This presentation gives a general overview of Libya's history and summarizes Libyan security crisis till November 2014.

1. Libya: Security Crisis
Mohamed Hmouma

2. Location of Libya

3. General Background
- Capital – Tripoli
- Population 6.5 million
- Libya is about the size of Alaska
- 97 percent is Muslim
- Oil discovered in 1950
- Ranked 17 in the world for oil production
- Contains 9th largest oil reserves in the world
- Classified as upper-middle income by WB

4. History of Libya
- Ruled by Romans .... - 1551
- Ottomans 1551 – 1911
- Italians 1911 – 1947 (Italian Libya)
- France and Britain 1943 – 1951
- Independence 1951
- Kingdom 1951 – 1969
- Gaddafi’s rule 1969 – 2011 (Arab Spring)
- Transitional Governments 2011 - ongoing

5. Gaddafi’s Libya
- Dictatorship
- Censorship, absence of political parties
- No constitution
- Poor human rights record
- State sponsored terrorism and separatist
movements around the world.
- Attempts to develop WMD
- 2003 abandon WMD – sanctions removed

6. Gaddafi’s Libya and the
International Community
- Gaddafi was anti-Western, broke off relations
with Britain and the U.S.
- Libya-Chad war 1978-1987
- By the 1980s, the U.S. was accusing Libya of
officially supporting terrorism.
- Bombing of Discotheque in Berlin in 1986
- In response, the U.S. bombed Libya in 1986.

7. Gaddafi’s Libya and the
International Community
- Bombing of Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie
in 1988
- Bombing of UTA Flight 772 over Niger in
1989
- UN placed sanctions and a trade embargo
on Libya.
- In 1999 Gaddafi handed over the 2 suspects
and in 2002 agreed to pay money to
Lockerbie victims.

8. Libyan Revolution 2011

9. Libyan Revolution 2011

10. Libya after Gaddafi - NTC
- NTC declared liberation in October 2011.
- Restored basic services – electricity, gas,
diesel, water, internet and telephones.
- Spread of weapons.
- Few clashes still occur between pro- and
anti-Gaddafi militias
- Handed over power to GNC through
elections in July 2012.

11. Libya after Gaddafi
Spread of Weapons

12. Libya after Gaddafi - GNC
- Assassinations in Benghazi and Derna
- Shelling U.S. Consulate in Benghazi
- Separation movements in Eastern part
- Oil blockade in the East
- Elections for Writing Constitution Committee
- Dispute over power – Islamists camp vs.
secular camp
- Regional intervention

13. Two Governments
Parliament held in Tobruk backed by:

14. Two Governments
Former Parliament, GNC, in Tripoli backed by:

15. Recent Developments

16. 1166
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