Agriculture plays partial role in Economy of a country. When it comes to agriculture, tractor is a must thing. So, here in this ppt I have explained tractor insides, tractor technologies in short.

1. Tractor Training
Presentation by:
Yogita Suresh Sawant
SGP Team
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2. TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Sr.
No.
Title Page No.
1 ENGINE TECHNOLOGY 3
2 CLUTCH TECHNOLOGY 5
3 GEARBOX TECHNOLOGY 6
4 STEERING TECHNOLOGY 15
5 HYDRAULIC TECHNOLOGY 17
6 REDUCTION TECHNOLOGY 19
7 PTO TECHNOLOGY 21
8 BRAKE TECHNOLOGY 22
9 TYRE TECHNOLOGY 26
10 FRONT AXLE TECHNOLOGY 29
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3. ENGINE TECHNOLOGY
 Engine converts chemical energy to mechanical energy.
 AVL TECHNOLOGY: AVL stands for Anstalt Verbrennungskraftmaschinen List (Institute
of Internal Combustion Engine)
 AVL Engines consists of following characteristics:
a) Helical air intake system
b) Re-entrant combustion chamber
c) Ring carrier pistion with modified ring design
d) Special oil ring
e) Side drain in piston
f) Cross flow design cylinder head
g) Plateau Honing
h) Graphite coated piston
i) Big size inlet valve & outlet valve
j) High pressure fuel injection pump
k) High pressure P-type injectors
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4.  What is ADI engine?
Engine which consists all characteristics of AVL technology, are called as ADI engines.
ADI Engine = Full AVL Technology Engine
 What is DI engine?
DI Engine is a engine which consists of a combination of few characteristics of ADI
engine or AVL technology.
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5.  Classification –
 Based on operation –
a)Single clutch
b)Dual clutch
c)Double clutch
 Based on material –
a)Organic (Random woven)
b)Cerametallic
c)WET
 Spring used –
a)Coil spring
b)Diaphragm spring
 Friction plate diameter –
7 to 12 inch
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CLUTCH TECHNOLOGY

6. GEARBOX TECHNOLOGY
 The transmission system is used for transferring the rotational motion of the engine
to the shafts of the front and rear wheels, in a controlled manner.
 Also the purpose of a gearbox is to increase or reduce speed as per the
requirement. As a result, torque output will be the inverse of the speed function.
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7. Main components of Gearbox :
• Gear Box housing : The gear box housing is the outer casing, usually made of cast iron,
that houses the various shafts and gears inside. It also contains the gear box oil for
lubrication of the gears.
• Gear shafts : There are three types of shafts inside the gear box-
1)Input shaft (also called primary shaft or clutch shaft)
2)Counter shaft (also called lay shaft or auxiliary shaft)
3)Main shaft (also called secondary shaft or out shaft)
• Gears
• Bearings
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8. Classification of Gearbox
GEARBOX
Sliding Mesh
Gearbox
Constant Mesh
Gearbox
Synchromesh
Gearbox
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9. Sliding Mesh Gearbox Constant Mesh Gearbox
Synchromesh Gearbox
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10. Gear Shift Patterns
Pattern 1 Pattern 2
Gear shift patterns are different for different models/manufacturer, but the patterns are fixed
mainly according to which implement is used, HP required or used.
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11. 8+2 gearbox :
When we select low range:
4 Forward + 1 Reverse speed
Similarly, when High range is selected:
4 Forward + 1 Reverse speed
Totally,
8 Forward speed
2 Reverse speed
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12. New FT6055 T20 Gear System
(16 Forward and 4 Reverse)
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13. For 16+4 speed gearbox, Splitter is introduced, its gear shift pattern is shown below :
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14. 24 Speed Gearbox: (12 Forward + 12 Reverse)
Forward:
H - 4, M - 4, H – 4
Total 12 speeds
Reverse:
H - 4, M - 4, H – 4
Total 12 speeds
12 Forward & 12 Reverse
speeds
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15. Steering technology
 The steering system is required to control the direction of motion of the vehicle (tractor in
our case). This is done through a series of links used to convert the rotation of the
steering wheel into change of angle of the axis of the steering wheels.
 Another function of the steering system is to provide directional stability. The motion of
the vehicle being steered needs to become straight ahead when the force on the steering
wheel is removed.
 The design of the steering system should be such that it should cause minimum wear of
the tyres of the wheels.
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16. Classification of Steering Technology :
Steering Technology
Mechanical Steering Power Steering
SDA
(Single Drop Arm)
DDA
(Double Drop Arm)
Power Steering EPS
(Electronic Power Steering)
BPS
(Balanced Power Steering)
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17. Basic principle of Hydraulic System :
 The working principle of hydraulic system is based on Pascal's law. This law states
that the pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally in all
directions. Small force acting on small area can produce higher force on a surface
of larger area. 10 N
If 10 N force is applied to the
stopper (having an area of 1 sq.
M) will result in pressure of 10
N/M2 being exerted by the fluid
to the walls. This pressure will
be transmitted undiminished in
all directions and will act at right
angles to the wall of the
container.
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HYDRAULIC TECHNOLOGY

18.  ADDC (Automatic Depth & Draft Control)
1. Automatic depth and draft control helps the tractors in taking equal depth & equal draft in an
unorganized field.
2. An increase or decrease in soil resistance is sensed through top link & the implement is
raised or lowered to restore the original draft loading.
3. Draft forces to maintain an even pull on tractor.
 Three important methods in hydraulic control system:
1. Position Control: In this system, constant depth of ploughing is maintained by automatic
adjustment of draft of tractor. In this system the control valve can be operated directly by the
driver to raise lower or hold an implement, mounted on the linkage at any chosen height.
2. Draft Control: In this system, the working depth of any implement can be controlled
continuously without the need for a depth wheel on the implement. The hydraulic control
valve reacts to changes in the loading in either the top or lower links which are due to
changes in the draft or pull required by the implement. If any implement goes too deep its
draft increases. This increase is sensed through the top link or lower links. The control
system then raises the implement until the draft is back to the present level and the
implement is at the original depth again using the draft control system.
3. Mixed Control/ Blending Mode: It is a combination of position control and draft control.
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19. REDUCTION TECHNOLOGY
 A reduction gear is an arrangement by which an input speed can be lowered for a requirement of
slower output speed, with same or more output torque. Reduction gear assembly consists of a set
of rotating gears connected to a wheel work. The high speed incoming motion from the wheel work
is transmitted to the set of rotating gears, wherein the motion or torque is changed. The number of
gears used in the reduction gear assembly depends on the output speed requirement of the
application.
 Torque ∝ 1/Speed of rotation
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20. Types of reductions:
 Single Reduction: This arrangement consists of only one pair of gears(Crown & Pinion gear). A
small gear known as a pinion is driven by the incoming engine shaft. The pinion directly drives a
large gear mounted on the propeller shaft. In this type there are less frictional losses and also less
fuel is required.
 Double Reduction(Inboard Reduction): This arrangement consists of one pair of crown-pinion
gear and additional one small gear-bull gear assembly. Firstly, speed reduction occurs in crown-
pinion gear and then secondly, in another gear-bull gear assembly. This whole assembly is in
housing.
 Hub Reduction: This arrangement consists of one pair of crown-pinion gear and additional one
small gear-bull gear assembly. Firstly, speed reduction occurs in crown-pinion gear and then
secondly, in another gear-bull gear assembly. This whole assembly is in hub.
 Epicyclic Reduction: This arrangement consists of one pair of crown-pinion gear and epicyclic
reduction set which consists of sun gear, planetary gear & ring gear. Firstly, speed reduction occurs
in crown-pinion and then in EPI. It is used for heavy load applications.
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21. Classification :
 Based on spline:
a) 6 splines for 540 RPM PTO
b) 21 splines for 1000 RPM PTO
 Based on speed:
a) Single speed 1000 RPM
b) Single speed 540 RPM
c) Dual speed 540/1000 RPM
d) Dual speed 540/540E RPM
e) Multispeed & Reverse speed PTO
f) Ground speed
 Based on operation:
a) Transmission PTO
b) Live PTO
c) Independent PTO
PTO (POWER TAKE OFF) TECHNOLOGY
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22. Classification :
Braking System
Internal Expanding Shoe
Type
External Expanding Shoe
Type
Disc Type
Hydraulic Brake
Mechanical Brake
BRAKING TECHNOLOGY
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23.  Mechanical Brakes:
a) Internal expanding shoe type: Two brake shoes made of frictional material fitted on the
inside of the brake drum are held away from the drum by means of springs. One end of
each shoe is fulcrum whereas the other is free to move by the action of a cam which in turn
applies force on the shoes. The movement of the cam is caused by the brake pedal
through the linkage. The drum is mounted on the rear axle whereas the shoe assembly is
stationary and mounted on the back plate.
b) External contracting shoe type: This type of brake system is normally available on
crawler tractors. The brake band directly surrounds the drum mounted on the drive axle.
When the pedal is depressed, the band tightens the drum
c) Disc brake: A disc brake is a wheel brake which slows rotation of the wheel by the
friction caused by pushing brake pads against a brake disc with a set of calipers. To stop
the wheel, friction material in the form of brake pads, mounted on a device called a brake
caliper, is forced against both sides of the disc. Friction causes the disc and attached wheel
to slow or stop.
There are mainly 2 types of discs are used:
1) Dry disc brake - Material-Dry organic(non asbestos)- These types of braking systems
heat up quickly under heavy use and wear out fast .
2) Oil immersed disc brake - OIB have discs that are immersed in oil to avoid overheating.
Due to the oil, the increased temperature (caused due to friction) decreases soon. Also this
brake is maintenance free or requires less maintenance as compared to dry brakes.
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24.  What is the required braking efficiency in a tractor? One should prefer the
braking efficiency of 50-80% as it is enough for a brake to do its work and it is safer
also. Brakes of this efficiency stop the tractor at a suitable distance and it also
doesn't prove to be a danger to the tractor, operator and doesn't cause the bending
or any kind of accident. If we use brakes of higher efficiency then they do stop the
tractor in a fraction of minutes but the sudden stoppage can be dangerous for the
operator and as well as for the tractor. Also higher braking efficiency also causes
rapid wear of the brakes and there is more risk of losing control of the vehicle.
However the stopping distance varies with the type of road conditions and condition
of the tyres. One should go for the brakes type and braking efficiency according to
your requirements.
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25.  Hydraulic Brakes:
Hydraulic brake system is based on the principle of pascal's law. The brake fluid, which is
usually a mixture of glycerin and alcohol, is filled in the master cylinder. When the pedal is
depressed, the piston of the master cylinder is forced into the cylinder and the entire
system turns to a pressure system. Immediately, the piston of the wheel cylinder slides
outward which moves the brake shoes to stop the rotating drum. When the pedal is
released, the return spring of the master cylinder moves the piston back to its original
position.
This type of braking system is more costly and also more maintenance is required. Hence,
its not widely used.
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26. Tractor Tyres
Front Tyres Rear Tyres
For all applications
For wet land
applications
R-1 Agriculture tyre
R1W Deep Lug tyre
R2 Cane & Rice special
R3 Turf tyre
R4 Industrial tyre
TYRE TECHNOLOGY
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27. R-1 Agriculture Tyre R1W Deep Lug Tyre R2 Cane & Rice Special tyre
R3 Turf Tyres R4 Industrial Tyre
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28.  Water Ballasting –
Ballasting is an economical way to increase the traction. Less slippage at the rear wheels saves on
fuel and the same tractor could pull larger, heavier implements.
Tyre ballasting is where the tubeless tractor tyre or inner tube is filled with water in order to provide
extra weight to stabilise a tractor. It can also be used to lower the centre of gravity of the machine
which, in turn, makes it more stable in situations where the ground is uneven.
It consists of 75% water and 25% air.
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29. Classification :
Front axle
2 Wheel Drive 4 Wheel Drive
Fixed front axle
Adjustable/Flexi front
axle
Bend/Bow/Swept type
front axle
HD (Heavy Duty) front
axle
FRONT AXLE TECHNOLOGY
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