The document discusses topics related to the universe, including: - The universe is approximately 13.7 billion years old and includes planets, stars, galaxies, and all matter and energy. - The solar system contains 8 planets that orbit the sun, as well as Pluto which is classified as a dwarf planet. - Stars vary greatly in size, temperature, composition, and lifespan depending on their mass, with more massive stars having shorter lifespans. The sun is the closest star to Earth.

1. III. BEYOND
GROUP 1

2. TOPICS
• The Universe
• Solar System
• The Earth
• Oceans of the World
• Geographical Comparison
• The Plates
• The globes and the maps
• Map Projection

3. GROUP 1: Members
• Kathrina Trañas
• Darlyn Therese Yap
• Carissa Jaica Montes
• Maria Kristina Ramos
• Janine Japone
• Kem Danica Rivera
• Rona Medes
• Fatima Contreras
• Eunice Claire Villaruel
• Gemma Butardo
• Rhodora Morales
• Akmilla Sangkaan

4. THE UNIVERSE
Kathrina T. Trañas
BEED III-C

5. The Universe
-defined as the totality of existence
-includes
the planets, stars, galaxies, the contents
of intergalactic space, and all
matter and energy.
-similar terms include the cosmos,
the world and nature.

6. AGE
• 13.7 billion years old, give or take 130
million years. In comparison, the solar
system is only about 4.6 billion years old.
• This estimate came from measuring the
composition of matter and energy density
in the universe.
The Universe

7. CONTENT
• Until about 30 years ago,
astronomers thought that the universe
was composed almost entirely of
ordinary atoms, or "baryonic matter."
The Universe

8. SHAPE
• whether or not it is finite or infinite
in extent depends on the struggle
between the rate of its expansion and
the pull of gravity.
The Universe

9. PLANETS
• The eight planets that orbit the sun
are (in order from the
sun): Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Ju
piter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
• Another large body is Pluto, now
classified as a dwarf planet or
plutoid.
The Universe

10. The Universe
PLANETS

11. • "My Very Excellent Mother Just Sent Us
Nine Pizzas" and "My Very Easy Method
Just Simplifies Us Naming Planets"
The Universe
PLANETS

12. • The largest planet is Jupiter. It is
followed by Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars,
Mercury, and finally, tiny Pluto (the
largest of the dwarf planets). Jupiter
is so big that all the other planets
could fit inside it.
The Universe
PLANETS

13. The Inner Planets vs. the Outer
Planets
• The inner planets (those planets that
orbit close to the sun) are quite
different from the outer planets
(those planets that orbit far from the
sun).
The Universe

14. The Universe
The Inner Planets vs. the Outer
Planets
• The inner planets are: Mercury,
Venus, Earth, and Mars. They are
relatively small, composed mostly of
rock, and have few or no moons.

15. • The outer planets include: Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto (a
dwarf planet). They are mostly huge,
mostly gaseous, ringed, and have many
moons (again, the exception is Pluto,
the dwarf planet, which is small, rocky,
and has four moons).
The Universe
The Inner Planets vs. the Outer
Planets

16. Temperatures on the Planets
• Generally, the farther from the Sun,
the cooler the planet. Differences
occur when the greenhouse effect
warms a planet (like Venus)
surrounded by a thick atmosphere.
The Universe

18. STARS
• Sun is
the
nearest
star
to Earth.
The Universe

19. STARS
AGE
• Most stars are between 1 billion and
10 billion years old.
• Some stars may even be close to 13.8
billion years old—the observed age
of the universe. The oldest star yet
discovered, HE 1523-0901, is an
estimated 13.2 billion years old.
The Universe

20. • The more massive the star, the shorter
its lifespan, primarily because
massive stars have greater pressure
on their cores, causing them to burn
hydrogen more rapidly.
STARS
The Universe

21. • The most massive stars last an
average of a few million years, while
stars of minimum mass (red dwarfs)
burn their fuel very slowly and last
tens to hundreds of billions of years.
STARS
The Universe

22. MASS
• Eta Carinae - One of the most
massive stars.
- with 100–150 times as
much mass as the Sun, will have a
lifespan of only several million years.
STARS
The Universe

23. • A study of the Arches cluster suggests that
150 solar masses is the upper limit for stars
in the current era of the universe.
• The reason for this limit is not precisely
known, but it is partially due to
the Eddington luminosity which defines the
maximum amount of luminosity that can
pass through the atmosphere of a star
without ejecting the gases into space.
STARS
The Universe

24. • a star
named R136a1 in the
Large Magellanic
Cloud, RMC 136a
star cluster has been
measured at 265 solar
masses, which puts
this limit into
question.
STARS
The Universe

25. • A study determined that stars larger
than 150 solar masses in R136 were
created through the collision and
merger of massive stars in close binary
systems, providing a way to sidestep the
150 solar mass limit.
STARS
The Universe

26. STARS
The Universe

27. STARS
The Universe

28. STARS
The Universe

29. STARS
The Universe

30. End of presentation
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