The Rise Of Anti-Semitic Views Under The Nazis Essay

The Rise of Anti-semitic Views Under the Nazis Essay
The rise of anti–semitic views under the nazis made survival challenging for the jews of Europe. Life is Beautiful directed by Roberto Benigni and
Maus by Art Spiegelman present the Holocaust in different ways. Life is Beautiful uses comedy to show Guido's effort to keep his son alive.
While Maus uses Vladek's application of industrial skills to keep his family alive. Both stories show the peoples effort to survive at all costs using
the skill set that they have. The two works about Holocaust survival show that no matter the situation those affected will try to survive. While Maus is
presented as a graphic novel and Life is Beautiful is presented as a movie both show the horrors of the holocaust and the peoples will to keep their
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The Ultimate goal of Valdek and Guido was for their families to survive. Both Life is Beautiful and Maus show that the people with skills survived
longer than those without skills. Before the war Vladek previously ran a textile factory in Poland. When he arrived at Auschwitz he knew that to
survive he was going to have to acquire special skills. While Vladek was in Auschwitz he learned the art of tin working and he used his previous
knowledge of shoe repairing to get on the good side of the Kapo's. Also Vladek knew english and taught a guard english so that he could help
himself and to try to move Anja from Birkenau to Auschwitz. In comparison Guido didn't befriend any guards but he used his sense of humor to
keep his son, Joshua alive. Upon arrival at the camp Guido explained to his son that they were in a competition to 1000 points. He asked what the
prize was and Guido said that first prize was a huge tank. Later in the movie Joshua slipped up and said "Graci" which is Italian for thank you
during a german dinner party. Guido saved Joshua's life by acting like he was teaching all the kids at the dinner Italian. Guido uses his playful
actions to stay alive until the very end when he goes out to try and save his wife. While he is out looking for his wife the guards capture him. Even
when he is captured he jokingly marches around because his son is watching. Guido ends up paying the ultimate price for his actions but
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The Humanistic Study Of History
History is usually considered a part of the humanities, a discipline practiced alongside literature, languages, philosophy and the arts. The humanistic
study of history is mostly based on the interpretation of the written words and documents and other cultural artifacts created by humans in ages past.
History takes a different approach than most of the other humanities, nonetheless. Instead of seeing different aspects of humanity like the language or
the ideology, history sees humanity as a whole. It studies evolution and language development; tool making and creative expression; the use of natural
resources and population growth. But above all, the historic approach involves humanistic interpretation on the background of a rich and... Show more
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'The difference between movies and novels is the fundamental illusion of photography, ' ' says Richard Slotkin, a professor of history at Wesleyan
University who has written about the movies–as–history genre. ' 'Even when you know that something didn 't happen, movie photography gives you
the illusion that it did. ' ' According to Aristotle "History is an account of what individual human beings have done and suffered" . Taking this
reference as a base to unravel the topic of the present essay, it is clear the events that are being analyzed have marked history as both: very harsh
and definite decisions, as well as one of the most suffered moments of humanity. The following essay is focused on the film "La Vita ГЁ Bella",
later on translated to the English "Life is beautiful, with the purpose of analyzing it and gathering up the knowledge necessary to be able to perform
a successful compare and contrast with the real events that were going on in Italy and Germany during the Second World War. As the final result of
this essay it should be proven the accuracies and inaccuracies of the film "La Vita Г© Bella" (1997) in comparison to the situations lived during the
Second World War (1939– 1945) in Eastern Europe. The data given in the movie as well as some research from other sources will be the given
arguments forming this essay. World War 2 was the largest and most violent

Life Is Beautiful Theme
Life is beautiful is a 1997 Italian tragicomedy drama film, directed and starring Roberto Benigni. The film narrated a World War 2 story in where a
jewish father named Guido Orefice 's family was captured into a jewish concentration camp, however he employed his fertile imagination, and manage
to shield his son Joshua from the horrors of the camp and sacrificed himself to ensure Joshua and Dora––his wife's survivals. The film strongly
conveyed the themes of innocence and love through uses of a range of cinematic techniques and narrative elements, such as diegetic and non–diegetic
sounds, Mise en scene, foreshadowing and characterizations.
Both diegetic and non–diegetic sound in the film conveyed innocence in Guido's attitudes toward life ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Secondly, Dora's custom–a red coat was the only bright color within the crowd entering the camp. This must had been significantly designed to subtly
showed the great love she has for her family in her sacrifice with a heroic color of red. At the same time,this striking color implied her difference from
everyone else as a non–jewish 'volunteer'. Thirdly, by observing other prisoners in the room Guido and Joshua were in, they eventually decreased
implying deaths were always happening. This strongly contrasted with Joshua's innocent views of the camp built and protected by the great love of
Guido. Also their dirty uniforms and skinny figures showed the brutal life they were going through. Guido was samely suffering, but he acted
positively and fully enthusiastically whenever talking to Joshua, this strongly showed the his love.
The narrative elements of foreshadowing and characterization successfully made the story movingly tragic and powerful, which conveyed the themes
of love and innocence through the vivid characters. Firstly, Guido's horse was painted in green, and labeled 'Jewish', his bookshop was named 'Jewish
shop', and with Joshua reading a sign of ' No jews or dogs allowed' in a bakery, it was obviously

Jews : A Religious Group Of People Originating From Israel
6#2 The Research Essay Draft Jews, a religious group of people originating from Israel, have lived in Europe for about 1500 years. A great number of
Jews settled in Germany. For some mysterious reasons, Jews were extremely prosperous. Although they lived peacefully with their neighbors, Jews
were rejected and were forced to live under restrictions such as curfews. Jews were also barred from owning land or from holding jobs that they desired
and for which they qualified. Even under these constraints, Jews prospered and gained significant values as merchants throughout Europe. During the
Middle Age, with the increased spread of Christianity, Jews were looked upon as "allied with Muslims" and many were killed (Shyovitz). Consequently,
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Although the Nazi's goal during World War II was to exterminate the Jews, many Jews share their survival stories today, because one man changed
the course of history and saved over one thousand innocent people. In 1933, half of a million Jews lived in Germany. The Nuremberg Laws, adopted
in 1935, stripped away German citizenships from all the Jews. In the next few years, about 300,000 Jews fled Germany ("German Jews during the
Holocaust"). Those who chose to stay behind or were unable to flee were forced to live under scrutiny. Strict regulations were imposed upon them.
Besides having meager food rations, Jews had restricted access and limited time to purchase their food. Jews' property, such as bicycles, radios,
and appliances were confiscated, and they were not allowed to use public transportation. Eventually, the preponderance of Jews in Germany, until
deportation began, lived in concentration camps. German Jews were not the only ones who were suffering in the 1930's. In 1938, Poland cancelled
citizenship of those Jews who lived outside of Poland for more than five years (Pentlin). Twelve to fifteen thousand Polish Jews, who lived in
Germany at that time, were sent back to Poland only to find out that they are not accepted. When Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939,
just in a few days, over 100,000 Jews were killed ("German Jews during the Holocaust"; Pentlin). In the next few weeks, among the 60,000 Jews who
were killed, about 6,000

Stereotypes Of Anti-Semitism In The 19th Century
There is always an entity in the air, a presence that encroaches beneath the ground, or even an engrossing feeling that is within the human psyche. This
invisible social force that influences everyday life is called prejudice, to which the excruciating backlash Jews have received for their cultural identity
and traditions even has a term for it: anti–semitism. There are a large variety of anti–semitic myths that been associated by inaccurate stereotypes to
which ignorance continues to breed. In order to properly understand how to debunk these pigeonhole categories, three particular myths will be explored
to further comprehend how anti–semitism was in the past and how it currently relates to contemporary times. Jews known for contributing to well
poisoning during the Black Death alongside how this group has been linked to being known as "Christ killers" and "ritual murders" provide an ugly,
erroneous portrayal that harms the Jewish community and should be ended immediately.
The term anti–semitism was invented in the 19th Century by people who loathed European Jews and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the death rate of Jews being lower because of these traditional values, rumors started to spread around Europe that Jews were the cause of
poisoning wells. Non–Jewish people, according to their logic, felt that they needed to be blame since Christian masses believed that the plague was the
work of the devil through his children, the Jews (British Guiana 245). This notion then further developed the belief that the Black Death was
punishment from God for their sins. Christian penitents, known as flagellants, went from town to town, and wiped themselves with iron rods until
bleeding would occur, in order to symbolize redeeming for their sins they

Primo Levi: The Soul Of The Persecuted Jews
Primo Levi has emerged as one of the most incisive and candid intellects among those writers who experienced the Holocaust and survived to tell
about it. It would be difficult to find anyone who displays the soul of the persecuted Jew with more eloquence than does Levi.
Born in Turin, one of Italy's most industrialized cities, on July 31, l9l9, the son of a successful electrical engineer, Levi grew up, during the years
before World War II, in the relative comfort of the Italian middle class, in a period when being Jewish had not yet become a reason of segregation and
then persecution. In l937, Levi enrolled at the University of Turin and majored in Chemistry. Because he had enrolled one year prior to the
promulgation of the Fascist "racial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This made him a witness to one of humanity's darkest moments. Not able to foresee the tragic consequences of his own decision, upon capture, Levi
admitted admit that he was a Jew, rather than to own up to his partisan involvement. This confession, he maintained, (in The Periodic Table) was
made, in part, because he was tired and worn down emotionally, partly because he chose to believe this would carry a less harsh punishment, but to a
greater extent because of an unexpected, sudden surge of pride in his origins. Primo Levi was one of close to 6400 Italian Jews to be deported, mainly to
the camps of Auschwitz, Birkenau and Mauthausen. Of these, only a few hundred survivors returned home. Of the 650 prisoners who were taken to
Auschwitz with Levi, only fifteen men and eight women survived.
In Auschwitz, by his own account, he was shocked into confronting his Jewishness by the wild course of events that allowed the Holocaust to occur. Yet
he was also candid in admitting that the experience had the positive effect of awakening in him his sense of identity and an attachment to his
long–neglected "cultural patrimony," of which he would be proud for the rest of his life. Paradoxical as it may seem, The other positive effect
Auschwitz had on Levi was that it led him to become the admired and valued writer he is

Italian Literature Paper. вЂњIt Is Not Possible To Sink Lower
Italian Literature Paper "It is not possible to sink lower than this; no human condition is more miserable than this, nor could it conceivably be so"
(Levi 1238). This quote comes from Primo Levi's story "On the Bottom", where the audience gets a view of the vile and unspeakable event known
today as the Holocaust. This event influenced Italian literature, taught people a great deal about the jewish culture, and showed people the true evil
in history. To begin, the Jewish faith is one of the oldest major religions and the first to believe in one God. The religion itself originated with the
Hebrew people of the middle east, and it is based on God, Torah, and Israel. Jewish people follow a basic set of ethical codes, known as the... Show
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Rosh Ha–Shannah is the Jewish New Year, that celebrates the creation of the world and God's rule over it. This is one of the holiest days of the year
for the Jews, along with Yom Kippur. One of the many examples of Jewish customs are the dietary laws. These can be found in Leviticus and
Deuteronomy. Any Jew who chooses to follow these rules, do not eat pork or shellfish such as shrimp or oysters. Meat and milk products are
stored separately and are not served at the same meal. They refrain from eating any milk products for several hours after eating meat. Meat killed
from a ritual slaughter known as Shehitah is the only meat they are allowed to eat. At the age of 13 boys and girls are to fulfill a religious obligation
through the Bar MItzvah (Bat Mitzvah for girls). This is a ceremony in which they are recognized as adults responsible for fulfilling the obligations of
Judaism (Magid). At the same time the Jewish faith was developing, so was Italian literature. Italian literature was greatly influenced by a movement
known as futurism during the 1900's. Language and metaphors glorified the violence of the time period. Themes with problems of personal identity
and absurdity of reality were common (Cherchi). After World War II ended, a variety of different literary styles emerged. This included magical
realism, absurd plays, and protest literature. Each new type of literature shared an aesthetic that became postmodernism. This was a way to

Nazi Racial Policy Essay
Racism, spear–headed by the writings of Charles Darwin, with time became a widely acknowledged set of thoughts that led to scientific treatises,
books and research projects. Frequently this research served the purpose of pointing out the superiority or inferiority of a specific nation or race. Based
on such ideas of a racial hierarchy many European nations, including Germany, possessed a feeling that their nation was superior to everybody else.
This also meant that all members of this nation should dwell within the same national borders. Such ideas can be termed 'positive racial policy'.
From this come the extensive Nazi plans to move all ethnic Germans, who were citizens of other countries, into the Third Reich. Racist ideas were
also the basis of 'negative racial policy', in the form of the exclusion of undesirable individuals from the German race
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A result of this notion was the Nazi desire to remove Jews, gypsies, the handicapped, and others, from the German Volksgemeinschaft ('people's
community'). This 'negative racial policy' was carried out systematically with great cruelty after 1933. Anti–Semitism can be translated with 'hostility
towards Jews'. The Nazis' hatred for the Jews and the use of the Jew as a universal explanation for all Germany's problems is unique. Fascism – i.e.
Nazism's Italian counterpart – does not include this element.
The Nazi ideology went one step further, however, in its idea of the Jews' worldwide conspiracy to cause the downfall of the Aryan race. Now all of a
sudden, American–Jewish lobbyists and the Bolshevist enemy in the Soviet Union were two sides of the same coin!
The notion is of course absurd, but it was nevertheless extremely useful as a propaganda tool during the war, in particular following the United States'
entry. As an ideology, Nazism (or National Socialism) is difficult to characterize because of its complexity and its fundamental lack of logical content.
It builds on artificially created enemy

Shlomo Venezia Family
Salome Venezia was born in Thessaloniki, Greece on December 29, 1923. He was born into a poor italian community. Shlomo was very close with his
family, and relatives. But on March 24, 1944 the italian authorities protecting the Venezia family could no longer stay. The Venezia family was taken
and deported to Auschwitz. Shlomo was one of the first jews of the train arriving at Auschwitz, as he got off the train he told his mother to stay
close, this would be the last time he would ever see her. His mother and two younger sisters would both die before the end of the war in 1945.
Shlomo was taken and placed into the Sonderkommando. A unit of death camp prisoners forced to aid in the gassing of over a million prisoners from
1941–1945. If the

World War II: One Of The Worst Tragedies
WWII will go down as one of the worst tragedies in the world. WWII started because Adolf Hitler wanted power so the Nazi Party and Hitler took over
the office; at that point of time Germany was in a crisis, so the people of Germany looked for someone who could provide answers and make an
efficient plan. Adolf Hitler punished Jews and all other non Germans, he put them in a place that they called concentration camps. In the concentration
camps, people were gassed, shot, starved to death, committed suicide, and many other things. This was known as the Holocaust; this led to Germany
invading Poland to increase their land and their army.
The Soviet Union attacked Poland from the East and Germany and the Soviet Union divided Poland into two parts. ... Show more content on
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Finland, seeking redress for the territorial losses in the armistice concluding the Winter War, joins the Axis just before the invasion. The Germans
quickly overrun the Baltic States and, joined by the Finns, lay siege to Leningrad (St. Petersburg) by September. In the center, the Germans capture
Smolensk in early August and drive on Moscow by October. In the south, German and Romanian troops capture Kiev (Kyiv) in September and capture
Rostov on the Don River in November.
On December 7, 1941 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor. Four days later, The United States declares war on Japan, entering World War II. Japanese troops
land in the Philippines, French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia), and British Singapore. By April 1942, the Philippines, Indochina, and Singapore
are under Japanese occupation. Nazi Germany and its Axis partners declare war on the United States. The British bomb KГ¶ln (Cologne), bringing the
war home to Germany for the first time. Over the next three years Anglo–American bombing reduces urban Germany to

Star Of David Monologue II
PROLOGUE 2a. parte
In the southeast of France, which was occupied by the Italian army, the Italian authorities refused the requests from the Nazi army to arrest the French
Jews, the result was that in 1942 and until September 1943, many French Jews found refuge East of the Rhone River in the area occupied by the
Italians, (THAT) was French territory
The Nazi army forces occupied the Italian area in September 1943 and began to implement the Final solution supported by the French Militia.
On May 29th, 1942, the occupation authorities passed an Ordinance that forced the Jews in the occupied zone, over six years of age, to wear the yellow
star, from June 7th under penalty of imprisonment if they did not do so . The Star of David was yellow and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite the huge participation of French officials many Jews managed to escape the RAID because a neighbor or police friend, (HAD) warned them
of the imminent RAID had hidden or helped them find a safe haven.
The brutal arrest by the French police, not only men, but also women and children, had as a consequence an awareness within the non– Jewish, French
population and generated a solidarity toward the Jews to protect them from the arrests especially children
In Paris and in the rest of France, about 80% of Jewish children survived the war. Some 10,000 of them remained alive thanks to the mobilization of
their parents, the support of organizations to rescue Jews, the Jewish resistance groups the French resistance and the active solidarity of Parisians
Among the important Jewish communities in Europe was France who managed to save the greatest number of children 84% of Jewish children. This
was mainly due to the active sympathy of the non–Jewish population to support the efforts of families and Jewish organizations that tried to save the

The Case Against Beilis And Frank Essay
The first, as well as most basic, difference between the cases against Beilis and Frank, lies in the evidence against them. It is no exaggeration to say
that there was no case against Beilis. Although it is true that the victim's body was found close to the brick factory, there was abundant corroboration
that Beilis was preoccupied on the day of Andrei's disappearance. Numerous factory workers came forward to testify that not only did they not see
Andrei near the factory, but that they had even given Beilis receipts to sign (Levin 241–242). Additionally, when the factory was investigated, Vasily
Fenenko, the investigating magistrate, reported that "nothing suspicious was found" (Levin 52). The lack of physical evidence was not the only
element in Beilis' favor. The motive of ritual murder, which the prosecution had suggested, was extremely unsubstantiated. Although Russian experts
eventually came forward to assert that Andrei's body had been drained of blood, the first autopsy report, as previously mentioned, made no mention
of excessive blood loss. Furthermore, British doctors who were familiar with the details of the case concluded that "it appears to us quite impossible
that the boy was killed for the purpose of collecting blood" (Levin 196). All of this is assuming that Jews actually do commit ritual murder.
Notwithstanding all of the authorities who testified to the erroneousness of this assertion, the prosecution, itself, admitted that only the radical sect of
Judaism

Was The Holocaust Justified
Some speculate that the Holocaust never happened despite ample validation from substantial sources that remain still to this day. What constitutes this
reasoning and why do they persist in their doubts in the face of evidence?
Deniers of the Holocaust choose to ignore the facts of this historical event and argue that the allies used it as a way to justify their actions. They believe
that the holocaust was a conspiracy cooked up to propagate for the Jews, Israel, and the great powers of World War II. The lack of signed documents or
records of authorization from Hitler lead some to conclude that the Holocaust was a hoax. This can only mean that these deniers discard the public
records and documentation at the Nuremburg Trial left by the Nazi ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We cannot forget that the initiation of this event began with racial persecution in 1933 until the persecution of the Jews in 1939. The genocide that
took place was due to Nazis' claim for domination. Holocaust deniers try to make their work appear as scholarly in order for them to be taken
seriously. Hiding behind the title "Holocaust revisionists" to make their work seem more credible. "For example, the institute for Historical Review,
a Holocaust denial organization, attempts to portray itself as a legitimate source of scholarly critique by adopting formats used by professional
associations of historians (Waitman 349). Deniers try to shift your focus to minor inconsistencies in the historical record and in personal reports from
Holocaust survivors. David Irving, a Holocaust denier, is an author who argued that Hitler did not know about the Holocaust. In a famous lawsuit
against American historian Deborah Lipstadt, Irving sued her for criticizing him as a denier. She had to prove in court his dishonest manipulation of
primary sources and called other scholars to serve as witnesses. "In 2000, the court ruled in strong favor of Lipstadt and discredited Irving as a
historian" (Waitman 349). Even though she won this, the Internet has made denial of the Holocaust more noticeable and accessible through many
non–scholarly

The Journey Essay
"The Journey" is the first chapter in the book called Survival in Auschwitz, written by Primo Levi; which originally appeared in English under the
title If This Is a Man in 1958. This first chapter brings you through Levi's journey from Turin, Italy to the work camp, Auschwitz, while detailing the
routine of blatant inhumanity. The chapter begins as Levi states the fact that he was captured by the Fascist Militia when he was 24, only after being
forced to flee into the mountains because of his segregated life filled with racial laws. The night he was captured, three fascist militia companies broke
into their refuge and took him as a suspect person. While being interrogated, Levi decided to admit that he was an `Italian citizen of the... Show more
The morning came quickly, emotions ran high, and after a night of panic, everyone realized they said and did things they wished they hadn't, but the
morning continued on. Suddenly the Germans held the roll–call. When completed, the officer asked the question `How Many?' The corporal replied
that there were 650 pieces, and that everything was in order. From there, the humans, who had just been referred to as `pieces' were loaded onto busses
and brought to a waiting train, this is where they received their first blows, the captives had to question themselves as of how these men can hit them
without anger. Waiting for them were twelve goods wagons, the notorious transport trains, which would never return. Men, women, and children were
herded inside and pressed together like merchandise; packed in for a journey with an undeclared destination. Next, everyone was packed in, the doors
were shut, but the train didn't begin to move until the evening. When the trains began to move, the captives inside had finally learnt of their destination
with relief; Auschwitz. This name meant nothing to them, but as long as they knew they were going somewhere, that was all that mattered. The train
moved slowly, and through slits in the wagon, they could make out familiar cities, until everything familiar was out of sight. The passengers suffered
from cold and thirst, but their constant pleas for something to quench their thirst, were dismissed. Through the slits in the wagon, the

The Holocaust : The Destruction Of The Holocaust
Imagery about the Holocaust usually brings to mind leaping flames of destruction, yellow Stars of David, and trains arriving at Auschwitz. The total
destruction of the Jewish people was a central goal of the Nazis. It is so hard for people today to understand the various parts of this genocide or
really to comprehend what it means. Yet, despite the horrible fate that befell the millions of victims, we also need to remember the individual actions
taken by average people. Throughout this time of the Nazi invasion, there were people such as Chiune Sugihara, Pere Marie–Benoit, and Miep Gies,
each of whom, in a very personal way, changed outcomes and saved lives. In the overall statistics of death, the numbers they saved were tiny, but in
reality, their actions echo humanity today. They proved that individuals have the power to impact the world, even under the most horrific circumstances.
Before Chiune Sugihara saved 6,000 lives, he was just an ordinary man. He was a Japanese diplomat stationed in Lithuania. Chiune had four children
and a wife named Yukiko Sugihara. For that brief period of time in 1940, Sugihara was vice counsel in the capital of a country that was sandwiched in
between Nazi–occupied Poland and Soviet–occupied lands. Thousands of Jews were fleeing to Kaunas from the atrocities that the Nazis were already
carrying out against the Jewish community in Poland. As a result of hundreds of jewish families lined up at his doorstep begging for a way to

Children Immigrants Essay example
Children Immigrants
Immigrant children did not live an easy life in the nineteenth century. Most children were never educated. Italian children immigrants were rarely put
through schooling. However, Eastern European Jewish immigrants looked at public schooling as their best way to help their children enhance their
potential in life. Chicago, Detroit, and New York City had large populations of Jewish andItalian immigrants. The conditions of the children in all three
cities were similar yet different with cities in which they lived in. Jewish and Italian immigrant children had to overcome many obstacles during their
adjustment to American life in the nineteenth century. Italian immigrants' children were cast into adult life at a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Immigrants from the north were encouraging frequent contact and social recreation with boys.
Jewish immigrants prioritized education because they saw it as the best way to help their children enhance their potential in life. In the city of
Chicago Jewish children started off in school. They had eight public schools in Chicago all for young Jewish people. ?Socialization of the immigrant
children was the job of a handful of schools in the ghetto, where Jewish attendance reached 92–93%? (Educating the Jewish Young People). In most
public schools the total population was 68 percent Jewish. Many Jewish children attended the Jewish Training School, a vocational school that
emphasized arts and mechanical trades. However, one must remember that this did not mean that every one of these Jewish children attended all eight
grades that were provided for them from public schools. ?What tends to aggravate these conditions, and further to interfere with the educational career
of the Jewish child is, on the one hand, the apparently natural truancy of some boys, and on the other, the necessity?always pressing on the
workingmen?s children?of leaving school and going to work? (Educating the Jewish Young People). Most of the Jewish children that did attend
school did not complete eight grades and many of them did not complete six grades. These children leaving school were as young as age twelve to
fourteen to go and work.
Jewish children living conditions were much cleaner and

A Journey Through Auschwitz Concentration Camp in If This...
If This Is a Man by Primo Levi is a story about his personal experience of the journey through Auschwitz Concentration Camp. Right from the very first
trip to the unknown destination, to the point of near death, Primo's life was a constant battle between life and death. Throughout the book, Primo
portrays his walk through living hell in a way that is both powerful and painful.
The cover of the book displays a black and white picture of three bald men, one of which is Primo, all in the striped clothes that bore the title of
"prisoner." The black and white could represent their lives in the sense that its either death or mere survival, never anything grey, never anything good.
Their faces are blank, as they would be throughout their entire time in Auschwitz. Scarcely enduring experiments, starvation, maltreatment and neglect,
what other emotion but surrender would be painted across their face? The only colour used is a dull mustard colour, which I believe is quite effective
in that it poses various ideas for the reader, including those such as the colour representing either the Jews, Nazi German's, or the horrific ideas which
they were forced to think. The fonts of the title and the name of the author also hold a lot of purpose. The font used for the title shows a lot of
resemblance to the print of the tattoos that were placed on the prisoners that were registered into the concentration camps. It's also noticeable that the
print is washed out, which could be related to

The Proposal For Jewish Proselytization And John Crocker...
One can draw interesting parallels between the proposal for Jewish proselytization and John Crocker's biography of Samuel Johnson. To quote the
remarks of one reviewer of Crocker's book, "the merits of Mr. Crocker 's performance are on a par with those of a certain leg of mutton on which Dr.
Johnson dined, while travelling from London to Oxford, and which he, with characteristic energy, pronounced to be "as bad as bad could be, ill fed,
ill killed, ill kept, and ill dressed." Similarly, the aforementioned proposal is ill–conceived, ill– advised, and unfortunately, illness–inducing. It bears
mentioning that the ardent advocates of Jewish proselytization are not pious Haredim–men who spend their days poring over the timeless texts of
tradition–nor are they of the Modern Orthodox persuasion, a coterie who attempts the Sisyphean task of synthesizing values both ancient and modern.
No, these zealous purveyors of Judaism have emerged from the lonely pews and desolate temples of the more progressive Reform and Conservative
movements, a truth which is acutely revelatory. Salvific imperialism is a notion foreign to both Judaism and a historically conscious conservatism. As
Jewish apathy to conversion is a subject well tread, it suffices to repeat that there remains no indication whatsoever within the Bible that the Jews
sought out converts. This inattention to missionizing reflects Jewish recognition that Gentiles could achieve moral perfection outside the suffocating
strictures

Cohn-Sherbok: Book Review
Historically, a lot of awful things have happened to Jews throughout history. From the exile in Babylonia to the destruction of Jerusalem and all the way
to the Holocaust. From these tragic events, questions develop on if God is with them? Has God abandoned them and let the world persecute them? Are
these just test? And the biggest question is how does this affect the Covenant? These events have greatly impacted Jews from their identities as humans
to their religious identities and have impacted their relationships with followers of other religions. Although, I am not a Jew and I have some
knowledge of Judaism I can only somewhat answer that with the bias of how I view God. This paper will mainly be Holocaust focused because I have
more thoughts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the book Judaism: History, Belief, and Practice by Dan Cohn–Sherbok, he discusses multiple aspects of Judaism and one of those was Jewish ethics.
Cohn–Sherbok points out that "in this quest Judaism did not separate religion from life; instead Jews were called to action, to turn humankind away
from violence, wickedness, and falsehood" (Cohn–Sherbok, p. 573). Even though this is the ethics of Judaism, followers of other religions, specifically
Christianity, Jews were seen as committing the evilest crime which was crucifying Jesus, their messiah. This was and still is a major tension among
the two parties and it somewhat fueled the Holocaust. During the Holocaust, Adolf Hitler claimed to be a Christian and many Nazis did follow
Christianity. They blamed the Jews and felt that they were evil doers. This can still be seen now with the amount of anti–Semitic activities going on,
such as the neo–Nazi rally in Georgia over the past week. On the other hand, Jews feel that Christian had a major part in the Holocaust happening and
them not stopping it. In Primo Levi's book Survival in Auschwitz, he recounts the way that the Nazis treated them. After first arriving at the first camp
and seeing some of the Nazis strike the other Jews he is in disbelief and says, "Only a profound amazement: how can one hit a man without anger?"
(Levi, p. 5). This shows that the thought process of what other people can do changes how they view the world and God for letting these things

A Horrendous Event In 20th Century History
A horrendous event in 20th century history was the Holocaust. It started with the discrimination of Jews and then separated from their communities
and persecuted. The Jews were murdered and were treated as if they were less than human beings. The holocaust was the persecution of six million
Jews by the Nazi regime in 1933. The Nazis believed the Jews were a threat to the German Community and their goal was to eliminate all the Jews in
Europe. Adolf Hitler was the leader of this devastating tragedy however, he didn't make this happen all by himself. Hitler had help from Germans,
non–Germans, the German government, Nazi Party officials, and the military who all played a part in the holocaust. In 1940, Jewish refugees living in
Italy

The Holocaust : The Significance Of The Holocaust
The Holocaust is an important time period to keep in our minds in order to avoid the repetition of this obscure history. This time period was a time
filled with hate, prejudice, and fear among victims, bystanders, and the oppressors. Many events during the Holocaust were silenced even when many
civilians were experiencing such violence being inflicted upon other human beings. This silence is what led hatred to succeed in the annihilation of
about thirteen million European Jews, Soviet Prisoners, Gypsies, Homosexuals, and anyone else who would be accused to defy the German Reich. With
this dark history, there are many ways to acknowledge all witness accounts, stories, and the fearful events bestowed upon millions of innocents. Along
with acknowledging what the Holocaust consisted of, what events led to it happening, and ways to be intellectual about this history, it is also crucial to
understand the importance of Holocaust remembrance simply for our own humanity. The Holocaust consisted of many horrifying and dehumanizing
events involving the dreadful feelings of hate, prejudice, and fear. Such artwork, newspaper articles, and other propaganda displaying negative
attributes and aspects of Jews were supported and spread throughout all of Germany and Austria. Shortly after the Nuremberg Laws were published
(laws that determined who would not be considered a part of the Aryan race based on genetics), Kristellnacht happened. The Night of Broken Glass
was a night involving

Life Is Beautiful Movie
Movies play a huge role in our history. Fact–based or fictional, realistic or fantastic, history movies shape the way people think about the past
(Metzger). Some examples of great historical films are Hidden Figures, Forrest Gump, Gandhi, and Dances with Wolves. Although these films
provided a glimpse of the past, no other movie was as artistic as the film 'Life is Beautiful'. The movie was a fairytale trapped in a historical period
filled with misery and survival, which was why I chose it. 'Life is Beautiful' is a wonderful masterpiece that provides a glimpse of the Holocaust and the
indomitability of humanity even in the midst of inhumanity.
The film was set in the late 1930s of Arezzo, Italy. The main character, Guido (Roberto Benigni), is an enthusiastic Jewish Italian man who moved to
the city to open a bookstore and help his uncle, Eliseo (Giustino Durano), in his Grand Hotel. While Guido is in the city he encounters a non–Jewish
Italian woman named Dora (Nicoletta Braschi), who he falls in love with and uses his charm to win her over. The first half of the movie hosted a
series of events that demonstrated what an extraordinary character Guido was that not only did Dora fall in love with but the audience did as
well. At Dora's engagement ceremony, Guido whisked her away on a green horse ensuring that they will live together happily. Eventually, they
have a son named Giosue (Giorgio Cantarini) together. However, their blissful life is interrupted by World War II and the declaration of racial
laws. The second half of the movie hosted a series of sacrificial events by Guido and Dora. On Giosue fifth birthday, he was taken away with his
father and uncle to a concentration camp. Dora, refusing to be left behind, sacrifice herself by insisting to go to the camp as well. While in the
concentration camp Guido made sacrifices to protect his son from the vile truth, by turning their situation into a game, and he also made sacrifices to
ensure his wife that he and Giosue were okay. In order to keep his son interested in the game, Guido told Giosue that the grand prize was a tank.
Ironically, at the end of the film, an American tank coincidently came to save Giosue. The film writer/directed, Roberto Benigni,

Identification And Evaluation Of Sources
Identification and evaluation of Sources
This paper is going to use two major historical secondary sources as far as the persecution of the Jews between 1933–1945 in Germany is concerned.
It generally addresses the question, "to what extent did pope Pius xii support Hitler's persecution of the Jews?" One of the investigative sources which
is used, is the book 'The Papacy, the Jews and the Holocaust,' written by Frank J Coppa and printed by the Catholic University of America Press in
2006. In this book, the author provides a general view to the events and reactions to the holocaust, as far as the Catholics and the Jews are concerned.
The author's main purpose of writing this book is to establish and transcend the thicket of controversy and provide a historical account of the papacy
and the Jewish religion in modern times; and to examine the relationship between clerical anti–Judaism and secular anti–Semitism. The book focuses
on trying to establish Rome's reaction during the fascist period, therefore providing different accounts to support its primary purpose by revealing
evidence based arguments over the connection between the Catholic Anti–Judaism and Anti–Semitism in relation with the Nazi persecution of the
Jews. The author reveals the long history of the Jew hatred exhibited in the Roman Catholic. Generally the book is preferable for this research,
because it provides evidence based in–depth review on the role of Jews hatred in the Roman Catholic and the holocaust

Jewish Diaspora In Turkey Research Paper
Jacob Molho
10/7/16
The Jewish Diaspora in Turkey: An Agent of Economic Change
On September 27, 1480, a millennia of hatred and hostility towards Spanish Jews culminated in the establishment of tribunals to address cases of
"heretical depravity". These tribunals, collectively referred to as the Spanish Inquisition, sought to eliminate deviation from Catholicism. Though
Jewish cases represented only ten percent of all cases brought before the tribunals, Jews were rarely acquitted and, relative to other "heretics" were
executed more frequently. Immediately following the Spanish Inquisition, the Spanish Reconquista expelled most Jews and Moors from the Iberian
peninsula. In 1492, the Spanish monarchy expelled all Jews. Modern historians estimate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Letters written by Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, a Flemish ambassador of the Holy Roman Empire, provide an historical account for Turkish protection of
the Jews: "The Turkish state has 12,000 of these troops [Janissaries] when the corps is at its full strength. They are scattered through every part of the
empire, either to garrison the forts against the enemy, or to protect the Christians and Jews from the violence of the mob. There is no district with any
considerable amount of population, no borough or city, which has not a detachment of Janissaries to protect the Christians, Jews, and other helpless
people from outrage and wrong." With such protection, the Jewish manufacturing industry flourished. And so, through investments in maintaining the
well–being of Spanish Jews, Turkey received benefits in the form of economic growth and

Solomon Perel Reflection
Later on, in the movie, he accidentally told on his fellow Jews which resulted in them being killed while he was praised for telling them where the
remaining Jews were. After this, he went to a school where they trained young Nazi's to know how a Jew looks and how to kill them. They talked
about how you can recognize a Jew by their high head, hooked nose, flat black head, their ears sticks out, the walk like an ape etc.
At the end of the movie, while in the war between the Nazi's and the Jewish. Solomon dropped his gun and ran towards them because he couldn't
take being a fake Nazi anymore. They brought him to a place and asked for his papers and he said that he didn't have it. They took him to someone
who was Jewish and told him to kill ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After reaching the new area, The Nazis was there and started shooting at them resulting in a lot of them being killed. Tuvia being smart ran and hid in
the forest and starting shooting making the Nazis confused and turning the gun fire to Tuvia. Zus and the rest of the Jews. After they bonded they went
deeper into the forest where they stayed for a couple of more years until the were saved by the Americans.
The book "Survival in Auschwitz," started off with him saying that he was captured by the Fascist Militia on December 13, 1943. He was twenty
four and had previously been hiding from the authorities by hiding out in the mountains. His small group was trying to join a larger Resistance
movement called Justice and Liberty. Levi and his group wasn't good with the whole resistance thing because they didn't know how to steal weapons
and get food. A month after he was caught he was transferred to a detention camp because he was Jewish. Over the next few weeks, almost 600 Italian
Jews end up in the detention camp with Levi. About a month later, the SS (also known as Schutzstaffel) shows up and announces that the Jews will be
leaving. Many people in the camp know the the journey means death.
Chapter 2 is about Levi and the other Jews arriving at Arbeit Macht Frei ("work gives freedom"), the prisoners are put into a large room and are made
to wait for a long time.
All of the Jews are extremely thirsty. And while there is a water tap in the

Acculturation And Assimilation In The Pity Of It All By Elon
Short Paper 1: Acculturation/Assimilation: Gains
Over the course of history, the Jewish culture has endured many cultural hardships. When Nationalism began to rise in Europe, the treatment of Jews
became harsh. Amos Elon describes this transition for Jews in his novel The Pity of it All. "For all their irony and skepticism, theJews of Germany
never ceased in their effort to merge German and Jewish identity...their overriding desire was to be complete Germans." (Elon, 8). The major concerns
in Jewish history throughout the ages have been assimilation and acculturation. Acculturation and assimilation are two very important concepts that
describe the cultural effects on both minorities and majorities. While these concepts are very similar, there are slight differences between... Show more
One component of our society that demonstrates the concept of acculturation is food. People with Chinese, Hispanic, Italian, and French roots carry
their own culture while still accepting the customs in America. In restaurants, the food they serve follows the same traditions that could be found in
other countries while still adapting to the language and culture of the whites. While acculturation is more accepting to the majority of society,
minorities can still be treated harshly. The Jews, for example, were willing to adapt to the German culture. In fact, many of the Jews loved the
Germans and wanted to be one united culture. At the same time, the Jews wanted to keep their religion and some aspects of their culture: "The vast
majority never hid the fact that they were Jews." (Elon, 8). Some people like Moses Mendelssohn believe that it was possible to be Germans and Jews
at the same time. However, the Germans felt threatened by the intellect of the Jews and began to deny them all opportunities to succeed in society.
Rejection is one of the negative outcomes that can result from acculturation. In addition acculturation can lead to many outcomes

Jewish Occupation In Poland During Ww2
In the countryside's of Poland during the Occupation by Nazi Germany Jews were vulnerable against both the German State and even their own State
of Poland. The people who had previously lived right next door to them, were now seen as potentially enemies. No matter the location that Jews were
at in Poland they were being watched. People of all backgrounds were keeping a watch on any Jews that were living in their communities. Jewish
citizens were on constant alert because of reports coming from other towns of how Jews were being rounded up and either killed on the spot, or taken
to concentration camps. Through these events in and around the camps ideologies and humanity were being challenged. Jews were a vulnerable group
in Poland during this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Zygmunt "was a Polish Physician and Director of Zamosc Hospital in Szczebrzeszyn." He was a Catholic Pole. He wrote during the town when the
SS started to take thousands of Polish Jews and putting them in work camps, or killing them. He wrote about the vulnerability of the Jews in this
time. "This morning a number of Jews attempted to escape from the city, but they were stopped by other Jews who were afraid that a mass escape
would give the Germans an excuse for more killing." This began to show how vulnerable the Jews were, they were going through not only physical but
mental stresses. Jews not only had to worry about Germanys shooting them, but also other Jews from stopping them. And most of the Jews in these
events still couldn't escape the horrors of Nazi Germany and Polish assistors. "Several hundred Jews were taken to the railroad station. Some older
men and women who were unable to walk quickly were beaten by the Gendarmes." Even if Jews were following the orders the guards they were still
susceptible to being beaten or killed. Jews were also vulnerable to being robbed. "The prospect of laying one's hands upon Jewish property was
another incentive to declare oneself an ethnic German...As Jewish survivors recall, greed and profit seeking transformed, 'people from our town, Poles',
into members of the Selbstschutz who 'suddenly heard the call

The Italian American Assassination Speech
Italian army occupy the southeast of France. The Italian authorities refused the requests from the Nazi army to arrest the French Jews. The result was
that in 1942 and until September 1943, large number French Jews found refuge East of the Rhone River in the area occupied by the Italians, which
constitute French territory. The Nazi army forces occupied the Italian area in September 1943 and began to execute the Final solution supported by the
French Militia. On May 29th, 1942, the military occupation authorities passed an Ordinance that forced the Jews in the controlled zone, over six years
of age, to wear the yellow color star, from June 7th under penalty of imprisonment if they didn't. It must be sewn on the left side of, coats or jackets ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among the important Jewish communities in Europe was France, who managed to save the greatest number of Jew's children: 84%. This was due
spirited the spirited sympathy of the non–Jewish population to support the efforts of families and Jews organizations that tried to save the children.
At the ceremony of the 53rd anniversary of the Raffle du velodrome d'hiver, July 16, 1995, the president of the Republic, Jacques Chirac, in his
speech acknowledged in an official and solemn way the crimes of the French State during the Nazi occupation of France and spoke in these terms. ...
"There nation's life moments that wound the memory and the idea that one made of what is your country." These moments are strenuous to evoke
because we know that not always found the right words to remember the horror and sadness of those who lived through the tragedy, those in his soul
and his flesh marked by memories from those days of tears and embarrassment (SHAME). "It is hard to mention, also, because those dark hours dirty
forever our history, and they're, an insult to our past and our

Hitler Vs Mussolini
Another significant factor of the similarities that these two leaders shared was their desire of absolute power. After the collapse of the democratic
parliament which was soon replaced by Hitler and Mussolini's dictatorships, both leaders thought that once gained power, the parties which helped them
obtain such power would not have taken control of it and especially that they would not have surrendered to their own parties. They were determined
that the power was only theirs and one way of showing it was by expanding their territories throughout foreign countries. In 1930 Mussolini started
growing his power in North Africa, in the Balkan peninsula and throughout the Mediterranean occupying places such as Greece, Malta, Nice and
Tunisia. While... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He had the idea that women's only job was to have kids, cook and be dedicated to religion. For instance, he defined women as "Kinder, KГјche and
Kirche" which means Children, Kitchen and Church.Moving on to the differences between the two political parties, it is important to highlight the fact
that many of Hitler's principles were not comparable to Mussolini's ones. The biggest difference between them is the fact that most Italian fascists were
against racism and against Hitler's anti–Semitist ideologies. Their main concentration was towards the supremacy of the State, while the Nazi's one
was the race. The Aryans, from Hitler's point of view, represented the highest form of human race. Whereas Jews, Africans and people who had
different human identities such as homosexuals and the handicap were identified as a threat and as a dark and powerful human kind. Hitler thought
that the only way to dominate and destroy these races was through the strength of the three myths. The first one known as the Reich regarded the
Aryan race, the second myth identified as the Volk indicated people of different social classes and the last one called Fuhrer was a nickname given
to the leader of the Germans, seen as the most powerful and undiscussed person of the country. On the 25th of October 1935 after the Nuremberg law,
Jews were locked in rooms and were forced to work till they had no more energy and then were sent into gas

How Did Pope Pius XII Help The Jews During The Holocaust?
This examination is important in its historical content because it is often debated whether Pope Pius XII and the Catholic Church actually helped or
hurt the Jews during the Holocaust. Some claim that he helped to legitimize the Nazi regime and assisted Hitler himself, while others argue that he
silently assisted the Jews while still appearing neutral.
John Cornwell argues in his book Hitler's Pope: the Secret History of Pius XII that the Pope helped legitimize the Nazi regime and that he did not
speak out against or try to stop the Holocaust. Cornwell made the claim that Pius was anti–Semitic and did not care about European Jews; all he really
desired was more centralized power for the Papacy.8
However, in the book The Pope's Jews: the Vatican's Secret Plan to Save Jews from the Nazis by Gordon Thomas, Thomas pulls information from
previously unpublished Vatican documents, as well as interviews from victims, priests, and Rabbis involved with Pius, to reveal that Pope Pius XII
did, in fact, save thousands of Jews and escaped Allied Prisoners during World War II. According to this book, more than four thousand Jews were
hidden safely in Italian monasteries and convents, while other Jews were either taken to Rome for safety or given official ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
10 He reportedly did respond to several requests for taking in and transporting European Jews for their safety. In his Christmas address, Pius also
supposedly attacked the Nazi regime. Upon further analysis of this speech many years later, many say it is a "lightning rod" in debates about Pius
XII.11 The Nazis responded to the speech by saying it was a blatant attack on them; this was the point where the Pope acknowledged himself as being
anti–Hitlerism. Although he was sly about it, Pius XII helped many Jews to an extreme

Comparing Night And Life Is Beautiful, By Roberto Begnini
17 million people died, 6 million were Jews, throughout Europe in 1933 through 1945. This tragic event was known as the Holocaust, a big
genocide done by the Germans, which were mainly known as Nazis. Two works capture the horrors of this time. One was a story about a Jew, Elie
Wiesel from Transylvania, Romania, who was transported to Auschwitz with his family in 1944, but liberated in 1945. Elie, was also the author of
this book, Night, published in 1960. Do to the magnificence of events, and storyline, he had won a Nobel Peace prize for this book. On to the next
work, was the Italian film Life is Beautiful, that was released in 1997 by Roberto Begnini. Begnini also had played one of the main characters in the
movie, Guido. This movie was about an Italian Jewish family's life before and during the Holocaust. Begnini, being the director and a main character,
won two different awards. One being an Academy Award for best actor, the other was an Academy Award for best foreign language film. Both Night
and Life is Beautiful deal with the importance of the family relationship during the Holocaust, but they approach this horrific time in vastly different
ways. Before deportation of the Jews, they were often known to have just lived an ordinary life. What is often overlooked, is that before they were
deported, they were often discriminated. For example, Elie and his father, which are the main characters in Night, had to wear yellow stars that the
Nazi's had given them. The stars

Dbq Jewish Immigration
From 1880–1924, in order to escape persecution from Alexander the II's reign and anti–Semitism, Russian Jews emigrated to America to escape a wave
of religious persecution, a chance at a new life spurred on by the economic turmoil caused by industrialization, and for economic reasons. They arrived
during, "The New Immigration" the wave of immigration that lasted from 1880–1924. A vast majority of theJews settled on the East coast in places
such as Manhattan, Boston, and Philadelphia. They also settled in other larger more industrialized and urbanized cities such as Chicago, Seattle and
Detroit. The jobs Russian Jews held were mostly low skilled trades such as tailors and butchers or even worked in the early sweatshops.
REASONS THEY CAME ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They held various jobs such as butchers, bankers, tailors, and factory workers in sweatshops. In addition to those jobs, they also were "blacksmiths,
bakers and weavers" Russians were employed at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, where a fire in 1911 killed 146 mostly Jewish and Italian immigrant
workers, the exact amount of Russian–Jewish immigrants that died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory is unknown. Due to the Russian's religion,
factory owners were not likely to hire Russians because they would not work on the Jewish Sabbath (From Sundown on Friday to Sun up on Sunday).
Epstein noted that, "By 1900, about 200,000 Jews were in the garment industry on the Lower East Side." Not only did men and women work– a vast
majority of children had to give up attending school to work or help with the family business, in order to make enough money to just get by. In
Michigan, Russian Jews were em9ployed in various fields, such as Medicine, Lumber, Mining and being

The History and Culture of Black Jews in America Essay
According to the broadest definition, there are approximately 9 million Jewish adults in America. Of those, 5.3 million are Jewish because they
practice the Jewish religion or who have a Jewish parent and consider themselves Jewish. Non–hispanic blacks make up 2% of that population. (A
Portrait of Jewish Americans) Blacks constitute such a small percentage of the Jewish population that they are often considered to be obviously "not
Jewish". This was the experience of Rabbi Shlomo ben Levy.In an article entitled, "Who are we? Where did we come from? How many of us are
there?", Rabbi Levy describes his feelings of marginalization triggered by an advertisement for Levy's Jewish Rye. The advertisement features a black
boy eating a sandwich and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Kaye/Kantrowitz 1) Meanwhile, it is not uncommon for black Jews, who usually prefer to be called Hebrews or Israelites, to describe white Jews as
the products of conversion or intermarriage and that Judaism is the true religion of their African ancestors. (Parfitt 84–88) This dynamic shapes the
mutual mistrust that exists between black Jews in America and the overwhelmingly Ashkenazi majority.
The problem of marginalization began with the waves of Jewish immigrants from Europe who fled the Russion pogroms and later the Nazis. In their
homelands, these people were Jewish, but in America they had the opportunity to be white. In cementing their status as white, these Amnerican Jews
further alienated the small minority of Jews of African descent and others who do not fit nicely into the white race group. Despite this, the black Jews
of America share a diverse cultural history that is both African and Jewish.
The Commandment Keepers, are one of the largest and best known black Jewish congregations in America. (Chireau 25) Their founder, Wentworth
Arthur Matthew, is regarded as the first black American rabbi. Matthew's background is not well documented. From his own accounts he was born in
the West Indies in 1892, the grandson of an Ethiopian Jew, and studied at a number of prestigious institutions. The congregation he founded remains
active and has been an Orthodox Jewish congregation since it's founding in 1919. (Biography of

The Jewish Community in Italy Essay
The Jewish Community in Italy
Problems with format
For centuries, there has been a Jewish community in parts of present–day Italy, dating back to the Roman Empire. In addition to religious differences,
Jews were faced with political challenges as well. The Emperor was included in the pantheon of Roman tradition, which added a political obligation to
religious, and thus Roman citizens were required to ?conciliate the gods.? For Jews, this requirement created many consequences.[1] According to
estimates, there were five to seven million Jews in the Roman Empire during this time. The relations between the Jews and the Romans have always
been complicated. For in 186 B.C. measures were taken against the Bacchanalia, but in 161 B.C., a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to those geographically in Italy, many Jews were subject to Roman rule. After the tyrannical emperor Nero committed suicide and violent
civil war, Vespasian, of the Flavian dynasty, gained control. In Judea, Roman rule seemingly contradicted the commonJewish religious–nationalist
sentiments, but Roman rulers established various privileges for those with Hebraic religious beliefs. Jews, throughout the Empire, were not required
to engage in emperor worship, since it was directly contrary to their monotheistic beliefs. Yet, the Jews and the Romans did clash on various issues;
one example took place during the reign of Caligula, when he ?ordered that a golden statue of himself be placed in Jerusalem?s temple.?[5] After the
Jews firmly resisted, Caligula rescinded his order.
?In 66 A.D., as a result of the encouragement of militant Jews, the Jewish community initiated a war of liberation. A five–month siege during 70 A.D.,
by the Romans, significantly hurt the Jews, and soon after, the Romans captured and destroyed the Jerusalem temple.? Then, the Romans transported
approximately ten thousand Jews to Rome in order to build the Coliseum.? There was another Hebrew revolt in Judea under the rule of Hadrian, but
the Romans were victorious again.? Most Palestinian Jews were sold into slavery, exiled to other lands, or killed.? Though the Jews in Rome were
enslaved, their culture

Book Review of 'Post Holocaust Interpretation,...
Book Review: Post–Holocaust Interpretation, Misinterpretation, and the Claims of History
In this account of Post–Holocaust publication, Berel Lang presents thoroughly researched information that rebuts some of the common moral,
historical and theological claims of the events that took place during this period. The content and the events and ideas discussed in this book are
focused on the possibility of this historical event with all the sadism and evil that it brings to mind is able to define a post holocaust, with those who
survived the event as well as historical scholars' of the era introducing new ways of the reconstruction of the events that took place as well as their
ramifications. In addition, the holocaust appears to be an historical event taken advantage of by people from various perspectives for various reasons
other than that of that of using it as a cautionary benchmark to deter reoccurrence of such an event ever again. This is a fact the author struggles with
throughout the book and one that works in his favor by bestowing a moral authority over his scholarly reflections. The first chapter is entitle The Nazi
as Criminal inside and outside the Holocaust, and is indicative of the issues Lang confronts. One outstanding question here is the focus given to the
Nazi atrocities against the Jews as compared to non–Jews in the same period more so the Second World War as comparative framework. Lang points at
the heinous acts committed in Lidice and the crimes

How Did The Lucca Plague
At the beginning of these documents, it clearly states that they believed the plague was spreading because of the sale and transfer of linen and
woolen cloths. The rulers of Italian cities even went as far as appointing a "salaried chief executive" to enforce the laws of "no bringing or fetching
of any old linen or woolen cloths" to Pistoia (Lualdi, Katharine J). Although, the rulers of Italian cities did make a smart move when they banned
the right to travel to Pisa or Lucca, because the plague could have easily spread to those individuals who travelled there and back. They also
declared "the bodies of the dead shall not be removed from the place of death until they have been enclosed in a wooden box, and the lid of planks
nailed down so that

Primo Levi
The Reawakening, by Primo Levi, is a sequel to his first novel, Survival in Auschwitz. It is a deeply powerful memoir of his liberation from the most
brutal concentration camps of them all, Auschwitz. Published in 1946, the story of Primo Levi's pursuit for freedom has inspired many people around
the world. Levi's quest back home to Italy was a grueling mission, from ruthless acts of the Nazi regime, the traumatic effects of imprisonment in
Auschwitz and the near death experience of hunger and illness. The Holocaust brought a cloud of darkness filled with pain and despair. Very few
victims of the Holocaust survived and those who did found it extremely hard to cope with the traumatic memories that the Holocaust instilled in them.
Those who ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The survivors were so used to living and sleeping with corpses that they too felt that their own soul was no longer with them. It was very difficult for
Jews to recuperate from the racial purification attempts of the Holocaust, but those who showed hope and perseverance through theses grueling
times were able to regain their life and self worth. Throughout Levi's reawakening, he met very extraordinary people, many of whom are survivors
of the Holocaust just like him. These people can be seen as a symbol in Levi's reawakening helping him establish new life after liberation. Jews are
deeply hated amongst the European nation and Levi encounters three authority figures they guide him with rules that he must abide in order to
escape detestation. During a walk along the churches of Cracow, Levi came across the first authority figure, a priest. They carried the most
"extravagant and chaotic conversation in Latin." (Levi, 50) At the end of their encounter the priest advises Levi not to speak German in public. The
second authority figure that Levi encountered was a lawyer traveling through Treblinka. He was a Polish man but he could speak German as well.
Like the priest, he also advised Levi not to speak German in public. A police officer, the third figure of authority in Levi's reawakening, showed
compassion towards Levi and offered him "a night in warmth, in jail."

Primo Levi's Survival in Auschwitz
Reading the novel Survival in Auschwitz by author Primo Levi leads one to wonder whether his survival is attributed to his indefinite will to survive or
a very subservient streak of luck. Throughout the novel, he is time and again spared from the fate that supposedly lies ahead of all inhabitants of the
death camp at Auschwitz. Whether it was falling ill at the most convenient times or coming in contact with prisoners who had a compassionate, albeit
uncommon, disposition, it would seem as though the Gods were always smiling upon him. Although throughout the novel primo is characterized as a
very willing ands competent individual, one can not say that his personality or his training as a chemist were the sole factors of his survival. For ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although Levi was never chosen to be a "prominenten", this did not matter as his training as a chemist turned out to be his liberating factor. He
was one of three Jewish inmates chosen to work in a chemistry laboratory in the camp. Again Levi refers to his "luck" when he writes "So it would
seem that fate В…has arranged that we three В…suffer neither hunger nor cold this winter" (Levi 140). One must say that to be chosen as one of
the three men, out of the 10,000 which comprised the LГ¤ger, can only be attributed to luck. In addition to his envied position in the LГ¤ger, his
background as a chemist also proved vital when the prisoners had to fend for themselves after the germans abandoned the camp due to the
encroachment of the Russian army. Since all municipal provisions were deserted as a result of the hasty departure of the Germans, it was Levi who
was able to light the stove using flints stolen from the laboratory. This in turn enabled them to melt snow for water and cook the potatoes and
cabbage that they were able to salvage. It was also Levi who used an abandoned battery from the lorry to finally provide light in their room.
Furthermore, Levi's luck also appeared to be beneficial in that it allowed him to make the acquaintance of inmates who appeared to be just as honest
and forthcoming as him. Although Levi's relationships with his comrades were always

Benito Mussolini Research Paper
INTRODUCTION
During the Second World War, Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was the leader of the Italian Nationalist Fascist government. He was head of the
Italian government from 1922 till 1943. The significance of Mussolini is that he played a key role acting as the Italian Prime Minister and established
a totalitarian regime, during this time, as the unchallenged supreme leader, known as 'Il Duce'. Fascism consisted of many contributors of which
Mussolini with all his quirks was the key to most of its failures and successes, making him the most significant player that is worthy of being
investigated. This topic is worthy of being investigated as Mussolini made a lot of decisions that lead to the death of many, but the question as to...
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Instead he ordered the wholesale destructions of villages and the execution of hostages because they killed Italian soldiers. The victims of these
reprisals were the civilians and villagers as they were assumed to be the "bandits". Compared to Yugoslavia, the killing in Greece remained minor and
under control, which was partially due to the lack of local fascists that could punish them. Yet there was much retaliation, such as the blowing up of a
tunnel that killed 600 Italian soldiers in return for the massacre of 106 hostages. In another reprisal, 15 men were taken hostage and executed after the
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