SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS BOOK

SURGICAL IMSTRUMENTS
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LARYNGOSCOPE
A laryngoscope is an illuminating medical instrument used by
healthcare providers to allow visualization of the pharynx and larynx
of a patient. The pharynx is the area directly behind the nose and
mouth, and the larynx is better known as the voice box.
A laryngoscope is specially designed to fit into a patient's airway to
allow for a procedure known as or tracheal intubation, in which a tube
is inserted via the mouth into the trachea, or wind pipe, to deliver
oxygen and medication and to permit deep suctioning.
There are two components to this instrument: the laryngoscope
blade and the handle. The handle contains the batteries needed for
illumination and the blade, which is inserted into the airway, has a
bulb at the end of it from which a bright light shines during use.
These blades are not sharp, and they do not cut the skin in any
way. Laryngoscope blades come in different sizes, with 0 being the
smallest and 4 being the largest. The size of the patient to be
incubated determines the size of the blade that the healthcare
provider will use.
The handle and blade of the typical laryngoscope are two separate
pieces that have to be assembled before each use, but this can be
accomplished in a matter of seconds, allowing doctors and paramedics
to use this instrument in respiratory emergencies that require or
tracheal intubation. A laryngoscope is not a large instrument; the
handle is approximately the size of a door handle, and the blade is a
little shorter than the handle. There are two types of laryngoscope

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Blades: curved and straight. Both are inserted deep within a patient's
airway.
A straight blade is used to lift a leaf-shaped structure called the
epiglottis, which serves to prevent food and foreign matter from
entering the windpipe, and this type of blades generally is preferred
when a pediatric patient must be incubated. A curved blade is
preferred when an adult patient must be incubated. It is not the
epiglottis that is lifted with a curved blade, which is inserted into
another structure called the valecula. Regardless of the type of blade
used, the goal is the same, which is to allow visualization of the vocal
cords through which the end tracheal tube can be passed into the
trachea. The importance of viewing the vocal cords lies in the fact that
it is vital that the doctor or paramedic performing or tracheal
intubation ensures that he or she is placing the tube in the trachea
and not the esophagus, the tube leading to the stomach.
GIGLI SAW
A gigli saw is a simple medical tool that doctors have been using
for centuries. Doctors use it to cut through bone. The saw is
composed of a wire, two handles and a blade.
A gigli saw blade may have small, chain-style pieces that facilitate
easy cutting when the user moves the handles. As the wire moves, the
blade cuts through the bone. The style of the saw makes it useful for
detailed surgical work.

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Although new technology has made a lot of traditional medical tools
obsolete, doctors still use gigli saws. These tools are often used for
cutting through the skull in brain surgery. This saw is also used to
cut through other bones in other parts of the body.
Older gigli saw designs were used by doctors for amputations and
other common surgeries. Some of these older saws are now medical
antiques that may have collectible value. The handles of the older
saws may be made of wood, or ivory. Modern saws are more likely to
use synthetic materials.
The stark visual image of the gigli saw and its unusual name make it
a candidate for use in some macabre kinds of film and literature. Such
a saw might also be part of a toolkit for medical students who are
working on cadavers. Although the gigli saw is a tool of healing, some
people may find it to be sinister in some contexts.
In the range of modern saws available to surgeons, the gigli saw
represents the unpowered variety. Other unpowered saws include
hacksaws and similar designs. Doctors can also choose powered saw
types like reciprocating saws. Sonic cutting saws provide a smooth
result for today’s surgeries, and engineers are creating some new sonic
saws that can also effectively cut tissue.
One popular feature of the gigli saw is that it is ultra-portable. The
saw takes up almost no space and travels easily. Doctors can get
replacement blades, wires or handles as needed. The design of the
gigli saw remains effective, and that may be one reason that doctors
are still using it for a range of surgical tasks. Medical journals
continue to mention some of the work that physicians are doing with
simple tools like gigli saws, to help broaden the collective knowledge of
the international medical community.

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TROCARS
A trocar is a surgical
instrument with a sharp point which is used to create a hole in the
body which can be used to introduce surgical tools. Trocars are most
commonly attached to tubes known as cannulas, with surgical tools
being passed down the cannula, through the trocar, and into the
body. Trocars are widely used in laparoscopic surgery procedures.
They are also utilized by the funeral industry, during the embalming
process.
Although trocars are traditionally sharp, the blade can come in a
number of styles, from the classic three pointed blade on a traditional
trocar to a blunt blade on a non-bladed version of the
instrument. Trocars can also be shielded, with small shields which
click into place to prevent damage to a patient's internal organs after
the trocar has been inserted. These devices are often designed to be
single use, with the trocar discarded after use in a patient.
One use for the trocar in human and animal medicine is for
aspiration. If a patient has a buildup of fluid or gas, a trocar can be
quickly inserted and connected to an aspiration tube to remove the
buildup. This can greatly increase comfort for the patient, acting as an
emergency intervention to stabilize the patient until a doctor can
determine what caused the buildup and address the problem. In
laparoscopic surgery and surgical procedures on the veins and
arteries, trocars are used as ports, creating a point of entry for tools
used during the surgery. After the surgery is finished, the device is
carefully removed and small stitches are put in place.

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Trocars come in a range of sizes, designed for various applications. A
surgical trocar may be quite large, to allow for the introduction of
surgical tools, and the surgeon can usually select from several styles
and sizes to find the most appropriate tool for a procedure. Various
devices can also be attached to the instrument, such as aspiration
machines, ports used for the delivery of medicine, and so forth.
In the embalming process used to prepare bodies for burial, the trocar
is used to gain venous access for arterial embalming. Once the
embalming is complete, another trocar connected to an aspiration
machine is inserted into the abdomen to drain gas and fluids. This is
designed to prevent bloating of the body, as the embalming process
does not halt the process of decomposition, only slowing it
considerably.
MOUTH GAG
A mouth gag is any kind of device used to hold the mouth open or
to keep the wearer from speaking. Mouth gags can vary widely in
design and can be made of anything from rubber balls to stainless
steel. They are used in dentistry and surgery in order to hold a
patient's mouth open. A mouth gag may also be used in adult erotic
play.

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A mouth gag can assist in keeping a patient's mouth open if he has
been sedated for painful dental work or surgery. It can also help
patients who have difficulty keeping their mouth open for other
reasons. When placed in the mouth, the mouth gag keeps the teeth
apart while still allowing for a surgeon or dentist to work inside.
Dental mouth gags are usually made of stainless steel so that they can
be easily cleaned and sterilized. They usually consist of a thick metal
wire shaped into a rough oval, which is placed inside the mouth. Some
other kinds of mouth gags resemble a pair of pliers, which can be
locked in an open position to hold the mouth open on one side.
A surgical mouth gag is used to keep a patient's mouth open while
they are sedated and unconscious. Some surgical mouth gags come
with built-in steel tongue depressors in order to hold a patient's
tongue in place. This allows for the surgeon to have easier access to
the throat. Surgical mouth gags are used during operations on
adenoids, tonsils, and other surgeries which require access to the
throat.
Mouth gags used in erotic play have a different purpose than those
used in dentistry or surgery. Instead of holding the mouth open, they
are used to keep the wearer from speaking clearly. Though they
seldom are made well enough to keep someone from making noise,
they can provide a powerful visual in games of power exchange.
Erotic mouth gags are often made of materials that can be bitten into
without harming the wearer. To this end, they often take the form of a
soft rubber ball. The ball is held in the mouth by a strap that passes
around the head. In some designs, the ball can be taken off the strap
for easy sterilization.
These gags can also take the form of simple strips of tape or cloth
which go over the mouth or between the teeth. To further block
the mouth, a piece of cloth might be stuffed inside the mouth before
putting the gag over the wearer. This kind of simple gag can usually
be defeated by movements of the tongue, which can push the fabric
out of the way.

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ATRAUMATIC / DEBAKEY Froceps
Debakey forceps are a
type of surgical forceps used to hold vascular vessels and tissue. They
are specifically known for being atraumatic, or non-damaging. They
are capable of holding soft tissues, blood vessels, and other delicate
body parts without causing harm. By squeezing the blades, surgeons
are able to capture tissues between the blunt tips and hold them in
order to perform surgical operations or hold the tissues out of harm's
way. A common nickname for Debakey forceps is magics or magic
forceps.
Often resembling standard tweezers in design, Debakey forceps are
one of the most widely used pieces of surgical equipment, especially
in cardiovascular surgery. The blades consist of two flat pieces of
metal connected at one end so that the blades point away slightly from
each other in a narrow A-shape. Squeezing the blades together creates
spring tension so that the tips can grip. Debakey forceps usually
require a specific spring tension to allow for easy opening and closing
without undue force that could damage sensitive tissues.
The blades will either taper gradually down to a thin, straight tip or
truncate with the slender cylindrical tip attached. Most have ridged
blades to provide traction for gripping. The tips have a very specific
design — the interior surface of the slim, blunt-ended tips features
microscopic teeth designed to fit together on closing. These teeth grip
blood vessels or other tissues with enough friction to provide a firm
hold without damaging them.
The forceps are generally crafted from stainless steel or other
surgically-safe, easily-sanitized material. Straight forceps average 4.75
inches (12 cm) in length, but can be up to 9.5 inches (24 cm) long.

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Depending on the use, such as intestinal forceps, the design may vary
to include different sizes or even curved blades. Many forceps also use
hybrid designs pairing Debakey dips with other models, such as the
Debakey-Satinsky forceps or the Allis-Debakey forceps. These can be
paired with forceps clamps to grip delicate tissues during suturing
and other procedures.
Debakey forceps are named after Michael E. Debakey, a pioneer in
medical science and development. He made several groundbreaking
discoveries in surgical medicine, including techniques in blood vessel
grafting, replacement, and repair. He also invented devices such as
the roller pump, the first successful external heart pump — and of
course, the Debakey forceps, which were originally designed for
vascular surgery. Debakey also introduced the practice of video-
recording surgical procedures.

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MAGILL Forceps
Designed by the physician
Sir Ivan Whiteside Magill in the 1920s, Magill forceps are one of
several tools that aided in the development of modern anesthesia. The
tool combines long forceps with an angled handle, which keeps the
hand out of the line of vision when a physician is inserting or
removing tubes from the trachea or esophagus. Magill forceps also are
used to remove small objects from the throat or mouth.
Also known as Magill’s forceps, Magill forceps come in several
standard sizes. In addition to a 9.5-inch (24-cm) size used for adults,
there’s also a 7.5-inch (19-cm) size for use on children. An extra-small
size of 6 inches (16 cm) is used for babies. These various lengths allow
physicians to use the proper length of instrument depending on the
patient’s size. Like many medical tools that are inserted into the body
to perform a task, Magill forceps are made of stainless steel, which
makes them easy to clean and sterilize.
The history of Magill forceps goes back to World War I. Born in 1888
in Ireland, Magill developed his approach to anesthesia after seeing
accidental battlefield deaths caused by anesthesia overdosing. At that
time, patients were anesthetized using a rag soaked with chloroform.
The chances of overdose were great with this inexact administration.
Magill recognized a need for equipment inserted into patients' throats
so they could be anesthetized continuously and safely throughout
surgery. On his way to achieving this goal, Magill developed many
tools, including tubing for the throat and nose, the Magill forceps for
inserting and removing the tubing and a rudimentary breathing
system that eventually evolved into modern-day anesthesiology
systems.

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With their curved handle and ease of operation, Magill forceps soon
became useful for removing objects from the airways. They have been
used in emergency rooms and critical-care centers to extract small
toys or toy pieces swallowed by children. Medical literature has
recorded the use of Magill forceps to retrieve something as small as a
safety pin from the upper esophagus of a child.
Magill forceps also have been used to insert throat packs prior to oral
surgery. Made of a porous, sponge-like material, throat packs are used
to absorb blood and other fluids and keep them from entering airways.
An oral surgeon can use these forceps to guide a throat pack into
place and, if need be, to help remove it.
EAR SYRINGE
An ear syringe is a medical device that is
used to introduce or remove fluids from the ear. The design is also
known as a bulb syringe and it can also be used in the
nose. Ear syringes are available at many drug stores and they can also
be obtained through a doctor's office. If a doctor prescribes a
treatment that requires this device, one may be provided or packaged
with the treatment for the convenience of the patient.
These devices consist of a rubber bulb attached to a short tube. They
can be disposable or designed for multiple uses. By compressing the
bulb to squeeze the air out, people create a pressure differential inside
the syringe. When the tube is inserted into the ear or nose and the
pressure is released, the syringe will suck up fluids, such as water
and mucus. The same technique can be used when dipping
the syringe into a fluid being used for treatment to fill it up.

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A common reason to use an ear syringe is to clean out the ear.
Syringing the ears after swimming, surfing, and engaging in other
activities in the water can reduce the risks of inflammation and
infection by keeping the ear as dry as possible. In addition,
the syringe can be filled with a fluid solution to break up ear wax for
the purpose of removing wax from the ears.
Care must be taken when squirting fluids into the ear with
an ear syringe. Although the pressure is not very high, it can
potentially damage the ear drum and cause hearing loss. It is also
important to thoroughly syringe all of the fluid out afterward. The
process can also be messy. People are usually advised to hold their
heads over a towel to catch drips and overflow.
If an ear syringe is going to be reused, it needs to be cleaned after
each use. It may also be advisable to limit use to a single person to
reduce the risk of spreading infections. Cleaning is accomplished by
filling the syringe with an antibacterial solution, such as a blend of
alcohol and water or hydrogen peroxide and water and then squeezing
the fluid out to flush the ear syringe.
Ears should not be flushed if there is a foreign body inside, if someone
cannot hear from the affected ear, or if the ear is painful. Instead, a
doctor should be consulted to clean and examine the ear.

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OTOSCOPE
An otoscope is a medical tool which allows doctors to look inside
the ears of their patients. In some regions, the device is known as an
auriscope. The simple design of an otoscope actually allows doctors to
use it in several applications, not just to look into the ears. Many
doctors keep an otoscope, because it sometimes becomes necessary to
examine a patient's ears. The device can be obtained from many
medical supply companies, since it is a commonly needed item, and
otoscopes vary widely in price, with high end models commanding a
high price.
The design of an otoscope is very simple. The device has a long
handle, usually textured for easy gripping. At one end, the handle has
a bright light and a magnifying glass. The doctor inserts a disposable
speculum into the otoscope, straightens the patient's ear canal by
pulling on the ear, and inserts the otoscope to look inside. In some
cases, the otoscope may have a space which allows the doctor to insert
tools which might be required to treat a problem.
As part of a regular exam, the otoscope is used to check the health of
the patient's ears. The examination may reveal a hidden problem
which should be dealt with before it becomes worse. An otoscope is
also used to examine the ears of a patient when he or she has
symptoms indicating a problem with the ears. Some doctors also use
the device to peer into the throat or nose of a patient, usually without
a speculum attached.
Since the speculum is the only part of the otoscope which should
make contact with the ear, it is designed to be disposable for patient
safety. The disposability also allows doctors to use different sizes,

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customized for ears of older and younger people. Most doctors also
wipe down their otoscopes after use to ensure that nothing is passed
from patient to patient.
Using a otoscope properly requires training. It is possible to damage
the ear of a patient during an ear examination. It can also be difficult
to identify a problem if you are not familiar with ear anatomy and
health. For these reasons, patients in need of ear examinations should
always go to a doctor, rather than trying to use an otoscope at home.
A doctor can identify the problem and establish a course of treatment
while ensuring that the integrity of the ear is maintained.
TUNNING FORKS
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A tuning fork is a tool used to provide a pure tone. It is used as a
reference for accurate pitch, and to mark time in quartz digital
watches. Hearing tests may employ a tuning fork, as may physics
classes focusing on the study of sound.
In appearance, a tuning fork is a two-pronged metal fork that is
shaped like a U and extends from a handle. Most people are familiar
with the fundamental mode of a tuning fork, which is the long-lasting
mode used as a standard for pitch. The so-called “clang” mode is a
higher frequency and dies away very quickly.
Invented in 1711 by musician John Shore, and originally called the
“pitch-fork,” the tuning fork was further developed by several
inventors with an eye to providing a new type of musical instrument.

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This idea never caught on, however. Today, a tuning fork does have a
musical use, however: it can be used to set the pitch for performers or
instruments.
For example, a tuning fork may be used by a conductor or performer
to set an accurate pitch for a musical performance of an a
cappella group. Often, one pitch is struck and the conductor or the
various vocal parts figure out their pitch based on the struck pitch. If
the piece has several movements, pitches may be given before the
start of each new section.
There are other musical uses as well. A set of tuning forks, or a tuning fork for
middle C and a good ear, can be used to tune a piano, although electronic
tuners have become popular. Timpanists use a pitch pipe or a set of
tuning forks to tune the timpani. For musical purposes, tuning forks are
readily available at pitch A-440, as well as middle C, and sets are available for
the notes of the C major scale as well as the chromatic scale.
For medical purposes, such as testing for hearing loss, there are specialized
tuning forks with the pitches needed for various, specific testing protocols. The
scientific tuning fork is a specialized tool for research in acoustics and sound
wave analysis and for calibrating various devices. These different types of
tuning forks are not interchangeable. For example, scientific tuning forks are
usually mounted, whereas musical tuning forks are handheld. A tuning fork
should be carefully chosen based on the goal of using them in a musical,
medical, or scientific setting.
BULLDOG Clamps
The bulldog clamp is a surgical tool used to
clamp off or close blood vessels. Made of stainless steel or titanium,
the most common bulldog clamp is a spring-loaded crossover clamp. It

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has serrated blades that when pressed together become an effective
tool to cut off blood supply.
There are clamps made for arteries and veins. The structure and
function of arteries and veins are different. The arteries carry blood
away from the heart. All arteries, except for the pulmonary, or the
respiratory arteries, and the umbilical artery, the blood vessel in the
abdomen and pelvic area that extends to the umbilical cord during
pregnancy, carry oxygenated blood. Veins carry blood towards the
heart. Veins carry deoxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary and
umbilical arteries, which carry oxygenated blood.
The main purpose of the bulldog clamp is to stop the blood flow and
prevent excessive bleeding in the area of the surgical procedure, and
to prevent the patient from losing an unnecessary amount of blood.
The most common type of clamp opens when the handles are
squeezed, and conversely, shuts when the pressure is released from
the handles.
Slight variations to these clamps can be found,
depending on the location of the surgical procedure and the needs of
the surgeon. For example, the glover bulldog clamp utilizes a tension-
adjusted screw to replace the standard handle-operated opening and
shutting of the clamp. This tension-adjusted screw allows for a
controlled amount of pressure to be placed on the blood vessel.
The bulldog clamp comes in a variety of sizes and
shapes. Clampstypically range from one inch (2.5 cm), commonly used
for smaller blood vessels or areas which require a delicate touch, to
two inches (5 cm) in length. They can be straight or curved. The
curvature of the blades can also range from curved to strongly-curved.

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This allows the surgeon to access those blood vessels which are
difficult to reach.
The bulldog clamp can also come with an amplifier. An amplifier
resembles an extended handle. This allows the surgeon to use
clamping techniques when distance is an obstacle. An example of a
surgical procedure where an amplifier may be needed to secure a
blood vessel is endoscopic procedures.
An endoscope is an instrument which allows the surgeon to see deep
body structures and organs where there is no direct line of sight.
Examples of surgical procedures that may require an endoscope are
inside the colon or bowel. This is where a bulldog clamp amplifier can
effectively utilize the necessary clamping techniques without difficulty.
DEAVER Retractor
A Deaver retractor is a surgical instrument
used to hold the edges of an abdominal or chest incision open so that
the surgeon is able to reach the underlying organs. It is a thin, flat
instrument with curved ends. The curved ends of the retractor are
placed at the edges of the incision and held there by hand or clamped
into place. The Deaver retractor can be used to hold organs inside the
abdominal cavity away from the surgical site.
The earliest recorded use of a retractor dates back to the seventh
century. The modern retractor is designed after a model developed in
1936. Deaver retractors were developed to safely hold the large organs
contained inside the abdomen away from the surgical instruments

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used during the operation. During an operation on the thoracic region,
the Deaver retractor is used to hold the flesh of the chest away from
the incision or to gently move the heart or lungs at the direction of the
surgeon.
Making sure the retractor is in good condition is essential to a
successful operation. The surgeon will make an incision and direct the
assistant to place the retractor on the flesh at the edges of the
incision. This medical instrument enables the surgeon to have a clear
view of the operating field. The retractor has smoothed edges to reduce
the trauma to the tissue being held in place. A Deaver retractor is
generally used for deep abdominal and chest surgeries.
There are several different types of retractors. Each is shaped uniquely
to do the least damage to the tissue intended to be held back by
the retractor. The Richardson retractor is a thin, curved medical
instrument with a handle for easy gripping. It is the most
common retractor used in abdominal or thoracic surgeries. It can be
single or double-ended, depending on the surgical needs of the
operation.
Another commonly used retractor is the Senn retractor. It is a double-
ended surgical instrument, with one side shaped like a blade and the
other side having three prongs. This retractor is used for most hand
and foot surgeries. The Senn retractor is used to hold soft flesh away
from the surgical site for short periods of time.
Most retractors have a special handle to make holding it in position
during surgery easier. Usually, the retractor is held in place by a
surgical assistant instead of the surgeon. Use of a retractor enables
the surgeon to perform operations faster and with more accuracy.

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BONE Rongeurs
Rongeurs are surgical instruments which are
designed to chip, crack, or cut away bone and tough tissue such as
cartilage. The term comes from a French word meaning “rodent,” a
reference to the fact that rongeurs are designed to gnaw away at tissue
and bone, under the control of a surgeon. In addition to being used in
surgery, rongeurs are also employed by dentists, and they can be used
in some other settings as well; for example, sometimes cooks work
with tools similar to rongeurs when they are butchering meat.
The shape of a rongeur can vary. These instruments tend to have
curved, sharp tips which can be used to gouge out bone. Many are
designed like forceps, allowing a surgeon to grip at tissue of interest
and carefully tear it away. Others are solid tools which can be used to
chip bone or tough tissue to gain access to a surgical site or to clear
away excess material. Some are spring loaded to create more force for
gripping and tugging.
Dentists can use these tools to chip away dental tartar, and to crack it
off the teeth, if necessary. Wherever they are used, rongeurs must be
carefully controlled to avoid taking off more tissue or bone than one
intends. These instruments are very tough and strong, and it is easy
to be more forceful with them than one has intended. Users tend to err

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on the side of caution, working on removal of small chips instead of
large pieces.
People may refer to rongeurs as rongeur forceps when
they are designed in a forceps style. Other terms may be used to refer
to specialized types of rongeurs. Surgeons like to have specific terms
to use for the tools they need so that when they ask a surgical
assistant for a tool, they can be assured that the assistant will know
precisely which tool to grab.
Like other instruments used in surgery, rongeurs are designed to be
sterilized. Sterilization is important, to minimize the risk of cross-
contamination between patients. These tools may also be sharpenable,
allowing a surgeon to send instruments out for sharpening so that
they will continue to be efficient and effective. Because rongeurs can
sometimes come into contact with bone marrow, there may be settings
in which the instruments need to be disposed of after
use. Bone marrow can house prions, rogue proteins which can cause
disease and resist known sterilization techniques. Patients with prion
disease or at risk of such diseases may pass these diseases on via
surgical and dental instruments.

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WIRE CUTTERS
Wire cutters are a tool designed specifically for the purpose
of cutting wire. There are several variations on the basic design,
including versions of varying weights designed for wires of different
thicknesses. Many hardware stores carry wire cutters, and they are
also available through stores which stock equipment for electricians,
jewelers, and other professionals who work with wires. This tool can
be very useful to keep around the house, and many generic versions
are available to stock home toolboxes.
Also known as snips or diagonal pliers, wire cutters are designed in a
style similar to pliers, except that instead of grips, the tool has
sharpened edges which cut through wire. The bigger and heavier the
cutters, the heavier the gauge of wire they can
handle. Wire cutters can also have insulated handles, which may be
useful in some applications, and some may include a wire stripper so
that people can strip and cut wire with the same tool, which is useful
for electricians.
Basic wire cutters simply create a blunt cut through the wire. Flush
cut wire cutters are designed for situations in which people want to
create a cut as close to the edge of something as possible, allowing the
cutters to be butted right up against an object to snip the wire. Bezel
cutters create a slightly different edge on the end of the snipped wire,
and are most commonly see in use by jewelers.

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Really tough wire cutters can be used in industrial settings where
heavy gauge wire is used. This type is often included in rescue kits so
that first responders have a tool which they can use to quickly cut
through wires on the scene of an incident, along with bolt cutters
which can handle bolts, padlocks, and so forth. Such cutters often
have thick, insulated handles to make them easier to handle, and
some physical strength may be required to operate them.
UMBILICAL CORD Clamp
In many births, it is routine to separate the baby from the placenta
by cutting the umbilical cord. This procedure usually first involves
clamping the cord. The umbilical cord clamp thus refers to the devices
used to hold the cord in place when the cut is made, and
the clamp may stay on for several days while the
remaining cord attached to the baby dries.
There can be some variance in appearance of the umbilical cordclamp.
Many are plastic and look slightly like a barrette. They usually have
teeth that fit together as the cord is clamped, and they may have
different fittings on the open side that click in place so a secure fit is
achieved. Many medical companies that make the clamps are located
in places like India or China, but clamps may be made elsewhere too.
Sometimes an umbilical cord clamp is sold with
a cutter of some sort, and they're usually sold in volume supply.

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People can’t just buy one but may need to buy hundreds at a time.
This may be helpful for hospitals, but could be an issue for midwives
who attend home births, as they simply may not need that many
clamps, or a supply might last several years at least.
Not every child who is born has an umbilical cord clamp. Some
parents cut the cord and prefer to let the whole cord fall off in the
ensuing days. Other times the umbilical cord is secured by tape
instead of an umbilical cord clamp. There are disputes about which
procedure is most healthful.
One thing that is currently at issue is when to apply an
umbilical cord clamp and when to cut the cord. It used to be standard
for babies to have the clamp and cut at one minute. Now there is some
evidence suggesting that waiting until three minutes may be more
beneficial to newborns because it allows continued blood
communication between the placenta and the newborn, which may
affect blood clotting time or iron in blood levels.
This brings up the very nature of the umbilical cord clamp. In addition
to providing stability to cut the cord, it cuts off communication with
the placenta. This is the natural round of life, but there are some who
find this a deeply sentimental aspect of the birth of a child. The
connection between mother and child on an elemental level is severed
with a clamp and cut, though at the same time, birth brings the
opportunity for knowing the child in ways not possible when that baby
was in the womb.
MALLETS

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A mallet is a type of hammer with a large, soft
head which is intended to strike a surface without causing any
damage to it. Malletstypically have short handles, making them easier
to control. There are a wide range of mallet styles on the market which
are designed for a range of applications. Many hardware stores
stock basic mallets, and it is also possible to find
specialty mallets designed for particular professional trades. Some
craftspeople also make their own mallets for specific tasks.
The materials used to make mallets vary. Some common choices are:
wood, soft metals, rubber, plastic, and rawhide. As a general
rule, mallets are designed so that the materials they are made from
will deform before the mallet damages the object it hits.
Many mallets are also made from resilient materials which will spring
back after they are used; this allows people to use them again and
again for projects, as the mallet deforms only temporarily.
Carpenters use mallets as driving tools, to hit other tools like chisels.
The broad head of a mallet makes it easy to use when hitting a chisel,
requiring less precision on the part of a user. A mallet may also be
used to knock pieces of wood into place, or to hammer pegs into
furniture and flooring. If a mallet strikes the project being worked on,
the soft material simply bounces off, rather than creating a gouge as
a hammer might.
Mallets are also used in metalworking and jewelry to flatten metal and
drive various tools. In metalworking, mallets are often made from

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metals which are softer than the metal being worked. These metals
can withstand the heat sometimes involved in metalworking without
causing damage. Plastic mallets are also sometimes used by jewelers,
and various metal mallets are sometimes utilized in machining and
electronics as well.
Mallets also pop up in the kitchen. A meat tenderizer is simply a form
of mallet, and some people skip the customized tool and stick with a
mallet from the toolbox instead. Mallets can also be used in
leatherworking, to drive the tools used to tool leather and sometimes
to add texture to a leather surface as well.
Because mallets can deform, it is a good idea to hang them up so that
they do not come into contact with other tools; even a small amount of
pressure can create a distinctive imprint in a mallet.
Many mallets have loops on their handles for the purpose of hanging,
and a mallet can also be suspended from its head.
VAGINAL Speculum
Graves Vaginal Speculum
A vaginal speculum is a medical instrument which is used to dilate
the vagina for examination of the vagina and cervix. This medical
instrument can also be used in examinations of the anus, although
specialized anal specula are also available. Numerous medical
instrument manufacturers produce vaginal specula, which are
available for sale through medical supply catalogs. Some women's
health centers also sell these devices to their patients, for patients
who are interested in performing vaginal self exams.

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Specula in general are a family of medical instruments which are used
to visualize the interior of the body by inserting the instrument to get
a better view. In the case of a vaginal speculum, the instrument
includes a blade which is gently inserted and used to dilate the vagina
to make it easier to see. Classically, doctors use a two-
bladed speculum which resembles the bills of a duck, with a locking
handle to manipulate the blades, although single
blade vaginal specula are also available.
Clear plastic specula are preferred for examination, because it is
easier to visualize the area when using a plastic speculum. These
specula are disposable, designed to be discarded after use with a
patient. Metal specula are also available, and must be cleaned and
autoclaved between patients. Vaginal specula come in several different
sizes, to accommodate women with vaginas of various sizes. Especially
small versions can be used for examinations when a woman has an
intact hymen.
To use a vaginal speculum, a doctor has a patient scoot down a
gynecological exam table after putting her feet in a pair of stirrups.
The doctor usually examines the external genitalia before having the
patient take a deep breath. As she breathes out, the doctor can insert
the lubricated speculum in the closed position, and gently open it
before locking it in place. The device will stay in place, allowing the
doctor to take samples and examine the area before unlocking
the speculum and gently withdrawing it.
The vaginal speculum is held open with hand pressure while it is
withdrawn, and closed only when it is completely removed. Closing the
device before it is removed can pinch the delicate mucus membranes
of the vagina, which can be extremely uncomfortable. It is also
important to make sure that the device is fully closed when it is
inserted for optimal patient comfort. Women can use the same
procedure described above to perform a self exam, with the assistance
of a mirror to see once they have placed the vaginal speculum.

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TENACULUM Forceps
A tenaculum is a surgical instrument which is
used to grasp and hold tissues. The tenaculum is a form of locking
forceps, designed to hold itself in place once it has been locked, and it
can be used to hold tissues steady for surgical procedures, to hold
tissues out of the way, or to grasp tissues for the purpose of
manipulating them. Many companies which manufacture surgical
instruments produce tenaculum forceps in a variety of styles for
various uses.
This surgical instrument dates to at least the 1600s, with the name
for the instrument coming from a Latin root which means “to hold,”
the same root involved in words like “tenacious.”
The tenaculum consists of long, narrow handles attached to hooks.
The hooks can be anchored in the tissue being examined, with the
medical provider locking the handles once the desired position has
been obtained.
One of the most common uses of the tenaculum is in procedures when
it is necessary to stabilize the cervix in order to see or perform a
procedure. A cervical tenaculum may be made from plastic, designed
to be single use for one patient only, or from stainless steel, in which

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case it can be sterilized and reused. Tenaculum forceps are also used
in other types of surgical procedures.
Like other surgical instruments, the tenaculum can seem slightly
barbaric in action, but the patient will not feel it when it is placed as
long as he or she is under general anesthesia. In cases where the
patient is awake, as for certain gynecological procedures, local
anesthetics may be injected so that the patient cannot feel the
placement and removal of the instrument. The patient is also usually
given a medication which promotes relaxation so that he or she will
feel more comfortable during the procedure.
Learning to use surgical instruments appropriately takes time. During
the course of surgical training, doctors learn about the different
instruments available to them, the uses recommended for various
instruments, and the techniques which should be used to handle
them. Although patients cannot feel instruments during surgery, poor
instrument choice or use can complicate matters for the patient by
inadvertently causing damage to the tissues, which can increase
healing time or increase the risk of infection. Surgeons also tend to
develop their own instrument technique over the course of their
careers, developing various tricks and methods which facilitate their
work in the operating room.

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BIOPSY Forceps
Tischler-Morgan Biopsy Forceps
Biopsy forceps are a surgical instrument that resemble a pair of
scissors. They are used as a grasping tool during surgery. Biopsies are
performed when a physician needs to examine tissue for disease. By
testing tissue retrieved during a biopsy, physicians can diagnose
patients and determine the most appropriate course of treatment, or
rule out certain illnesses. During surgery, biopsy forceps can be used
for delicate work. If the physician’s fingers are too large to manipulate
tissue inside a small incision, these instruments will take the place of
fingers. They can also act as a third hand during surgery. If several
bits of tissue need to be held aside while a surgeon performs a task
with his hands, biopsy forceps will be used to hold the tissue aside.
Biopsy forceps have several different designs, each appropriate for a
different surgical situation. There are two basic types: locking and
non-locking. Locking forceps are used to grasp and hold tissue, while
non-locking forceps are used to move tissue.
Locking forceps typically have finger loops that resemble those on a
pair of scissors. The most common mechanism to make these forceps

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lock is a group of interlocking teeth near the finger loops. When the
forceps close, the teeth lock and hold the blunt blades of the forceps
closed.
Non-locking forceps have a spring mechanism that holds the blades
open until pressure is applied. They are used to quickly move small
objects during surgery. Non-locking forceps can have blunt tips or
lightly serrated tips.
Biopsy forceps can be designed with straight tips or an angled shaft.
The angled shaft gives surgeons a bit of extra reach during surgery
and helps with easier maneuverability. The instrument may also be
designed with a rotating shaft, which allows a physician to maneuver
tissue deep within the body cavity without making a large incision.
Some important qualities in biopsy forceps are sterility and durability.
Typically, the instrument is made of high-grade carbon steel. This
high-quality steel allows the forceps to withstand repeated
sterilization, which occurs under extremely high temperatures.
Sterilization between surgeries is important to prevent disease
transmission from patient to patient.
Other types of biopsy forceps are intended to be used once and then
thrown away. These are typically made of plastic. There is some
debate over which type of biopsy forceps, one-use or reusable, is
better. Some studies have shown that one-use biopsy forceps get
better tissue samples, but reusable ones have better durability.

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RECTAL Speculum
Matheiu Rectal Speculum
A rectal speculum is a device that is inserted into the anus to keep the
anus open for diagnostic viewing of the rectum or for anal surgery.
The rectum is the last eight inches (20.3 cm) of the large intestine that
culminates in an orifice called the anus. The rectum stores feces until
it is ready to be excreted. Conditions that might warrant the use of
a rectal speculum include detecting the presence of hemorrhoids,
tumors, polyps, inflammation, intestinal bleeding, and anal fissures,
conducting biopsies, and removing hemorrhoids. The speculum is
typically a rigid tube or a set of blades that pushes the walls of the
rectum apart so a physician can view the canal with direct vision.
Though speculums were traditionally made of metal, today many are
made of plastic. Vaginal speculums may even be made of disposable
plastic for one time use, allowing doctors to skip the step of thorough
sterilization between uses. There is a higher risk of disposable plastic
breaking in the rectum, however, so the rectal speculum is typically
still made of metal or a very tough plastic.
The word speculum is typically associated with the vaginal speculum,
a device with two handles hinged to two rounded blades. This tool can

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sometimes be used as a rectal speculum as well. When closed, the
blades resemble the shut bills of a bird’s beak. The physician
lubricates the blades with a water-soluble jelly and inserts the
speculum into the anus with the blades shut. As the physician cranks
the handles shut, the bills of the speculum open, allowing him or her
to see inside the body cavity.
The types and sizes of speculums may vary depending on the needs of
the patient. A rectal speculum may have three blades to create a wider
opening and clearer viewing. A colon exam called an endoscopy
requires an endoscope, or a 3-4 inch (7.6-10.2 cm) rigid tube about
the width of a typical bowel movement.
A procto scope is similar, though it is usually made of metal, rather
than a tough plastic, and is inserted deeper into the rectum. For even
deeper viewing, such as during a colonoscopy, a physician may not be
able to see the area with her bare eyes and choose to use an
endoscope. An endoscope is a flexible tube with a lighted viewing
mechanism at its end that sends images to a screen outside the body.
A typical examination using a rectal speculum can be conducted in a
doctor’s office. The patient will need to take off his underwear and
assume a position that makes the anus accessible. The doctor may
ask the patient to lie sideways, bend over the examining table, or sit
on the table with knees tucked to the chest. Before inserting the
speculum, it will be lubricated to prevent discomfort and the doctor
may ask that the patient push as if trying to make a bowel movement
and then sit at ease. The physician will then gently insert the
speculum and shine a light into the tube to illuminate any fissures, or
tears in the lining of the rectum, bulges, or other abnormalities. Often,
the doctor can give the patient the results of the exam immediately.
A rectal speculum may also be used for hemorrhoid ligation. A
hemorrhoid is a swollen vein in the rectum or anus. After the patient
is locally anesthetized, the procedure begins by placing an endoscope
or procto scope in the rectum. The physician then places a tiny rubber
band around the base of a hemorrhoid to cut off circulation. The
hemorrhoid will eventually die and fall off, protecting the patient from
pain, excessive bleeding, and clots.

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CLAMP Forceps
Clamp forceps are a type of tool that can hold,
compress, or grasp an item while locking in place. They are also called
locking forceps. For instance, clamping forceps allow a heart surgeon
to clamp off an artery to prevent bleeding, while the locking
mechanism keeps the forceps in place. These types of forceps are used
primarily in the medical field in both veterinary and human medicine.
There are many variations of sizes, materials, and designs, with some
forceps engineered to perform specific functions.
Most of these forceps are shaped like an X and use a lever principle. A
hinge at or near the center of the forceps allows the user to squeeze
one end to apply pressure at the opposite end. They are similar in
action to ordinary scissors, except that the forceps lock in place once
they are closed. The clamping, or locking, mechanism is a set of
opposing serrated tabs located between the openings for the thumb
and forefinger. When the clamp forceps are squeezed, the serrated
tabs come into contact with each other and hold the forceps at that
pressure; with another slight squeeze, the user breaks the contact,
and the forceps open.

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The simple locking mechanism, unlike spring
clamps, allows for various clamping pressures. A light squeezing
pressure can compress delicate tissues without damaging them.
Stronger squeezing pressure can be used to compress surgical tubing
or hold a tooth during extraction. This variable pressure feature and
the ease with which they are placed, locked, and released
make clamp forceps one of the most commonly used surgical
instruments.
Forceps that are used to clamp off blood vessels are called hemostats.
Many forceps are named for the surgeon who designed them.
Surgeons sometimes develop these tools to use on specific tissues or
during a particular type of procedure. Doctors use Allis forceps to
hold intestinal tissue, while Carmalt forceps clamp ovarian pedicals.
Adson forceps have long, tapered ends, allowing them to handle
delicate tissue.
Several different materials are used to fabricate forceps. Those that
are to be used once and then disposed of are made of plastic. Others
are made of stainless steel or carbon steel, metals that will survive
repeated sterilization. A number of specialty clamp forceps are made
of titanian, a durable and lightweight metal. Depending on the use,
the grasping end of the forceps may be rubber coated, angled, or
grooved.

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SUCTION Tubes
A suction tube is a medical device which
provides suction by being attached to a suction machine. Suction can
be used to clear liquids and slurries away from an area of concern,
and it is utilized in many different aspects of medical
care. Suction devices are commonly found on ambulances, in hospital
rooms, in emergency rooms, and in clinics, with attachable tubing and
tips for various applications. Like other medical devices,
the suction machine is designed with replaceable tubing and tips
which can be changed between patients to limit the spread of disease.
One classic use of suction is in dentistry. While dental work is being
performed, someone's mouth can fill with blood and saliva. This poses
a risk to the patient, as it may occlude the airway, and it also makes it
hard for the dentist to see and work. The suction tube is used to
periodically clear the mouth, essentially vacuuming up the excess
liquid to clear the area. It can be used by the dentist or by an
assistant who provides suction by request or when needed.
n surgery, suction tubes are also used to clear the surgical field. Blood
can fill the field, making it difficult for the surgeon to see and
complicating the field. Other fluids like mucus and pus can also
impede clear vision of the surgical site. In liposuction procedures, a

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specialized suction tube is used to pull fat cells out of the body, and
the suction tube is also used in neurosurgery, where it removes excess
liquid and relieves pressure on the skull.
Suction can also be used in the care of patients who are spending time
in the hospital for respiratory conditions. Many of these patients
require airway suctioning to remove mucus. The suction tube will
increase patient comfort, reduce the risk of complications such as
pneumonia, and keep the lungs clear so that the patient can breathe.
Suctioning is also used when a patient is near death to reduce the
sound of the distinctive “death rattle,” as this sound can be
disconcerting for family members.
The tips on a suction tube can be changed for different applications.
Bent and straight tips are available, along with tips of various widths
and designs. Some are made from metal, designed for sterilization and
reuse, while others are made from plastics, in which case they are
disposable and discarded after use so that organisms are not passed
between patients.

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BANDAGE Scissor
Lister Bandage Scissor
Bandage scissors are often found in first aid kits and in a variety of
medical facilities. They are usually made of metal, typically stainless
steel, and they often have serrated blades and an angled tip that is
blunt at the edges. These scissors have numerous uses that can make
them valuable.
The three mains uses of bandage scissors are to trim bandages to
custom size, to cut through clothing or gauze, and to help remove
bandages that someone is wearing. For this last purpose, the angled
blades are extremely important, since they angle away from anything
beneath the cutting surface. They help keep the scissors away from
the skin so that injury doesn’t occur. The blunt tips also help, since
there is less likelihood of piercing the skin, as might occur if sharp
tipped scissors were used instead.
Numerous first aid needs may require people to cut rolls of gauze.
Gauze can be a little challenging to cut and the serrated blade of
bandage scissors is helpful. It grabs the fabric and keeps the scissors
in place for more even cutting without any slipping.
Though bandages come in a variety of sizes, and first aid kits may
have several sizes available, they still may not be appropriate for the

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size of an injury or an injury located in a difficult place to bandage. It’s
often necessary to trim band-aids or bandages to fit in odd locations,
and people with sensitive skin may have a tough time with adhesive
bandages. Trimming extra adhesive that is unnecessary to keep a
bandage in place can be a good use for bandage scissors.
People may wonder if it’s really necessary to have bandage scissors
when they have other scissors available, like manicuring scissors.
Certainly, in a pinch, sterilized manicuring scissors can be used in
place of medical scissors, but they won’t work as well since they lack
serration. Moreover, many manicuring scissors do have pointed tips
and great care must be taken if they’re use to remove bandages. Since
bandage scissors truly are designed for medical purposes, it really is
worth owing a pair, and keeping them in a nearby first aid kit. It’s
better to have a few pairs: one for the home, one for any emergency
kit, and one for a first aid kit in a car.
These scissors are usually not very expensive, and a set may be
included in a purchased first aid kit. Some care does need to be taken
once the scissors have been used. When either removing bandages or
trimming bandages or gauze, the scissors should be cleaned first
(when possible) to avoid infection. Dousing them in rubbing alcohol
helps provide quick cleaning, though they are considered clean but
not sterile when this method is used. If alcohol is unavailable, most
waterless handwash types contain a high amount of alcohol and can
help clean off the scissors prior to use. Consider keeping some
waterless handwash or some sealed medical cleaning wipes on hand
for emergency use to clean medical equipment or to clean cuts.

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PERCUSSION Hammers
Percussion hammers, also called mallets,
are used to strike various percussion instruments. The two basic
styles of percussionhammers are unwrapped and wrapped. Each of
the two styles comes in different varieties that are generally suited to
play particular instruments.
The unwrapped types of percussion hammers have heads made of
hard, often heavy, material and shafts made of either birch wood or
rattan. Most commonly, the head is made of brass, rubber, or nylon. It
can also be made of wood or acrylic. A rattan shaft is more flexible
than a birch shaft, and the preference for either usually depends upon
the musician’s playing style. For instance, if a musician generally uses
four mallets when playing, he or she might prefer a more flexible
handle and will therefore choose a mallet with a rattan shaft.
Typically, musicians use unwrapped percussion hammers when they
want a sharper contact sound on their instrument. The contact sound
is the actual sound of the mallet striking the instrument. Heavier
mallets heads, such as brass or rubber, will produce a more distinct
contact sound, whereas the lighter materials such as nylon or wood
will do the opposite. These hammers are ideally suited for instruments
such as the xylophone or the orchestra bells, which are designed to
have clear, crisp tones.
Wrapped percussion hammers are designed to elicit a softer, more
muted sound. These mallets also have shafts commonly made of
rattan or birch wood but have heads that are entwined in soft,
cushioned material. Most often, the head itself is made of a soft

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rubber or a plastic and fiberglass blend called kelon. The head is then
typically covered in yarn or cord, yarn being the softer of the two
choices.
The spongy covering of the
wrapped percussion hammers dulls the contact sound, an effect that
musicians might desire for instruments such as the vibraphone, the
marimba, and the steel drum. The wrapped hammers that have heads
made of covered rubber tend to be heavier than the kelon types.
Unlike the unwrapped version, however, the extra weight will not
increase the contact sound but will instead result in greater volume.
Another type of percussion hammer not as commonly recognized as
the wrapped and unwrapped mallets is the percussion chime hammer.
As its name suggests, this accessory is designed specifically to sound
chimes. Its head, generally made of hard rubber or resin, very much
resembles a typical mallet used for construction purposes. The shaft is
typically made of wood, although some have handles made of heavy
plastic or aluminum. It comes in varying sizes designed to strike
chimes of different sizes and thicknesses.
Drumsticks, because of their design, don’t technically fall into the
mallet family even though they are intended to
play percussion instruments such as drums and cymbals. Some
musicians, however, still classify them as percussion hammers, and

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consequently, they bear mentioning. Generally, drumsticks are made
of hard, fairly inflexible wood such as hickory or oak. Unlike
other percussion hammers, the tip is actually part of the shaft,
narrowed to a point. It is sometimes covered in a thin sheet of plastic
or acrylic to give it a softer strike that is not so punishing to the
drumhead.
DILATORS
A dilator is an instrument which is designed
to widen an opening in the body. There are a number of different
settings in which dilators may be used, ranging from surgeries to the
treatment of gynecological conditions. Dilators are classically sold
through medical supply companies, and they come in a range of sizes
and designs for different applications.
In surgery, dilators are sometimes used to enlarge openings to gain
access. Cervical dilators, for example, are placed in the cervix to
encourage it to expand for the purpose of accessing the uterus.
Dilators are also used to widen the ureter, esophagus, and various
blood vessels for different types of procedures. In this case, the dilator
is used temporarily during the surgery, to prep a site for surgery, or to
hold an opening so that a permanent device such as a stent can be
inserted.
Ballon catheters are commonly used as dilators, because they can be

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inserted in a deflated state and gently inflated to the desired level.
Dilation can also be accomplished with specialty tubing and surgical
instruments. The method used depends on the preferences of the
doctor, and the situation in which the dilator is being used. In all
cases, the goal is to avoid causing damage to the area involved with
the dilator while still getting clear access to complete a procedure.
The term “dilators” is often assumed to mean “vaginal dilators.”
Vaginal dilators are medical instruments which are used to address
various gynecological conditions. They can be used to enlarge the
vagina, as may be done after reconstructive surgery in which a vagina
is made, because the opening created by the surgery may not be large
enough. They can also be used by patients who are attempting to
manage veganism’s, narrow vaginal openings, and similar
gynecological problems. These devices are prescribed by a
gynecologist, after an examination of the vagina and a discussion with
the patient about the goals of treatment.
In the case of vaginal dilators, the dilators are designed to be used at
home as part of a home care regimen. They come in a series of
graduated sizes, with the patient gradually working up to the largest
dilator. Typically, the dilators are lubricated, inserted, and held in
place to encourage the tissue to stretch. It can take months of regular
dilation sessions to achieve the desired goal of dilation, and the
process requires a great deal of patience.
ALLIS Tissue Forceps
Allis Tissue Forcep

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Forceps are hinged, handheld medical instruments used to grasp or
hold objects. Using the principle of levers, forceps can seize an object
and apply pressure. Allis forceps have inward-curving blades and a
ratcheted handle. This design makes it ideal to grab fascia and
tendons.
Fascia is a sheet or band of connective tissue, or fibrous tissue, which
surrounds the organs, blood vessels, muscles, bones and nerves. It is
an uninterrupted web to maintain structure, provide support and act
as a shock absorber. The fascia is also the body’s second line of
defense against infection.
A tendon is another type of fibrous connective tissue. Its main
purpose is to connect the muscle to the bones. This connection allows
for the muscles and the tendons to work together to exert a force so
the body can move.
Allis forceps come in variety of shapes and sizes. There are even one-
piece and modular styles available. The shape, size and type of blade
depends on the nature of the medical procedure. Most Allis forceps are
made of high-grade steel that can withstand repeat sterilization
techniques for multiple uses.
Allis forceps come in sizes typically ranging from delicate, or just over
five inches (12.7 cm), to ten inches (25.4 cm). The size of the blades
and teeth can also vary. This variation in sizes allows the Allis forceps
to be used in a many different surgical procedures.
There are two types of forceps. Non-locking forceps can come with a
hinge at one end, similar to a pair or tweezers, or hinged in the
middle, similar to a pair of scissors. Locking forceps can be hinged in
the middle or close to the grasping end. These forceps are used when
the surface to be grasped needs to be locked into position.
Allis forceps are typically designed with serrated jaws or blades. These
non-traumatic teeth-like structures allow the tissue to be firmly held
without damage. It also allows for the tissue to be retracted, or moved.
Retraction of the fascia is often necessary when attempting surgical
procedures on the internal organs. It allows for an unobstructed view,
and permits clear access to the underlying structures.
Allis forceps give surgeons the freedom to access internal organs and
structures with minimal damage to the overlying tissues. These

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forceps can grasp, hold, move or lock at issue into a specific position
so the surgeon can concentrate on the area requiring the surgical
procedure. The locking and non-locking options give surgeons more
options and flexibility.
SPONGE Forceps
Sponge forceps, also known as sponge holding forceps, are used
for holding swabs or sponges in medical procedures. Normally, they are
constructed in a scissor shape, with ratcheted handles and looped, smooth or
serrated jaws. A sponge forceps may be curved or straight depending on its
specific purpose.
Typically, sponge holding forceps are seven to nine inches (about 18 to 23
centimeters) in length. The jaws themselves are normally rounded. Elongated
tips may be included for delicate operations. Medical sponge forceps allow
minor surgical operations to be performed without excessive trauma or
damage.
Many doctors prefer to use these forceps because they help minimize damage
during surgery. Sponge forceps enable a physician to hold and move tissue
very precisely and gently. They are also helpful in preventing trauma.
The most common medical area to utilize sponge forceps is gynecology. They
are often used in surgical female sterilization procedures, such as the insertion
of an intrauterine device. In such cases, curved forceps are generally
recommended. During an abortion, they may be used in holding the cervix
and uterus in place, as well as for cervical inspections and tissue removal
following the operation.
Non-surgical procedures can also require a sponge holding forceps. During an
examination, a doctor may use them to hold back the cervix or bladder. Sponge
forceps can be used as a clamp to stop bleeding, as well as a divider to
separate membranes that are stuck together. Vaginal tears and cervical

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examinations can also be aided by sponge forceps during a postpartum
checkup.
A medical process called a Vaginal Uterine Artery Ligation may also require
sponge forceps. This measure is used to help lower the risk
of hysterectomy following a birth. It also aids in preventing blood loss. Sponge
forceps can additionally be used in applying only grafts for
inguinal hernia repairs, as well as in removing polyps.
The use of sponge holding forceps is not limited to gynecology. They can also be
useful in holding cotton balls during colposcopy procedures. They may be used
to treat abrasions as tonsil wipes. Grasping gauzes, sponges, and other
sensitive materials is another of their many uses.
Surgeons can use these forceps during lung surgeries
such as bullectomies. Their blunt tips enable surgeons to
both hold and collapse the lungs, as well as to gently move
lung tissue in order to fully investigate the area. In such operations, they are
considered standard thoracic instruments.
Bayonet Forceps
Bayonet Forcep
Forceps are the medical version of a pair of tongs or tweezers — a long grasping
tool used to hold things when hands are either too big or too busy to do the
job. Bayonet forceps resemble tweezers and are primarily used in surgeries to
gently part or lift tissue. They may also be used to remove sterile wound
dressings. Forceps with bayonet blades are available in different styles and
sizes, and the price range varies depending on the materials and quality of the
tool.
All bayonet forceps are made with two slightly parted, elongated, blunt-edged
blades. The blades have a slight L-shaped bend at the top before they join into
a solid handle. Slight pressure at the top of the blades will pinch the two blades
together; releasing the pressure will allow the blades to fall back into their
natural, parted position. The handle of the forceps is often weighted to
counterbalance the weight of the blades.

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BANDAGE Scissor
Lister Bandage Scissor
Bandage scissors are often found in first aid kits and in a variety of
medical facilities. They are usually made of metal, typically stainless
steel, and they often have serrated blades and an angled tip that is
blunt at the edges. These scissors have numerous uses that can make
them valuable.
The three mains uses of bandage scissors are to trim bandages to
custom size, to cut through clothing or gauze, and to help remove
bandages that someone is wearing. For this last purpose, the angled
blades are extremely important, since they angle away from anything
beneath the cutting surface. They help keep the scissors away from
the skin so that injury doesn’t occur. The blunt tips also help, since
there is less likelihood of piercing the skin, as might occur if sharp
tipped scissors were used instead.
Numerous first aid needs may require people to cut rolls of gauze.
Gauze can be a little challenging to cut and the serrated blade of
bandage scissors is helpful. It grabs the fabric and keeps the scissors
in place for more even cutting without any slipping.

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Though bandages come in a variety of sizes, and first aid kits may
have several sizes available, they still may not be appropriate for the
size of an injury or an injury located in a difficult place to bandage. It’s
often necessary to trim band-aids or bandages to fit in odd locations,
and people with sensitive skin may have a tough time with adhesive
bandages. Trimming extra adhesive that is unnecessary to keep a
bandage in place can be a good use for bandage scissors.
People may wonder if it’s really necessary to have bandage scissors
when they have other scissors available, like manicuring scissors.
Certainly, in a pinch, sterilized manicuring scissors can be used in
place of medical scissors, but they won’t work as well since they lack
serration. Moreover, many manicuring scissors do have pointed tips
and great care must be taken if they’re use to remove bandages. Since
bandage scissors truly are designed for medical purposes, it really is
worth owing a pair, and keeping them in a nearby first aid kit. It’s
better to have a few pairs: one for the home, one for any emergency
kit, and one for a first aid kit in a car.
These scissors are usually not very expensive, and a set may be
included in a purchased first aid kit. Some care does need to be taken
once the scissors have been used. When either removing bandages or
trimming bandages or gauze, the scissors should be cleaned first
(when possible) to avoid infection. Dousing them in rubbing alcohol
helps provide quick cleaning, though they are considered clean but
not sterile when this method is used. If alcohol is unavailable, most
waterless hand wash types contain a high amount of alcohol and can
help clean off the scissors prior to use. Consider keeping some
waterless hand wash or some sealed medical cleaning wipes on hand
for emergency use to clean medical equipment or to clean cuts.

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PERCUSSION Hammers
Percussion hammers, also called mallets,
are used to strike various percussion instruments. The two basic
styles of percussion hammers are unwrapped and wrapped. Each of
the two styles comes in different varieties that are generally suited to
play particular instruments.
The unwrapped types of percussion hammers have heads made of
hard, often heavy, material and shafts made of either birch wood or
rattan. Most commonly, the head is made of brass, rubber, or nylon. It
can also be made of wood or acrylic. A rattan shaft is more flexible
than a birch shaft, and the preference for either usually depends upon
the musician’s playing style. For instance, if a musician generally uses
four mallets when playing, he or she might prefer a more flexible
handle and will therefore choose a mallet with a rattan shaft.
Typically, musicians use unwrapped percussion hammers when they
want a sharper contact sound on their instrument. The contact sound
is the actual sound of the mallet striking the instrument. Heavier
mallets heads, such as brass or rubber, will produce a more distinct
contact sound, whereas the lighter materials such as nylon or wood
will do the opposite. These hammers are ideally suited for instruments
such as the xylophone or the orchestra bells, which are designed to
have clear, crisp tones.

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Wrapped percussion hammers are designed to elicit a softer, more
muted sound. These mallets also have shafts commonly made of
rattan or birch wood but have heads that are entwined in soft,
cushioned material. Most often, the head itself is made of a soft
rubber or a plastic and fiberglass blend called kelon. The head is then
typically covered in yarn or cord, yarn being the softer of the two
choices.
The spongy covering of the
wrapped percussion hammers dulls the contact sound, an effect that
musicians might desire for instruments such as the vibraphone, the
marimba, and the steel drum. The wrapped hammers that have heads
made of covered rubber tend to be heavier than the kelon types.
Unlike the unwrapped version, however, the extra weight will not
increase the contact sound but will instead result in greater volume.
Another type of percussion hammer not as commonly recognized as
the wrapped and unwrapped mallets is the percussion chime hammer.
As its name suggests, this accessory is designed specifically to sound

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chimes. Its head generally made of hard rubber or resin, very much
resembles a typical mallet used for construction purposes. The shaft is
typically made of wood, although some have handles made of heavy
plastic or aluminum. It comes in varying sizes designed to strike
chimes of different sizes and thicknesses.
Drumsticks, because of their design, don’t technically fall into the
mallet family even though they are intended to
play percussion instruments such as drums and cymbals. Some
musicians, however, still classify them as percussion hammers, and
consequently, they bear mentioning. Generally, drumsticks are made
of hard, fairly inflexible wood such as hickory or oak. Unlike
other percussion hammers, the tip is actually part of the shaft,
narrowed to a point. It is sometimes covered in a thin sheet of plastic
or acrylic to give it a softer strike that is not so punishing to the
drumhead.

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DILATORS
A dilator is an instrument which is designed
to widen an opening in the body. There are a number of different
settings in which dilators may be used, ranging from surgeries to the
treatment of gynecological conditions. Dilators are classically sold
through medical supply companies, and they come in a range of sizes
and designs for different applications.
In surgery, dilators are sometimes used to enlarge openings to gain
access. Cervical dilators, for example, are placed in the cervix to
encourage it to expand for the purpose of accessing the uterus.
Dilators are also used to widen the ureter, esophagus, and various
blood vessels for different types of procedures. In this case, the dilator
is used temporarily during the surgery, to prep a site for surgery, or to
hold an opening so that a permanent device such as a stent can be
inserted.

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Balloon catheters are commonly used as dilators, because they can be
inserted in a deflated state and gently inflated to the desired level.
Dilation can also be accomplished with specialty tubing and surgical
instruments. The method used depends on the preferences of the
doctor, and the situation in which the dilator is being used. In all
cases, the goal is to avoid causing damage to the area involved with
the dilator while still getting clear access to complete a procedure.
The term “dilators” is often assumed to mean “vaginal dilators.”
Vaginal dilators are medical instruments which are used to address
various gynecological conditions. They can be used to enlarge the
vagina, as may be done after reconstructive surgery in which a vagina
is made, because the opening created by the surgery may not be large
enough. They can also be used by patients who are attempting to
manage veganism’s, narrow vaginal openings, and similar
gynecological problems. These devices are prescribed by a
gynecologist, after an examination of the vagina and a discussion with
the patient about the goals of treatment.
In the case of vaginal dilators, the dilators are designed to be used at
home as part of a home care regimen. They come in a series of
graduated sizes, with the patient gradually working up to the largest
dilator. Typically, the dilators are lubricated, inserted, and held in
place to encourage the tissue to stretch. It can take months of regular
dilation sessions to achieve the desired goal of dilation, and the
process requires a great deal of patience.

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ALLIS Tissue Forceps
Allis Tissue Forceps
Forceps are hinged, handheld medical instruments used to grasp or
hold objects. Using the principle of levers, forceps can seize an object
and apply pressure. Allis forceps have inward-curving blades and a
ratcheted handle. This design makes it ideal to grab fascia and
tendons.
Fascia is a sheet or band of connective tissue, or fibrous tissue, which
surrounds the organs, blood vessels, muscles, bones and nerves. It is
an uninterrupted web to maintain structure, provide support and act

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as a shock absorber. The fascia is also the body’s second line of
defense against infection.
A tendon is another type of fibrous connective tissue. Its main
purpose is to connect the muscle to the bones. This connection allows
for the muscles and the tendons to work together to exert a force so
the body can move.
Allis forceps come in variety of shapes and sizes. There are even one-
piece and modular styles available. The shape, size and type of blade
depends on the nature of the medical procedure. Most Allis forceps are
made of high-grade steel that can withstand repeat sterilization
techniques for multiple uses.
Allis forceps come in sizes typically ranging from delicate, or just over
five inches (12.7 cm), to ten inches (25.4 cm). The size of the blades
and teeth can also vary. This variation in sizes allows the Allis forceps
to be used in a many different surgical procedures.
There are two types of forceps. Non-locking forceps can come with a
hinge at one end, similar to a pair or tweezers, or hinged in the
middle, similar to a pair of scissors. Locking forceps can be hinged in
the middle or close to the grasping end. These forceps are used when
the surface to be grasped needs to be locked into position.
Allis forceps are typically designed with serrated jaws or blades. These
non-traumatic teeth-like structures allow the tissue to be firmly held
without damage. It also allows for the tissueto be retracted, or moved.
Retraction of the fascia is often necessary when attempting surgical
procedures on the internal organs. It allows for an unobstructed view,
and permits clear access to the underlying structures.
Allis forceps give surgeons the freedom to access internal organs and
structures with minimal damage to the overlying tissues. These
forceps can grasp, hold, move or lock atissue into a specific position
so the surgeon can concentrate on the area requiring the surgical
procedure. The locking and non-locking options give surgeons more
options and flexibility.

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SPONGE Forceps
Sponge forceps, also known as sponge
holding forceps, are used for holding swabs or sponges in medical
procedures. Normally, they are constructed in a scissor shape, with
ratcheted handles and looped, smooth or serrated jaws. A sponge
forceps may be curved or straight depending on its specific purpose.
Typically, sponge holding forceps are seven to nine inches (about 18
to 23 centimeters) in length. The jaws themselves are normally
rounded. Elongated tips may be included for delicate operations.
Medical sponge forceps allow minor surgical operations to be
performed without excessive trauma or damage.
Many doctors prefer to use these forceps because they help
minimize damage during surgery. Sponge forceps enable a

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physician to hold and move tissue very precisely and gently. They
are also helpful in preventing trauma.
The most common medical area to utilize sponge forceps is
gynecology. They are often used in surgical female sterilization
procedures, such as the insertion of an intrauterine device. In such
cases, curved forceps are generally recommended. During an
abortion, they may be used in holding the cervix and uterus in
place, as well as for cervical inspections and tissue removal
following the operation.
Non-surgical procedures can also require a sponge holding forceps.
During an examination, a doctor may use them to hold back the
cervix or bladder. Sponge forceps can be used as a clamp to stop
bleeding, as well as a divider to separate membranes that are stuck
together. Vaginal tears and cervical examinations can also be aided
by sponge forceps during a postpartum checkup.
A medical process called a Vaginal Uterine Artery Ligation may also
require sponge forceps. This measure is used to help lower the risk
of hysterectomy following a birth. It also aids in preventing blood
loss. Sponge forceps can additionally be used in applying onlay
grafts for inguinal hernia repairs, as well as in removing polyps.
The use of sponge holding forceps is not limited to gynecology. They
can also be useful in holding cotton balls during colposcopy
procedures. They may be used to treat abrasions as tonsil wipes.
Grasping gauzes, sponges, and other sensitive materials is another
of their many uses.
Surgeons can use these forceps during lung
surgeries such as bullectomies. Their blunt tips
enable surgeons to both hold and collapse the
lungs, as well as to gently move lung tissue in order to fully
investigate the area. In such operations, they are considered
standard thoracic instruments.
Bayonet Forceps

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Bayonet Forcep
Forceps are the medical version of a pair of tongs or tweezers — a
long grasping tool used to hold things when hands are either too big
or too busy to do the job. Bayonet forceps resemble tweezers and
are primarily used in surgeries to gently part or lift tissue. They
may also be used to remove sterile wound dressings. Forceps with
bayonet blades are available in different styles and sizes, and the
price range varies depending on the materials and quality of the
tool.
All bayonet forceps are made with two slightly parted, elongated,
blunt-edged blades. The blades have a slight L-shaped bend at the
top before they join into a solid handle. Slight pressure at the top of
the blades will pinch the two blades together; releasing the pressure
will allow the blades to fall back into their natural, parted position.
The handle of the forceps is often weighted to counterbalance the
weight of the blades.

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Scalpel
A scalpel is a thin, small, very sharp knife. Scalpels are famously
used in surgery, but there are also versions for crafts. Medical
supply companies sell surgical scalpels, although some restrict
their sale to physicians only, while craft scalpels can be obtained in
any good craft store. This icon of the surgical trade is a
tremendously useful tool inside and outside the operating room,
and a basic craft scalpel can be a very handy thing to keep around
the house for various projects.
There are two parts to the scalpel: a handle and a blade. The handle
is reusable, and in the case of a surgical scalpel, designed to
undergo sterilization. The blade, which can be removed, is
disposable. With a surgical scalpel, the blade is changed between
patients, both to reduce the risk of transmitting disease, and to
ensure that the blade is as sharp as possible for each new patient.
With craft scalpels, the blade is replaced when it starts to dull and
become less effective.

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Needle Holder
A medical needle holder is a hand-
held instrument used by a surgeon when suturing wounds closed.
This piece of surgical equipment is used to pass
the suture needle through the tissue of the wound being stitched. It
is a reusable surgical instrument that can be sterilized many times
prior to being used on a new patient.
Many needle holders have a handle that is similar to a scissor
or forceps handle. Two loops form the top of the instrument. The
thumb is inserted into one side, and the forefinger is inserted into
the other side. A clamp opens when the fingers spread apart, and
closes as the fingers move closer together.
Some needle holders have a groove etched into the jaws of the
clamp. This ensures the needle is correctly oriented at all times. The
unusual handle on this particular needle holder is held in the palm

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of the hand, and gripping the handle tighter causes the jaws to
clamp down on the needle.
Another version of the needle holder features a spring within the
device that adds tension to the jaws of the clamp. The spring
enables many different size needles to be used with a single holder.
This type of needle holder may be used to maneuver suture thread
as well as the suture needle.
Surgical Suture Needles
A suture needle is a needle used in
medical procedures. It is similar to a sewing needle, although it is
much stronger, sterile, and designed specifically to pierce through
flesh. There are many types of suture needles, but most share some
common characteristics. The type of needle that a doctor uses is
determined by the procedure that the patient is having.
All suture needles are strong and extremely sharp. They are made
from tempered surgical steel to ensure strength and durability, as
well as to resist corrosion. Many suture needlesare steel gray in
color, but they can be black to help prevent glare
during surgical procedures. The diameter of the needle varies in size
depending on the area in which it will be used and the kind of
tissue it will be repairing. This type of needle also has two distinct
ends.

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One end of the needle is drilled with an eye. This is the area that
holds the suture thread during a procedure. The eye portion of the
needle is required to be smooth and free of any ridges. Smoothness
ensures that the surgical thread slides easily through the needle. A
smooth eye also prevents tissue tearing and thread breakage during
an operation.
The largest area of a suture needle, or body, may be serrated,
meaning that it has small, sharp projections. Serration allows the
needle to easily slide through the tissue. It also allows the doctor to
have a firmer, more powerful grip on the needle. Some
suture needles are covered with a silicon substance for an even
smoother entrance capability; however, this is a relatively new
process.
The end opposite of the eye on a suture needle is extremely sharp,
but its point style may vary. The type of surgery in which the needle
will be used determines what kind of point it must have. Suture
needle points may fall into three categories: penetrating needles,
cutting needles and blunt needles.
The tapered suture needle is a penetrating needle that has an
extremely sharp tapered point and easily cuts through tissue. The
conventional suture needle has three sharp sides and is mostly
used to repair torn tissue; it is also a penetrating needle. The
reverse cutting suture needle and the tapered cutting suture needle
are designed to penetrate deep wounds located in thick fleshy
areas, while the blunt needle is used to remove and dissect tissue.
Thumb Forceps
Thumb forceps, commonly called tweezers, are one of several types
of forceps used in surgery. They are mostly used to pick small
objects and hold sensitive tissue. Thumb forcepsare used by
holding them between the fingers and squeezing them, which then

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closes the serrated tip. Most forceps that are used in surgery are
made of either stainless steel or disposable plastic.
They are often used to pick up objects where using the fingers
would not be ideal for the job. This can be because the object is too
small for the fingers to hold, the object is in an area where the
fingers would not fit, or the object needs more precision during
handling.
During surgery, thumb forceps are usually used to move or hold
tissue. Since forceps enable doctors to hold tissue without direct
contact, they can help prevent infection and minimize tissue
damage.
There are two types of thumb forceps used to prevent infection.
First are stainless steel forceps, which are made of stainless or
high-grade carbon steel. Stainless steel forceps are designed to
withstand high temperatures from constant sterilization. Second
are disposable forceps. Normally made of plastic to cut costs,
disposable forceps are used when the contamination cannot be
removed by regular sterilization.
To minimize tissue damage, thumb forceps usually have specialized
tips. A serrated or "mouse teeth" tip does less tissue damage
because the serration enables the use of less pressure to grasp the
tissue. Smooth and cross-hatched tips are used primarily to remove
dressings and sutures. By using forceps, the doctor is able to
handle dressings and sutures easier while preventing potential
contamination from and to the patient.

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Unlike locking forceps such as Kelly and haemostatic
forceps, thumb forceps belong to the non-locking type. Non-locking
types can only be used for holding and picking things because they
lack the locking mechanism used to hold the forceps in position.
During surgery, several types of forceps are utilized for different
purposes. Locking forceps are used to control blood flow by acting
as a clamp to close off the veins; they also keep tissue in place,
thereby enabling the doctor to free his or her hands.
Non-locking forceps are used to move tissue around and get a hold
of hard-to-reach objects, such as when dental forceps are used to
remove molars. Thumb forceps have serrations on their grip to
prevent slippage. This is another distinguishable characteristic from
locking forceps, which are held like scissors and provide more
stability.
Surgical Scissors
Surgical scissorsaresurgical instrumentsusually used for cutting. They
includebandage scissors, dissecting scissors, iris scissors,
operating scissors, stitch scissors,tenotomy scissors,metzenbaum
scissors, and plastic surgery scissors. Surgical scissors are usually
made of very hardstainless steelfor ongoing toughness. Some
scissors havetungsten carbidereinforcements along their cutting
edges. The hardnessof this material allows the manufacturers to
create sharper edges, which allows for easier and smoother cuts
and keeps the scissors sharp for longer.

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There are two types of scissors used in surgeries.
 Ring scissors look much like standard utility scissors with two
finger loops.
 Spring scissors are small scissors used mostly in eye
surgery or microsurgery. The handles end in flat springs
connected with a pivot joint. The cutting action is achieved by
pressing the handles together. As the pressure is released, the
spring action opens the jaws.
Scissors are available in various configurations like
 Blunt/blunt blades
 Blunt/sharp blades
 Sharp/sharp blades

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Forceps
Forceps or forcipes are a handheld, hinged instrument used for
grasping and holding objects. Forceps are used when fingers are too
large to grasp small objects or when many objects need to be held
at one time while the hands are used to perform a task. The term
'forceps' is used almost exclusively within the medical field. Outside
medicine, people usually refer to forceps as tweezers, tongs, pliers,
clips or clamps.
'Forceps' can be used as both the singular and plural form of the
word. (Example: "I need a forceps.") Also, it is not referred to as a
"pair" as one refers to a "pair of scissors". Etymologically, the word
derives from the Latin forca, meaning a snare or trap.
Mechanically, forceps employ the principle of the lever to grasp and
apply pressure.

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Surgical forceps are commonly made of high-grade carbon steel,
which ensures they can withstand repeated sterilization in high-
temperature autoclaves. Lower quality steel is used in forceps made
for other uses. Some forceps, intended to be used once and then
discarded, are made of plastic.
There are two basic types of forceps: non-locking (often called
'thumb forceps' or 'pick-ups') and locking, though these two types
come in dozens of specialized forms for various uses. Non-locking
forceps also come in two basic forms, hinged at one end, away from
the grasping end (colloquially such forceps are called tweezers,
though a medical professional would not likely refer to them as
such) and hinged in the middle, rather like scissors (though, unlike
scissors, forceps are tipped with flat, grasping surfaces rather than
interposing blades). Locking forceps are almost always hinged in the
middle, though some forms place the hinge very close to the
grasping end. Locking forceps use various means to lock the
grasping surfaces in a closed position to facilitate manipulation or
to independently clamp, grasp or hold an object.

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