8. Determination of Race.
The cranium is the only reliable bone and, even then, can only tell
general category as below:
• Mongoloid:
wider cheekbones, square shaped skull, rounded apertures, concave
incisors,
width between eyes greatest
• Negro:
Narrow elongated skull, squared orbit, rounded nasal aperture, more
prominent ridges, wider nasal opening
• Caucasian:
Rounded skull, elongated nasal aperture, triangular palate.
10. Height index.
•
•
•
•
•
Height of skull / length of skull x 100.
Europeans – 71.
Negros – 72.
Mongoloid – 75.
Height is measured from the tip of the
mastoid process to bregma.
• Length – glabella to occipital protuberance.
11. Nasal index.
• Breadth of the nasal aperture/length of the
nasal aperture x 100.
• European – 46.
• Mongoloid – 50.
• Negros – 55.
12. • RACE DE E INAT
T RM
ION F
ROM T
OOT .
H
- Civilized societies > 1st molar largest and 3rd molar
smallest.
- Primitive societies > reverse is true
- Mongolians may have three cusps in 1st premolars and
lower molars have three roots.
- Enamel pearls- Mongols.
- Carbelli’s cusps-whites.
- Taurodentism (bull tooth) tooth fused and bentmongoloids
- Shovel shaped upper central incisors in Mongols.
=congenital lack of third molar- mongoloids.
13. ADULT SEX CAN BE DETERMINED FROM SKELETON.
ACCORDING TO KROGMAN ACCURACY IN SEXING ADULT
SKELETAL REMAINS IS:-
•ENTIRE SKELETON
100%
•PEVIS + SKULL
98%
•PELVIS ALONE
95%
•SKULL ALONE
90%
•LONG BONES ALONE
80%
14. Determination of Sex
2. Cranium second best
• Crests and ridges more
pronounced in males (A, B, C)
• Chin significantly more square
in males (E)
• Jaw (I, E), mastoid process
wide and robust in males
• Forehead slopes more in
males (F)
15. • Males tend to have a more prominent brow ridge and slanting of
the frontal bone (forehead).
• A squared chin.
• Females tend to have a slightly more rounded jaw with a pointed
chin.
• The female brow ridge tends to be smoother and the frontal bone
is rounded.
•In males, the occipital protuberance is sometimes --but not
always-- more pronounced.
19. SKULL
MASTOID
PROCESS
MEDIUM TO
SMALL TO
LARGE,ROUND,BLUNT MEDIUM,SMOOTH,
POINTED
BASE
SITES OF MUSCULAR
IMPRESSIONS
MARKED
LESS MARKED
OCCIPITAL
CONDYLE
LARGE
SMALL
PALATE
LARGE,BROAD,
U-SHAPED
SMALL,PARABOLA
FORAMEN
MAGNUM
LARGER & LONGER
SMALLER & ROUNDED
TEETH
LARGER
SMALLER
20. MANDIBLE
GENERAL
SIZE
LARGER & THICKER
SMALLER &
THINNER
CHIN
SQUARE
ROUNDED
BODY HEIGHT
GREATER AT
SYMPHISIS
SMALLER AT
SYMPHYSIS
ASCENDING
RAMUS
GREATER BREADTH SMALLER BREADTH
ANGLE OF
BODY &
RAMUS
LESS OBTUSE(<125) MORE OBTUSE
CONDYLES
LARGER
SMALLER
MENTAL
TUBERCLES
LARGE &
PROMINENT
INSIGNIFICANT
21. Chin more square in males, teeth larger in
males
Chin rounded in females;
22. MANDIBLE.
AGE:
TRAIT
INFANCY
(1) BODY
SHALLOW
(2) RAMUS
SHORT AND OBLIQUE
FORMS OBTUSE ANGLE
(175°) WITH BODY .
ADULT
THICK AND LONG
LESS OBTUSE ANGLE
(ALMOST STRAIGHT,
OLD AGE
SHALLOW
OBTUSE ANGLE (140°)
WITH THE BODY.
110° to 120°)
WITH THE BODY.
(3) MENTAL
FORAMEN
OPENS NEAR LOWER
OPENS MIDWAY
OPENS NEAR ALVEOLAR
MARGIN.
BETWEEN UPPER &
MARGINS.
LOWER MARGINS.
(4) CONDYLOID AT A LOWER LEVEL
PROCESS
THAN CORONOID
PROCESS.
ELONGATED &
PROJECTS ABOVE
CORONOID PROCESS.
AT A LOWER LEVEL THAN
CORONOID PROCESS.
24. Determination of Age from Bones
• Ages 0-5: teeth are best – forensic
odontology.
FONTANALLES:
• Lat & occip, fontanalles - closes within 2
months.
• Post. Fontanalles - closes 6-8 months.
• Ant. Fontanalles – closes 18 – 24 months.
25. SUTURES.
• Mandible unites – 2nd year.
• Metopic suture at 3rd year.
• Condylar part of the occip. Bone fuses with squama
on 3rd year and with basi-occiput on 5th year.
• 25 yrs – sutures fuse in the inner side.
• 30-40 yrs – post. Half of sagital suture.
• 40-50 yrs – Ant. Half of sagital suture & lower half
of coronal suture fuses.
• 50-60 yrs – Middle half of sagital suture & lower
half of coronal suture fuses.
• 60 yrs – Sq.temporal fuses with other bones.
26. • Height of the skull = 1/8th of the stature.
• Tooth eruptions and secondary changes in
teeth.
27. INJURIES.
FRACTURES:
• Linear fractures.
• Diastatic fractures.
• Comminuted fractures.
• Fracture-a-la signature.
• Pond/indented fracture.
• Gutter fracture.
• Hinge fracture.
• Ring fracture.
• Countre-coup fracture.
28.
29. Puppe’s rule..
• When there are more than two fracture lines
“the coarse of the later fracture is always
interrupted by the ‘pre-existing’ fracture line”.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35. Bewelling of skull..
• Is a funnel shaped wound with the funnel
opening out along the direction of the missile.
• It occurs due to the larger UNSUPPORTED
layer of bone, which gets punched out.
39. Forensic Odontology
• Identification of bite marks on victims
• Comparison of bite marks with teeth of a
suspect
• Identification of unknown bodies through
dental
records
• Age estimations of skeletal remains
• Victim identification through DNA analysis
40. Forensic Odontology – Age Determination
Neonatal Line – allows forensic
odontologists to determine if a
child was alive at birth
• Gustafson’s Method.
41. Facial Reconstruction.
1. Obtain skull
• Determine demographic
information
(female, Caucasian, early 40s)
• Note unique features
(had lost all back teeth on upper
and lower jaw)
• Anything known about this
individual?
2. Add tissue depth markers
• Based on largely on sex and race
3. Begin to add common fat deposits and
underlying muscles
42. Facial Reconstruction
4. Add muscle to average
depth for race
5. Add skin, nose, ears
6. Add features related to age and
race (wrinkles, eye and hair color)
7. Add clothing etc appropriate for the time
period, religious affiliations, etc
55. Casts.
• Study cast made.
• Stable dental impression material.(poly
vinyl siloxane).
• Impression of suspects mouth is made.
• Mellot’s metal, is poured.
• Contact print is made.
• Tone line photography is obtained.
56. OTHERS…
•
•
•
•
•
Dating of skull remains.
Serological examinations.
Skull suture patterns and vascular markings.
Palatal pattern prints for identification.
Poisoning detection.
