with ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Uniforms can be considered a good investment. If uniforms are still too pricey for families to afford,
many schools offer financial aid to cover the costs ("Archived: Manual on School Uniforms").
Students in public schools often wear expensive, designer clothing in order to fit in. With today's
fads and fashions constantly changing, kids may expect their parents to always be purchasing them
the newest styles, which can be quite a financial burden (Asaff). Uniforms reduce this problem for
parents.
Schools can reap many social benefits from uniforms. School can be a source of harassment and
cruelty for many students who are judged or rejected because of what they wear. Uniforms remove
the pressure many students feel to dress a certain way to fit in at school. Over 75% of public schools
reported a decrease in peer pressure after introducing uniforms to their schools ("School Uniform
Benefits"). This statistic may be related to the fact that uniforms increase students' confidence and
better their self–image because they no longer have to worry about dressing to fit their peer's
standards (Brunsma and Rockquemore 53). They aren't defined by what they wear anymore, but by
their character, which can be a liberating experience for young people. School uniforms promote
equality among

Policies That Influence The Cost Of Education
Policies that influence the cost of education affect people's decisions to attend college. Previous
literature discuss policies and programs influencing marginal benefits and the cost of obtaining a
college education, such as the Pell Grant (Seftor and Turner 2002, Rubin 2011, Kane 2003),
financial aid and assistance programs (Cornwell, Mustard, and Sridhar 2006, Dynarski 2003, Kane
2007) and insurance provision (Cohodes et al. 2016, Miller and Wherry 2016). These studies
provide evidence that increasing exposure to the information of assistantships and expanding
eligibility of assistantship programs improves college enrollment. We assume health insurance
works in a similar way to financial aid and assistantship programs by reducing the ... Show more
Therefore, the pre–reform period covers 2007–2010 survey year (2006–2009 calendar year).
Considering the potential differential impacts of the reform, we further separate the post–reform
period into the enactment stage, 2011 survey year (2010 calendar year) and the implementation
stage, from 2012 to 2016 survey year (2011–2015 calendar year). The model used is:
y_iast=b_0+b_1*〖Enact〗_t+b_2*〖Implement〗_t+ b_3*〖Eligibility〗_a+b_4* (〖Enact〗_t*
〖Eligibility〗_a )+b_5*(〖Implement〗_t*〖Eligibility〗_a )+b_6*X_iast+b_7*
〖Unemployment〗_st+b_8*〖AgespecificUnemployment〗_ast+〖state〗_s+〖year〗_t+ε_iast,
(1) where the outcome variable y_iast is college enrollment, defined as one if individual i in the
eligibility group a is enrolled in college in state s from year t when the interview is conducted and
already graduated from high school; 〖Enact〗_t is a dummy variable for the initial post–reform
stage, defined as one if the survey year equals 2011 and zero otherwise; 〖Implement〗_t is a
dummy variable for the full implementation of the post–reform stage, defined as one if the survey
year falls into 2012–2016 and zero otherwise; 〖Eligibility〗_ais the age eligibility dummy
variable, defined as one for the age group 19–25 and zero for the age group 26–30; x_iast is a set of
individual control variables including age, gender, marital status, race, ethnicity, high

Essay about Primary Education in Uganda
Primary Education in Uganda – A Policy Analysis
Over the past five years, Uganda's education system has proved both effective and successful.
Although in the process of further development, it has nonetheless served as a model for many
developing African countries. The Ugandan government, with President Yoweri Museveni at its
forefront, has determined primary education to be one of the major channels toward poverty
eradication and as a vital resource for economic and social development. The Ugandan government
has made a national commitment to eradicate illiteracy and educate its citizens through the 1997
initiative, Universal Primary Education (UPE). All levels of government, the private sector, grass–
root organizations, local and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a consequence, policy was adopted that would better Uganda's financial position, which led to an
emphasis of secondary and higher education in order to fill the demand for "high–level" manpower.
(Bell, p. 4) The emphasis soon changed as it was realized by the Commission of Education in
Uganda in 1965 that the content and structure of primary school education should also be geared
toward meeting the economic needs of the country. P. Beghin wrote in Recent Trends in Primary
Education Policy in Uganda, Tanzania, Ghana, "primary education is no longer regarded as a mere
preparation to secondary and higher education. Primary school is, in the view of the Syllabus, a
terminal education for a part of the pupils, which at present is actually the majority of them." (1968,
pg. 6) From this time, documented Ugandan education policy on issues such as instructional
language, examinations, and scientific literacy was expanded and reformed to include primary
education.
During the political turmoil of the 1970s and 1980s when leadership changed hands, the education
system suffered, yet functionally operated by relying on local and regional–based administrators and
nation–wide standardization. (Upenn Sas) As the political situation settled in Uganda, education
became the new hot topic and was regarded as an issue of international development. President
Yoweri Museveni and the National Resistance Movement Government, initiated a review of
education policy and

Special Education Law And Policies Essay
Part 2: Special Education Law and Policies For the state of Indiana as an administrator I need to
familiarize myself with the Special Education Rules Title 511 Article 7 Rules 32–49 (Indiana Dept.
of Ed, 2014). Article 7 was brought to my attention by my special education coordinator at Laurel
School Mrs. Christy Sheehan. This article will help me access the guidelines of Least Restrictive
Environment (LRE) and the Individual Education Programs (IEP) along with the instruction from
Mrs. Sheehan. This article will help me indicate what key areas I need to know as a future
administrator. As I become an administrator I know I will have to familiarize myself with the entire
134 page article, but for now I will focus in on five areas. This article and area of study is new to me
being a physical education teacher that isn't familiar with all the laws of special education. It can be
overwhelming looking into this document, but as an administrator I need to familiarize myself with
all aspects of education. When diving into the article the first area I noticed that would help me as a
future administrator was identification of homeless students and how to identify them. This issue
probably isn't discussed by many in our class. As a Title I, educator I have experienced a lot of
students who do not have the best home life. At Laurel School we have several students who do not
live with their guardian's full time and bounce from home to home. As an administrator I need know

Proposed Education Policy
Bernie Sander's Proposed Education Policy is a Good Idea
In America, "college tuition cost have skyrocketed since the middle 20th century,
rising by 1,120 percent between 1978 and 2012," ( Resnikoff). Tution at selective private colleges
and universities has risen by two or three percent annually, which is more than the rate of inflation
says Ronald Ehrenberg the Irving M. Ives Professor of Industrial and Labor Relations and
Economics at Cornell University, director of the Cornell Higher Education Research Institute, and
co director of Cornell's Institute for Labor Market Policies. People are concerned about the
increasing cost of tuition. Many people can not go to college because it is too expensive, others
leave with mountains of debt ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A free higher education would allow graduating students to start their lives , instead of being held
back by debt. On average, students who graduated in 2015 have a debt of about $35,051 person, and
these numbers are going to continue to rise unless something is done (Resnikoff). Most students that
just graduated from college do not start out at a high paying job, so it will take them years to pay off
their student loans. Interest rates on student loans are higher than on auto loans. It makes no sense
that "millions of college graduates are forced to pay interest rates of five to seven percent or more
for decades" (Sanders). This is counter–productive to our country because students go to college so
they can make more money and live lives that many people without a college education cannot
afford to live. Students cannot begin their lives if they are held back by the burden of student loans.
If elected president Sanders "will prevent the federal government from profiteering on the backs of
college students and use [ government] money instead to significantly lower student loan interest
rates" (Sanders). The Sanders plan is beneficial to all young Americans who dream of going to
college, but cannot because of its cost. The lowering of loan prices would be one step closer to
providing free education to all Americans. The

A Study Interview On Relationship Between Education And...
Holding the idea of collaboration in policy making, Tell, (2012) through the study interview in
relation to education quality, teachers applauded the value of teachers and students' participation in
educational policy making as one of the components of education boosts. While asserting their
point, teachers pinpointed that:
[...T] he answer to [the] quality of education is largely laid within their jurisdiction. The government
and other stakeholders can put forward all theories to improve education "but that will just be
another merry–go–round, because we (teachers) and our students are the only group of stakeholders
who have the genuine answer." (Telli, 2012, p) Again teachers bring into attention the idea of what
Sahlberg, (2007) called the "culture of trust" simply, a situation where people with high authority in
education trust other groups such as "principals, parents and their communities," who have the quest
of providing the unsurpassed "education for their children and youth"(p, 157). In general, the
primary idea of shared policy making, expands further than teachers, students, or parents to include
multidisciplinary groups. Perhaps Choi, & Pak, (2006) put it clear that: 'The objectives of multiple
corrective approaches can support in resolving real world or complex problems, to provide different
perspectives on problems" (p. 351). In addition, collaboration in policy making provides players an
opportunity of additional learning of the problem in education, and

Education Policies And The Greens
Social wellbeing is contingent upon equitable social policy addressing all varieties of demographics
and needs. One highly contested social policy issue in Aotearoa is that of tertiary education. Tertiary
education policies are proposed by multiple parties, however the most contentious of these can be
drawn from the Greens and ACT who hold highly opposing social wellbeing ideologies. Essentially,
to reveal binary oppositions between these policies, market and state ideologies must be considered,
in addition to the opposing views of individualism and collectivism which form the cornerstone of
how social wellbeing will be met. Moreover, the differences ACT and the Greens see in what
tertiary education should offer, ultimately reveal their opposing ideologies in policy, and their
perspectives towards social wellbeing. Act and the Greens both agree that Aotearoa as a country in
the developed world should face minimal social inequalities, however they hold vastly different
opinions on how this should be achieved. By comparing ACT who hold market beliefs to the Greens
who hold state beliefs it is increasingly evident that extreme beliefs drawn from either end of the
political spectrum pose significant problems in meeting social milestones. Market beliefs are often
viewed as conservative and "in the field of postcompulsory education and training... place the
responsibility for educational participation and success on the individual rather than the
government" (Bowl & Tobias as

Education, Training and Social Care Policies and Procedures
Social Care has got Policies and Procedures staff has to follow, same as in Education and Training.
Some of the Policies are :–
Data Protection Act (1998) made provision for the regulation of the processing of information
relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information. It
was amended in 2003 to include electronic data.
Protection of Children Act (POCA) (1999) was designed to protect children. It gives responsibility
to Local Authorities to make enquiries when anyone contacts them with concerns about child abuse.
Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006) introduced a vetting and barring scheme to make
decision about who should be barred from working with children and vulnerable adults. Teachers
may need to have a Criminal Records Bureau (CRB)
Equality Act (2010) replaced all previous anti–discrimination legislation and consolidated in into
one act (England, Scotland and Wales). It provides rights for the people not to be discriminated
against or harassed because they have an association with a disabled person or because they were
wrongly perceived as disabled.
Health and Safety at Work 1974 imposes all staff within an organisation commensurate with other
role and responsibility. Risk assessments should be carried out where necessary. In event of
accident, particularly one resulting in death or serious injury, an investigation by Health and Safety
Executive may result in the prosecution.
Legislation in the UK

Education Policy Synthesis Essay
While many White Americans believe in merit–based accomplishments, and that everyone has equal
opportunity to succeed, the achievement of minority groups is not welcome. Authors Chavez et al.,
outline the undocumented immigrant student experience, and how white meritocracy is merely a
pipe dream for those students. (2007) As young children, undocumented students, sometimes not
aware of their status, are told that if they work hard throughout their entire elementary/high school
career, that work will be paid off with acceptance into a university, or a good job.
According to Gillborn (2007), there are priorities that are considered when creating education
policy, and those priorities often only align with the interest of white individuals. Following ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gillborn addresses how minoritized students have not shared equally in the improved attainments
associated with recent reforms, his example being testing and 'model minorities', can be applied to
undocumented students and the DREAM ACT. Actually the exact opposite of the 'model minority',
due to the fears Americans hold towards undocumented peoples becoming citizens through the
DREAM Act. Lastly, what are the effects of the policy? Central reform strategies are known to work
against race equity, but are nevertheless promoted as best practice for all. These reforms are known
to discriminate in practice regardless of intent, and are therefore racist in their consequences. (2007)
In regards to undocumented students, the long–term implications of limiting access to higher
education are significant, and the restriction of education will perpetuate exclusion and stratification
of minority ethnic and immigrant groups. (Palmer, 2011) Not providing undocumented students with
access to higher education is only hurting the U.S. in the long run as well as the students. Yet, when
white individuals are creating or rejecting education policies that they think are for the best, in
actuality undocumented students suffer and the U.S. economy takes a

C2 Education Policy Summary
C2 Education (C2) one of the nation's largest networks of subject tutoring, SAT ®, ACT® and
PSAT® and education support centers are honored to announce C2 Student Prerana K. achieved a
perfect score on her ACT. C2 Education has distinguished itself for almost two decades by helping
students prepare for college. One of the biggest factors in acceptance to an elite institution are a
students standardized test scores. With C2's help, hundreds of aspiring students have aced these tests
and gained acceptance to a top–tier school; 2015 is no exception. This year, over 200 of the
company's students will be attending the college of their dreams. Prerana will have that opportunity,
thanks in part, to her perfect ACT score. This high achieving

The Education Policy Of The United States Essay
Over the years in Australia, there have become many stakeholders in establishing an education
policy in the country. The society, economics, politics and businesses play an integral role in
establishing and restructuring the education policy to suit their economic policy. Neoliberalism is
defined by Investopedia (2016) as a "policy model that transfers the control of economic factor to
the private sector from the public sector". Neo–Liberal approach to education believes that the value
of education lies in how well it enables the country to compete in the global market place. This can
only be achieved if schools become more like businesses by giving power to parents as consumers
and competition between schools to drive up the standards in education. Hence, the education
becomes a 'commodity' rather than an essential basic need for everyone to benefit from. The schools
operating like businesses are called marketization. Marketization of education believes that
education should train the most abled students to enable them to fill the most important jobs. Young
students should socialise and learn collective values and build social cohesion and solidarity. The
basic new right thinking is that that the current education system cannot achieve if it is run by the
state. The state provides the one size fits all approach to education meaning that the state run
education are not efficient to meet the demands of the local area. New right thinkers Chubb and Moe
argue that the

education policies
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Education is so important in any given society. For this reason, it forms a major part of any
government's plans. The plans that any government wishes to implement as regards their education
system is determined by existing policies. Factors which influence formulation of policies form the
subject of this discussion.
For orderly presentation, the essay is divided into three chapters namely the introduction, the main
body and conclusion. The introduction gives definitions of key terms used in the essay as well as
conceptual frame work, the main body outlines and discusses major factors which influenced
education policies in African countries after ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, in the 1950s and 1960s, demand and plans for investment in formal education by African
countries increased. Education was regarded to be a principal weapon in achieving economic
growth. To this end rapid quantitative expansion of the education system became the order of the
day in newly independent African countries.
Man power Shortages
After attaining independence, African countries were confronted with shortage of manpower in
various sectors of the economy. As a result of this scenario, they experienced economic stagnation.
Man power shortages were heavily felt in technical and managerial fields. Thus, education policies
in most African countries were directed towards resolving the man power shortages experienced.
This situation was evident from what obtained in Kenya. As Eshiwani (1993:26), observes ''at
independence in 1963, Kenya found herself with a high shortage of skilled manpower to run the
economy. In order to solve this problem, a commission was appointed to advise the government on
the formulation and interpretation of national educational policies." Therefore, it can be stated that
man power planning in newly independent countries of Africa gave a direction to the formulation of
education policies. Consequently, the governments of newly independent countries of Africa saw it
paramount to expand the education systems of their countries in

The Multiculturalism And Education Policy
Multiculturalism and Education Policy
How we educate our students is a contentious topic. Many stakeholders have different ideas about
what will make our schools more successful. Without going into great detail about the past, it is safe
to say the current paradigm is one of standards and assessment. Schools have gone "back to basics"
– reading, math, science, and little else (Newman, 2013). In order to be considered successful,
schools have resorted to teaching to the standardized tests. Effective school advocates believe that
the country should pay less attention to racial issues and student racial composition of schools and
instead concentrate on academic quality only (Newman, 2006). I do not agree. I do not feel that
school success is an all or nothing venture where we have to decide between concentrating only on
academic quality or multicultural issues. Instead, I think that concentrating on multiculturalism
issues, such as racial issues and racial composition of schools, creates a nurturing and supportive
environment thereby improving academic quality. "Although education is often promoted as a
pathway out of poverty, American educational disparities are such that the families with the greatest
need are often relegated to the least adequate educational resources (Sue & Sue, 2013). 60 years
after de jure segregation was outlawed, schools are almost as segregated as they were before
desegregation (Hannah–Jones, 2014). "Such segregation is sometimes called

Policy Changes are Needed in Our Education System
Our society has become punitive when dealing with children, so much so that we are deemed, by
other nations, the harshest western nation when it comes to juvenile policy and punishment.
Unfortunately, this is a true statement when we look at our incarceration rates. Our states and federal
prison, local jails, and juvenile detention center are overcrowded, with beds being filled the same
day they are vacated. Specifically, our juvenile detention system is serving an alarming amount of
children. In fact, it is estimated that 500,000 children enter juvenile detentions center every year,
leading to the detention of more than 26,000 juveniles every day (Holman and Ziedenberg, 2006).
Unfortunately, studies have found that disability rates among juveniles in detention average around
30% to 50% (Gemeignani, 1994). While some studies indicate the rate of disability is as high as
76% (Quinn et al., 2005). In contrast, the national average of disabilities is estimated at 10%
(Butterworth & Kovas, 2013). These factors have significant consequences on our society in
general. Particularly on our incarceration rates of both juvenile and adults, the enormous cost of
incarcerating individuals, the loss of taxpayers and family members, and the overtaxing of a system
that cannot treat the large amount of children. The juvenile system differs from the adult system;
they focus on the treatment of the child in hopes to repair the issues that have caused the
delinquency. As we have seen in other

Law And Policy : Higher Education
Rebecca Lamden
Law and Policy: Higher Education
May 11, 2017
Technology in Higher Education: The Role of MOOCs The cost of tuition at colleges and
universities in the United States has seen a steady increase over last several decades. Since the
1980s, the list price for tuition has risen by roughly 7% per year, while the inflation rate has
averaged 3.2% per year. The effect of this mismatch in the rise of the cost of tuition versus the
average inflation rate has had monumental effects on the ability of students to afford a higher
education. This, in turn, has forced more students to take out increasingly large amounts of loans,
causing for the national student loan debt to grow to over $1 trillion dollars, more than total credit
card ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
MOOC providers have created video lectures, readings, and problem sets that seek to modify, and in
some cases, replace entirely the need for a physical campus to complete a degree in higher
education. The most notable MOOCs, Coursera, Udacity, and edX, emerged in 2012, "The Year of
the MOOC" according to the New York Times, and have since attracted millions of registered
students. Coursera and Udacity are both for–profit spin–offs from Stanford that offer a wide variety
of courses taught by professors from some of the most prestigious universities in the world, such as
Stanford itself, Princeton, the University of Michigan, and the University of Toronto. edX, on the
other hand, is a non–profit partnership of MIT, Harvard, and Berkeley that offers both a platform
that universities can customize to create their own courses, as well as a range of courses that are
pre–developed by edX. In many cases, MOOCs are offered for free, incentivizing students to expand
their knowledge with essentially nothing to lose. In other instances, when MOOCs have partnered
with educational institutions to supplement or replace a physical classroom education, the MOOCs
are offered for credit and at a lower cost than an in–person education. At the surface level, the
MOOC format seems like just the solution indebted students and concerned educators have been
looking for; access to professors from a

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