An internal combustion engine works by burning fuel inside cylinders, which causes pistons to move and turn a crankshaft. There are two main types: diesel and gasoline engines. Diesel engines are more efficient but heavier, while gasoline engines are lighter but less efficient. Two-stroke engines complete the intake, compression, combustion and exhaust cycles in two piston strokes, while four-stroke engines separate these cycles over four strokes. Hybrid engines combine an internal combustion engine with an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency. Electrical engines use electricity from batteries to power a motor that directly turns the wheels.

1. Basic of Internal combustion engine
LDC INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL STDIES, SORAON PRAYAGRAJ
BY
Dr. Mrinal Kanti Manik
Director
LDC Institute of Technical studies
Soraon, Allahabad, India
mrinalmanik64@gmail.com

2. Internal combustion engine
An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine in which
engine combustion/burning of fuel takes place inside of
combustion chamber/cylinder.

4. Working Procedure of IC Engine
The engine consists of a fixed cylinder and a moving piston.
Initially charged(Mixture of air & fuel)in petrol engine/only air(In
diesel engine) entered inside the cylinder in the suction stroke.
In the compression stroke charged/air is compressed within the
clearance volume.
Highly compressed charged is ignited with the help of spark plug in
SI(compressed air ignite when diesel sprayed over it by the fuel
injector in CI) engine.
The heated gas expands after combustion and pushes the piston
revealed as power stroke, which in turn rotates the crankshaft.
Rotation of the crank shaft is transmitted for rotating the wheel
through clutch plate, gearbox and through transmission system.

5. Two-stroke engine
There are four operations in cyclic engine: These are intake/suction
, Compression, Combustion/Power and exhaust .
In a two-stroke engine the compression, combustion stroke stake
place simultaneously.
The intake and exhaust (or scavenging) functions occurring at the same
time.

6. Working of Two stroke engine takes place two(2) times
travel of Piston From TDC to BDC and all four operations
Such as Suction, Compression, Combustion/Power and
Exhaust takes place on two travel of piston
TWO STROKE ENGINE

8. FOUR STROKE ENGINE
In a four-stroke engine the Suction, Compression,
Combustion/Power and Exhaust takes place very distinctly.

9. Working of Four stroke engine takes place four(4) times
travel of Piston From TDC to BDC and all four operations Such
as Suction, Compression, Combustion/Power and Exhaust
takes place on two travel of piston

11. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
COMPRESSION VERSUS SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES
Advantage of Diesel engine(CI)
 Diesel engines are more
efficient(40%) than
gasoline/petrol engines of
the same power.
 High thermal efficiency
 This is heavier Engine
 Low daily maintenance
 Low running cost per
kilometer basis
• Advantage of Petrol engine(SI)
• Petrol engines are less efficient
than diesel engines of the same
power
• Low thermal efficiency
• It is light in weight
• Low maintenance cost in long
run
• Easy starting of the engine
• Low perches cost

12. Scavenging
The process of simultaneously removal of exhaust gas and filling the
cylinder with fresh charge for a new cycle is referred to as scavenging.
Three main scavenging methods are:
Cross scavenging,
Loop scavenging
 Inflow scavenging.
The gas exchange process in two-stroke engines can be characterized
with a number of parameters including delivery ratio, scavenge ratio,
scavenge efficiency, purity of charge and trapping efficiency.

14. ELECTRICALY DRIVEN ENGINE
In electrical engine motor drive
the rotation of wheel in place of
Crank shaft
NEW GENERATION/FUTURE ENGINE
Very simple
engine

15. ELECTRICAL ENGINE
Charghing point
Major components of Electrical Engine
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs), use electricity stored in a
battery pack give power to an electric motor and the motor
turn the wheels

16. Hybrid electric vehicles
Hybrid electric vehicles are powered by an internal
combustion engine combined with an electric motor.
Which uses energy from batteries as well as from engine.
 A hybrid electric vehicle cannot be plugged in to charge
the battery.
 Instead, the battery is charged through regenerative
braking and by the internal combustion engine.

17. Image of Hybrid Engine and Components fitted in it

18. Basic of Internal combustion engine
LDC INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL STDIES, SORAON PRAYAGRAJ
BY
THANKS