US Power Grid Under Constant Cyber Attack

The United States is Under Cyber Warfare
The United States is under attack. To be exact, the nation's power grid is under attack in the form of
cyber warfare. On May 21st, 2013 Congressmen Edward J. Markey and Henry A Waxman published
a report that provided the findings from information that they had requested from over 150 utility
companies (of which 60% responded). More than a dozen utilities reported "daily, constant, or
frequent attempted cyber–attacks" (Markey & Waxman) with one utility reporting that they have
about 10,000 attempted attacks per month!
The 2003 northeast blackout that saw about 50 million people from the northeast US and southeast
Canada lose power for about 2 days at the cost of $6 billion dollars according to JR Minkel (Minkle)
and was the biggest blackout in North American history (Minkle). The disaster lead to a report that
showed the blackout was caused by a combination of human error and equipment failure. To prevent
issues like this in the future a "smart grid" needs to be developed that would monitor and repair
itself in the event of problems. Essentially computers and applications would be the first responder
when there is an equipment failure on the grid. The problem with this solution is that by placing
more of the control of the power grid into the hands of computers and applications, it opens up the
grid to cyber–attacks. The economic impact of a total or even partial failure of the power grid is
astronomical and makes a very appealing target to those who wish to cause
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The Boonies Transcendentalism Analysis
Transcendentalism and "The Boonies" Moving out into the the woods and off the grid isn't for
everyone. For a few families, this is a way of life. This lifestyle showcases many beliefs of
transcendentalism, many that are still abundantly present in society today. Transcendentalism is
shown in the way people live and in the television shows like "The Boonies". In "The Boonies",
transcendentalism appears in the ideas of Idealism/Individualism and in Nature. In The Boonies, the
ideology of Idealism or Individualism in Transcendentalism is used. Idealism/Individualism is
making sure to live simply and for only self–needs. These families and individuals are living in the
wild and off the grid for themselves and to live only enough to get by. Doc Leverett and his wife
explain that they do all of the hard work by choice, "...they don't understand that we do all this by
choice"(Doc Leverett). Doc and his wife moved out into the forests of Washington to live a
simplistic life and to leave all the waste and stress that comes with the city life behind. They chose
to live this lifestyle to limit waste and to live only by the basic necessities. Joe Ray, another
individual that lives off the grid also chose to live his life this way because he loves it, "I can be in
this place for awhile. It's just the greatest place to live... I am always looking to find a cave bigger
and better than the next. I'm always looking to find the best cave to live in" (Joe Ray). Joe Ray
moved to the caves

Cyber Attacks And Its Effects On The Nation 's Economy
Present day events have shown that cyber–attacks are becoming more prevalent and sophisticated on
the internet especially against our nation's Critical Infrastructures (CI). One of them being the U.S.
electrical power grid is also a national security risk that is currently vulnerable to cyber threats from
malicious actors on the intent of causing a power blackout. The lack of protection on the power grid
can result in an operational nightmare that can cause other government entities or specific CI targets
that rely on the power grid to be non–operational. The consequence of a blackout would cost billions
and can affect millions of people in the United States by delaying essential services needed to keep
the country operational, which is essential for the nation's economy and security. The complexity to
understand cyber threats is ever changing due to technological advances and methods being used by
computer hackers. The nation's electricity system consists of generators and regional networks of
interconnected transmission lines that are vulnerable to a cyber–attack. However, with increased
reliance to develop a smart grid to improve system operability such as supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) to monitor load balances remotely using internet protocols comes more risk
for intruders. This paper will identify the risks associated with the electric grid and discuss the
proposed new policy approaches that will help the electric industry which have been

The State Of Illinois Electrical Grid
The State of Illinois electrical grid consists of a variety of power generating sources that provide
electricity to transportation, industrial, residential, and commercial customers within the state.
Illinois leads the nation in electricity generation from nuclear power. Typically about one–eighth of
the nation 's nuclear power generation, and about half of all net generation in Illinois, is produced by
the state 's 6 nuclear power plants with their eleven reactors. Most of the rest of the electricity
generated in Illinois is generated by coal–fired power plants. According to the U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA) in Illinois, wind and natural gas provide almost all of the
remaining electricity supply, about 8% of all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The IEMA also ensures public and employee safety by regularly inspecting licensing, certification
and accreditation of radiologic technologists, equipment and facilities; and inspects and escorts
spent nuclear fuel shipments that enter, exit, or traverse Illinois (IEMA, 2014).
In the event of a radiological accident at any of the nuclear power stations in Illinois or any incident
involving the actual or potential release of radiation to the environment, IEMA will activate the
Illinois Plan for Radiological Accidents (IPRA). IPRA is a cooperative effort between local
governments, state agencies, and private organizations designed to ensure any radiological accident
is quickly and accurately evaluated and the appropriate response to and recovery from any accident
are effectively coordinated.
Within the realm of open source information, a trove of resources are readily available delineating
locations of individual power plants, major electrical lines, and sub stations serving the United
States and Illinois. Most apparent is not necessarily the ease of access to information, but how
piecing together the varied, disparate data can be used to create a picture that

Smart Living Essay
4.6.1 Smart Living
WHY SMART LIVING?
"By 2030 12% of worldwide population will be +65 generation (from 7% in 2010). Hence, new
health–care and elderly–care solutions are needed" [IBM Smarter City Program, 2010];
"A Smart City has to be safe; a smarter safety initiative allows to anticipate, rather just react, to
problems" [Mulligan 2010].
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS:
I ncrease health–care and elderly–care services availability, increase citizens ' quality of life and
satisfaction, (IBM Smarter Cities Program).
IT CONTRIBUTION
Usage of data that can predict where and when crimes will take place. "What is needed is a timely
enough manner to make the difference" [IBM Smarter Cities Program; ]. Firemen: info can give
insights into the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The communication platform enables quick response to emergency services. Videoconferencing
technologies facilitate remote medical centre services to patients ' homes, for those who can not
travel to hospitals [Washburn et al, 2010].
4.6.2 Smart Environment
To better face this topic, it will be divided in three parts:
Smart Energy
Smart Buildings
Smart Water Management
Smart Energy
WHY SMART ENERGY?
 Cities consume 75% of world energy [BOMA 2006];
 Through Smart Grids, globally could be reduced carbon emissions by 2.03 Gt CO2e (worth €
79 billions) [Steinert 2011];
 The world marketed energy consumption is projected to increase by 44% from 2006 to 2030
(and will increase by 73% from BRIC countries) [EIA: Energy Information Administration,
US].
 energy accounts for the largest portion of GHG emissions (29%) [McKinsey Smart 2020
Report].
 CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS:
Energy efficiency, integration of renewable sources;
57
IT CONTRIBUTION:

"Energy generation and distribution use 1/3 of all primary energy. ICT could make electricity
generation more efficient by 40% and its transportation and distribution by 10%" [Stancic,
2009].
Smart Grids: is an electrical grid that uses information and communications technology to gather
and act on information, such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an
automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics,

Project Start Date Will Commence
Initiation Phase
Project start date will commence July 11, 2016 and conclude on March 24, 2017. The initiation
phase of this project will consist of reviewing historical data of both HRBT and JRB. The data will
include material was acclimated to build the bridge and tunnel along with a data analyst of life cycle
deterioration. The feasible and prudent information from the historical research will assist engineers
in exploring the undertaking of preservation opportunities of the bridge and tunnel which could
protract the life cycle, and preserve capital for future expenditures while ensuring both the bridge
and the tunnel safety for the motorist.
The project duration will be 257 calendar days with 249 days genuine project work excluding ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study will address a number of alternative routes for motorist traveling to and from naval bases,
the Peninsula and Isle of Wight County. Every effort will be made to minimize impact to motorists
during the project for commuter convenience during the week with restricted lane closures during
off–peak hours. The survey team will evaluate holiday travelers that utilize the tunnel and bridge;
which holiday motorist travel the most and what are the peak hours. Logistics resources will propose
materials required, turnaround time for material deliverables and cost.
Planning Phase
The planning phase for the HRBT will consist of the following: paving operations, removing and
replacing de–bonded tunnel wall tiles, and repair cracks in concrete surfaces; re–line the existing
water line and provide new equipment for the existing tunnel fire hydrant system; repair leaking
expansion joints in the tunnel, and upgrade Tunnel Life Safety Systems such as a Fire Suppression
system, Tunnel Lighting, Communications, Floodgate drainage, and Emergency Egress.
The steel grids on the James River Bridge were replaced back in 2012. Over the years, many of the
original studs on the draw span have fallen off or worn down to the point that they need to be
replace again. The steel grids are in major need of improvement for safety and environment reasons.
Mark Marshall an Isle of Wight County Sheriff sent a letter to the Virginia Department of
Transportation (VDOT)

Smart Grids Technologies Can Be Put Into Four Functional...
Generally, smart grids technologies can be put into four functional categories: Information
collectors; information assemblers, displayers, and assessors; information–based controllers and
energy resources. Smart grids collected data from various types of sensors. These sensors measure
performance–related characteristics of electricity system components. Assessors are used to analysis
and display the information they received from the devices. The information–based controllers
devices will use the information that they received to control the other devices behavior to achieve
the goal. Energy or power resources include the technologies that can used to generate, store, or
reduce demand for electricity. However, renewable energy sources have been used in so many
countries to reduce CO2 emissions and provide sustainable electrical power. The power electronic
interface between a renewable energy source and the grid can be used to control reactive power
output and hence the network voltage as well as curtailing real power output, and so enable the
generator to respond to the requirements of the grid. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is one
of the smart grid technologies that have been used in many homes and business. Their objective is to
enable to let the users can use wattage readers to check how much juice their appliances and gadgets
use. They measure energy usage with less than one–hour intervals, communicate usage data back to
the utility regularly like up to

There is one scene in the movie which could have been...
There is one scene in the movie which could have been impossible to produce without computer
imagery. The scene involves Scar who wants to kill his royal relatives by trapping them under the
crowd of thousands running wildebeests.
'Occasionally, there's an effect that the directors want in a film that would be virtually impossible to
do with traditional animation techniques," explains CGI supervisor Scott Johnston. That's where
computer animation can sometimes make a difference. A stampede of thousands of wildebeests
would be too laborious to create by hand but animators working with computers can figure out what
the behaviour of the animal is and replicate it. We can also create all the camera angles that the
scene requires and match ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They came up with the idea a simulation, sort of following the leader. They created the leaders and
the followers so logically, the followers had to follow the leaders but at the same time avoiding each
other because they did not want the wildebeests to crash into each other. The next step was to match
them into the background. The CGI crew built the 3 dimensional grid stages which matched the
perspective and the look of the background which was going to be in the scene. Then they placed
one of the simulations on the grid and replaced the small magnets with the wildebeests running. The
different angles of the camera gave the audience the possibility to see the wildebeests running either
over the camera or under or even zoomed in the crowd.
In terms of color, the animators wanted the wildebeests to be slightly of different color so they gave
them random wild colors. It was made with the purpose that the director now could say what exactly
he liked or disliked and what he wanted to change in the particular wildebeest in the scene. When
they put this scene in the film for a draft version, the shades of grey were applied to match the black
and white film. And then in final color, they gave them each different coloring but within a very
limited range of shading: some of them became slightly lighter grey, some of them darker grey. All
in all, five CGI specialists spent over two years creating the incredible two

Essay on Cyber Attacks on the Government’s Transportation...
Breaches and Security Implications by Penetration of the Western Interconnection's
Traffic Control System and its Effects on Modern Day Life
Year after year, a number of films are released involving computer hacking of some sort along with
cyber–villainy. As entertaining as they are, the validity of these possibilities is not explored. Many
of these films center revolve around a chaotic vehicle–related scene where a form of the
government's transportation grid is compromised. The breach typically involves traffic control. As
the stoplights and streetlights are in a state known as gridlock, external hackers usually make the
situation as unruly as humanely plausible. However, the very nature of this unfortunate scenario can
only be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This includes the states of Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Arizona,
Colorado, Wyoming,
Montana, South Dakota, New Mexico, and Texas. The Western Interconnection is connected to the
Eastern Interconnection via six direct current transmission facilities. The WECC has offices in the
following cities: Salt Lake, Utah; Vancouver, Washington; and Loveland, Colorado. The
North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) employs eight other branches of electric
reliability councils (NERC).
Currently, the level of security regarding the Western Interconnection networks is depleting, as in it
is becoming ever more susceptible to external hackers. The vulnerable nature of all the United States
electric power grids brought the attention of the White House a couple years ago. The potential of
these cyber–attacks on this vital infrastructure has led to a suspicion of Chinese hackers behind the
job. At the time, it was assumed that the U.S. Congress and
3
government regulators would pressure all the electric utilities to increase security ten–fold and be
ready to evade all computer intrusions. A single breach would inevitably lead to chaos striking the
entire nation. U.S. Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano expressed concerns about the
power grid's high vulnerability to

Wireless Network Method Using Smart Grid Communications
WIRELESS NETWORK METHOD USING IN SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS
Ehsan Dolatshahi
Independent Study
April 22, 2015
Introduction
The old generation of electrical power grid has taken care of our needs in the past. However, as our
world progress technologically, so do the expectations from different infrastructures around us.
Smart grid is an initiative to completely restructure the electrical power grid to meet the current and
future requirements of its clients. Upgrading our electrical power grid could bring novel security
vulnerabilities into the system. Thus, security is one of the key parts in smart grid technology. Smart
grid technology also puts more reliability demands on WAN (wide area network) infrastructures. [1]
A smart grid is an intelligent electricity network that integrates the actions of all users connected to
it and makes use of innovative information, control, and communication technologies to save
energy, cut cost, and raise reliability and transparency. The smart grid is an upgrade to the current
electrical power structure. Meaning, on top of the functionality of our existing power system, it has
upgraded with some novel specifications. These new features adds more vulnerability to the system.
[2]
Smart grid is mainly composed of six basic systems: power generation system, distribution system,
transmission network, data management and processing system, smart metering system, and
customer information system. The network architecture of smart grid

Island Adventure Game
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Island Adventure Game</title>
<style>
#platform
{
position: relative; width: 384px; height: 384px; background–image: url("images/background.png");
}
.cell
{
display: block; position: absolute; width: 64px; height: 64px;
}
p
{
width: 500px;
}
</style>
</head>
<div id="platform"></div>
<p id="outcome"></p>
<script language='JavaScript'>
//Referencing to the platform and result
//The platform is essentially the grid var platform = document.querySelector("#platform"); var
outcome = document.querySelector("#outcome");
//Added a keyboard listener feature

//Use window because the event is taking place on the window
window.addEventListener("keydown", down_key, false);
//The map of the game
//Refer to 'map code' to see what each number corresponds to var map =
[
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0], [0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3]
];
//Positions of the boat
//Refer to 'map code' for number correspondance var gameObjects =
[
[4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
];
//Map code
//Images corresponding with grid above var WATER = 0; var HOBO = 1; var ISLAND = 2; var
HOME = 3; var BOAT = 4;
//The size of each square containing each image in pixels var SIZE = 64;
//How many rows and columns are present in the grid var ROWS = map.length; var COLUMNS =
map[0].length;

Statistical Weather Prediction And Regional Climate...
One–way nested Limited–Area Models (LAMs) are used in numerical weather prediction and
regional climate modelling to downscale coarse–resolution global/regional simulations or analyses
that are provided as the time–evolving Lateral Boundary Conditions (LBC). The LAM integrations
are sensitively dependent on infinitesimally small modifications. The so–called twin simulations,
i.e., LAM integrations identical in all respect, except having slightly different initial conditions, may
with time lead to substantially different solutions. This phenomenon has been referred to as internal
variability (IV) in the existing literature [e.g., Giorgi and Bi, 2000; Christensen et al., 2001; Rinke et
al., 2004; Lucas–Picher et al., 2008a; Crétat et al., 2011; Done et al., 2014].
Internal variability is usually quantified in terms of the inter–member standard deviation between
the simulations pertaining to the different initial conditions. In extended–range LAM integrations
conducted over months to years, the IV varies with several factors that include the synoptic
situation, season of a year, the size and position of the computational domain and the spatial and
temporal scales under consideration. For computational domains centered over midlatitudes, IV is
typically larger in summer [e.g., Caya and Biner, 2004], increases with the size of the computational
domain [Alexandru et al., 2007; Rapaić et al., 2011] and increases downstream with respect to the
inflow lateral boundaries [e.g.,

How Smart Grid Used Today?
How Are Smart Grid Used Today?
Introduction
Smart grids usage has been increasing all over the world. North America and Europe are the two
regions that have been increasing their usage of smart grids over the years.
A. Smart grid has four major area of applications which are industries and homes, transmission and
distribution, generation, and power system as a whole.
B. Smart grids have been used in different ways and there is different type of smart grid devices that
has helped renew resources.
Smart Energy Resources
Smart energy resources change the electric power system from conventional fossil–based energy
systems to the renewable energy systems [4]. By using renewable generation, carbon dioxide
emissions decrease from replacing systems powered by fossil fuels. Also increases the economic
value of wind and solar usage of both. Solar photovoltaic system (Solar PV), solar thermal and wind
resources all can be effect by weather. Because these resources are not reliable, smart grids can
provide data and automation needed to enable solar panels and wind farms to put energy on the grid
optimize its use. This will help new income sources for rural landowners and tax revenues for wind
and solar development [1][4].
Electrical Vehicles (EV)
Plug–in electric vehicles are an example of renewable energy because its known as energy storage.
Energy storage is not something new. It has been used nearly every electrical device that exist, from
backup function to temporary power

Dtl's Power Grid Analysis
The potential impact of a breach to DTL's power grid can significantly affect not just the 5.4 million
customers, but can have cascading effects across to the other sectors. The electric grid has many
interdependencies with the other sectors that link corporate systems together, providing access to
customers, suppliers, and other entities (Zhen, 2013). The threat is goes beyond the proprietary
information and other sensitive information contained in the corporate systems, there is also the
threat to the control systems that are tied in to these networks. Besides the immediate impact to
DTL's infrastructure, the Federal government sector could be affected by a breach in two ways. The
first impact may be through unauthorized access to personnel ... Show more content on
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On December 2015, an adversary maliciously operated supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) systems that caused power outages, followed by destructive attacks that disabled SCADA
and communications systems to the field (E–ISAC, 2016). This type of malicious attack is the first
reported case in the world, where there was a direct attack against systems in a nation's critical
infrastructure. This was an escalation from past malicious attacks against basic purpose computers
and servers (E–ISAC,

The Total Number Of Valid Sudoku Grids
The Total Number of Valid Sudoku Grids
Introduction
Sudoku's roots can be traced back to 1780's Switzerland, when Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler
developed Latin Squares––the concept of arranging symbols within a grid such that each symbol
would appear only once in each row or column––which is the basis of Sudoku. Thus, most would
attribute the invention of Sudoku to Switzerland, even though the puzzle's name consists of two
Japanese characters: su (which means "number") and doku (which means "single"). I, along with
many others around the world, enjoy the challenge that Sudoku puzzles present, and have done so
since I was about twelve years old. I have always taken for granted the apparently random amount
and placement of given numbers for each particular puzzle, and never wondered why or how I
solved the puzzle each time; until now, that is.
The aim of this exploration is to to find the number of distinct Sudoku grids.
Understanding the Rules of Sudoku
The format of a Sudoku puzzle is a nine by nine grid with at least seventeen givens, or cells that are
already occupied by numbers that are known to be correct. The grid is subdivided into nine three by
three blocks, nine rows, and nine columns, as Figures 1, 2, and 3 respectively demonstrate below:
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
Each block can be further divided into cells as shown in Figure 4:
Figure 4
Each cell has a neighborhood, which includes the block, row, and column specific to a

Construction Schedules : Types Of Construction Schedules
Delays should always be noted in the daily log and discussed at the weekly progress meeting. Any
additional money required for the overtime portion should be the electrician's responsibility and
could result in a back charge claim by the acoustical ceiling contractor.
Types of Construction Schedules
The type of schedule used for a project normally depends on the cost and complexity of the project.
A bar chart is usually used for smaller projects and for larger projects a critical path method (CPM)
schedule is established.
Bar Chart
A bar chart simply indicates when specific activities will start, the duration of the activity and the
finish date of the activity. Since each activity on a bar chart is depicted as a straight line on the ...
Divide 30 hours per day by 8 hours per installer, equaling 3.75 or 4 installers per day to complete
the grid. The same process determines how many installers are needed to complete the tile
installation. If 40 hours are estimated to install the tile, divide 40 hours by 2 days, equaling 20 hours
per day. Divide 20 hours by 8 hours per installer, equaling 2.5 installers per day to complete the
ceiling tile.
What is important to note, the grid installation, painting and lighting/HVAC grille installations
overlap in the schedule. In other words, some of the actions are occurring on the same days. The
ceiling foreman crew size is twice what was estimated above because those man hours represent the
acoustical ceiling installation for one floor, but according to the schedule, each floor starts on the
same day.
Critical Path Method
Complex building projects require the use of a more sophisticated type of schedule called the critical
path method or CPM shown in Figure 13. This type of schedule indicates the dependencies and
interrelationships between different activities. Those activities are shown as a network. A CPM
schedule shows the sequence of each activity, the start of each activity, the dependence of that
activity on the completion of a preceding activity, and how the completion of that activity will
restrict the commencement of subsequent activities.
Figure 13 – CPM Schedule
All activities are shown as blocks on the schedule, with each

Intelligent Transmission And Distribution Of Smart Grid...
Intelligent Transmission & Distribution System in Smart Grid Technology
Hrishikesh Ganesh Divekar
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Abstract: Smart grid technology is the combination of existing electrical architecture i.e power
generation, switchgear, power systems and digital technologies which provides smart, efficient,
reliable and cost effective ways to distribute electricity. It makes optimal use of power by
monitoring, analysis, control, and provides flexible distribution to maximize the throughput of the
electrical system.
The research paper explores the delivery and distribution of power using smart grid technology. As
delivery is the important aspect after generation, for efficient transmission of power substation
automation, outage restoration and power system analysis plays important role. The paper focuses
on distributive approach and its effective ways which will reduce the power leakage, which
generally takes place during transmission. It also explains working of various industrial and
commercial applications which uses smart grid technology i.e electrical appliances, vehicles running
using renewable source.
I.INTRODUCTION
A smart grid refers to a modernized electricity network that monitors, protects, and optimizes the
operation of its interconnected elements .The electrical sector is set to make the changes from a
centralized, producer–controlled network to one that is less centralized and more consumer–based.
The transformation to a smarter grid

Case Report : Cass County Electric Cooperative Control...
Summary Written By: Bradley Penney
Tour: Cass County Electric Cooperative Control Center
Date: 8/11/15
Time: 4:30
Location: Fargo, ND
Tour Guide: Brad Schmidt
Cass County Electric Cooperative is a member owned, non–profit electric distribution system
headquartered in Fargo, North Dakota. The cooperative has 44,000 members and serves a nearly
5,000 square mile area in ten counties in southeastern North Dakota, Figure 1. The distribution
cooperative owns nearly 4,700 miles of power lines in the area. Cass County Electric has been in
service for 78 years. In 2014 the sold nearly 1,194,910,125 kWh in power and tallied $115,294,693
of revenue from the sale of that power. The mission of the cooperative is to serve their members'
energy need with reliable electric service while delivering the values of cooperative membership
Cass County Electric Cooperative purchases wholesale power from Minnkota Power Cooperative
located in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Of the power they purchase 55% comes from North Dakota
lignite coal power plants, 32% wind generation, 10% hydroelectric generation, and 3% from solar
other renewables. Of the approximate 44,000 services provided, Cass County Electric provides
power for 18,616 residential homes, 13,204 apartment units, and 22 large commercial users. The
distribution line is approximately 40% buried below ground and 60% overhead. Cass County
Electric Cooperative employees 95 individuals and three engineers.
In 1996, the

Mediation Stay Neutral And Remain Neutral
Introduction
Facilitative mediation is one of the sub–types of the problem–solving method, deriving from to "
facilitate" or to mediate between two parties, its style largely used from the 1960–70s it is one of the
original models which was generally and extensively used in the USA. The intent is to critically
gauge this style of mediation, and weigh arguments for and against, to analyse if the model is
relevant today. Questioning can this style of mediation stay neutral and remain in a guidance format
only or does it cross over into other styles of mediation.
This mediator acts as a facilitator only, and through shared discussion and guidance, it claims of
being not only neutral, but fully confidential, that parties have the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some mediators have classified themselves either facilitative or evaluative or in between depending
on the parties' circumstance. However, Riskins conception of this grid was to try and make some
sense of the mediator's approach, can the facilitative mediator stay fixed in their style. The grid
illustrated a meeting point of two lines; one representing the mediator's concept of his role, and the
other the mediator's approach to the problem. When these two lines intersect, there are four
quadrants which represent different mediation situations. Riskin stated that the four quadrants each
represent a general location toward mediation: evaluative–narrow, facilitative–narrow, evaluative–
broad and facilitative–broad.
The Facilitative–Narrow mediator will use past cases, skill and strategies in order to help the parties
be realistic about their conflict, underlining their strengths and weaknesses, and credible outcomes,
using experience, and techniques learned in order to bring focus back to a discussion. They will not
asses or offer suggestions, and allow the parties through shared interest to develop open discussion
to reaching mutual agreement, but will offer guidance on their legal positions and the concerns of
non–settlement.
The Facilitative–Broad mediator tries to find options to help the parties express and relate to their
dispute and empower them to share interests in order to resolve any impasse. This can give

Toronto Gender Roles
At the University of Toronto, specific areas are regulated and represented using university safety
protocols. This paper will highlight the attempt of the university to classify those specific areas and
genders, including the connotations involved with the representations. A representation analysis of
certain areas being an inherent danger to students will be presented with its implications. After, the
gender binary will be analyzed through the safety protocol applying to students and how the rules
can alter student behaviour, along with how the mythic structures incorporated in the representations
can influence and be represented in the protocol.
The University of Toronto has a Student Life: Be Safe webpage. The webpage has a grid layout ...
The tips act as a policy that recognize ongoing suspicious occurrences and advises students to
always stay vigilant of their surroundings. The policy designates duty for the student to report
suspicious behaviour, such as unauthorized personnel in unauthorized areas and abandoned parcels
in unusual locations. The University of Toronto campus is a high–traffic area and any provided
information can be helpful is preventing danger. Thus, the designation for students to report
suspicious behaviour is reasonable. The policy prompts the concern of unknown people and objects
through its representation of danger. On the contrary, students do not know every individual on the
campus and it is unjustified to have a policy implying that every unknown person can act
suspiciously. The policy suggests students should stray from their daily routine when they feel as if
they are in danger. Students are encouraged to travel in groups as being alone increases
vulnerability. Through representation, the university does not protect a vulnerable student. The
university merely provides policies and tips for the vulnerable student and the onus is on the student
to be educated with those policies. The policies exist for the students to use techniques to protect
themselves against harm. It is the knowledge, knowing what action to take, which is their best bet on

The Sustainability Of Intel
Executive Summary
The report takes a look into the sustainability practices carried out by Intel. Intel has carried out
incremental innovation in order to drive its sustainability activities. It has helped other industries
and governments with technology–based solutions to tackle sustainability challenges which include
Open Energy, Renewable Energy, Water Conservation and Water Consumption. Intel identifies its
greatest contribution to the environment in the potential its services and solutions in IT have to offer,
in order to help its clients and suppliers contribute to sustainable development. The report also
addresses the question; How Intel can improve sustainability results by conducting changes in its
operations.
Complete analysis of Intel Corporation is based on the set of principles as stated in the United
Nations Global Compact because it acts as a standard for all the sustainable growth. Apart from the
previous, the analysis is aligned with the sustainable goals mentioned by United Nations in order to
access the degree to which Intel satisfies these goals.
Key areas of research
Intel's inclination towards sustainability: At the Technology Innovation Summit, Intel Capital, Intel
Corporation's global investment organization, made its dedication to foster clean technology
innovation much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It consists of a series of 58 Zefr micro turbines that are capable of harnessing the 8–9 mph local
wind speeds to generate 65 kilowatt–hours of power. The seven–blade micro turbines from JLM
Energy are designed to be used in an array or Wind Array Turbine System (WATS) and are mounted
on the top edge of the Robert Noyce Building, leaving the rest of the roof space free for Photo Voltic
panels. It enables solar power and wind power to work together, generating extra electricity and
indeed an innovation for the betterment of the

The State Of Illinois Electrical Grid
The State of Illinois electrical grid consists of a variety of power generating sources that provide
electricity to transportation, industrial, residential, and commercial customers within the state.
Illinois leads the nation in electricity generation from nuclear power. Typically about one–eighth of
the nation 's nuclear power generation, and about half of all net generation in Illinois, is produced by
the state 's 6 nuclear power plants with their eleven reactors. Most of the rest of the electricity
generated in Illinois is generated by coal–fired power plants. According to the U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA) in Illinois, wind and natural gas provide almost all of the
remaining electricity supply, about 8% of all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
IPRA is a cooperative effort between state agencies, local governments, and private organizations
designed to ensure any radiological accident is quickly and accurately evaluated and the appropriate
response to and recovery from any accident are effectively coordinated.
Within the realm of open source information, a trove of resources are readily available delineating
locations of individual power plants, major electrical lines, and sub stations serving the United
States and Illinois. Most apparent is not necessarily the ease of access to information, but how
piecing together the varied, disparate data can be used to create a picture that show location,
connectivity, and potential vulnerabilities to national and state–level power grid.
Besides physical security, computer or cyber security is also a potential method of security
exploitation, as a variety of information related to data and network infrastructure or SCADA
networks are available online. Boyd (2015) wrote in his article, Energy awards $35M to protect
power grid from cyber–attacks, that the Department of Energy awarded two research grants totaling
$34.7 million to develop cyber security tools and standards to protect the nation 's electricity
infrastructure. A team of

Why Fear Plays From The World Of Bull Riding Or Motorcycle...
The mental game; every athlete must play the mental game and it's especially prevalent within the
world of bull riding or motorcycle racing. When I ponder my days of riding bulls (for a short period)
and now racing motorcycles, the one key emotion that sticks out like a broken bone from an arm
after a bad crash is most certainly fear. With these two sports, fear is the prevailing emotion that the
athletes feed off of and at times, attempt to suppress and control. It's key to understand why fear
plays such a major role when looking at these sports objectively. Think about what might happen.
The repercussions range from some bruises and broken bones to death and permanent disfigurement.
So it is very natural for the athlete to have to deal with the fear of "what might go wrong". There are
countless times that when it came time for me to slide onto my bull, fear would completely
overwhelm me. I was not just forced, but completely pushed into a middle state of panic. All of a
sudden my vision narrowed, my breathing became very quick and my pulse could be felt in my
temples; racing well over 100 beats per minute. Because of this reaction to fear I usually walked
away defeated because I was unable function; I was frozen. It must be understood that fear is a very
natural reaction as the human brain tends to want to preserve itself. However, fear can often hold
athletes like bull riders or motorcycle races back because we forget the task at hand: doing the very
best we

Case Study Of Weald And Downland Open Air Museum
Weald and Downland open air museum is the place that provides ancient buildings and lifestyle of
the British in countryside areas. The oldest building is more than 600 years in
age(Wealddown.co.uk, 2014) Therefore, many places for visiting in this museum but the most
attractive construction for the civil engineers is the grid shell. The Downland grid shell was built as
a workshop for the museum and let the workmen to fix their houses or to study their own projects.
Grid shell was made by timber to form in a triple sandglass shape without column and beam. The
important fact about the Downland grid shell is it is noted to be the first twice–layered lumber grid
shell in the UK.(Harris et al., 2003)This would mean that grid shell must be unique and difficult to
form the shape. In this essay I will explain about material for building grid shell and construction
steps with some engineer knowledges. Grid shell is the structure that has a property like a shell
shape. This would mean that grid shell must obtain only compression force and the force is allowed
to pass through the arch of the grid shell. The benefit of geometric shape of grid shell is it provides
stability to the structure. Therefore grid shell can stand itself without any supports(Paoli, 2007). In
order to accomplish the grid shell client(museum) had to consult with architecture and engineering
company. After that oak lath were used to be the frame of this grid shell. According to Eurocode 5,
Design of Timber

The Smart Grid And Smart Meter
Executive Summary
Electricity is widely used form of energy and it's rapidly growing nowadays. It has become to our
way of daily life. However, electrical energy generating is currently the largest single source of
carbon dioxide emissions, which has significantly make a contribution to climate change and the
impact of the environment. The electrical power system was built up more than 100 years ago. It is
one of the most effective components of the infrastructure on which delivers electrical energy to
commercial, industry and consumer demand.
However, in order to meet the growing demand for power and to reduce carbon dioxide emissions,
we need to have an electric system that can be used in a sustainable, reliable and economic way.
Smart grid and smart meters are the new power grids, which has been used in some countries to
obtain the sustainable uses. They hold potential to benefit customers and the environments.
This report is meant to give an overview about the smart grid and smart meters by describing what is
the smart grid and smart meter. In addition, it introduces several technologies from these power grid
systems and how these technologies impact on the environment and renewable resources. The report
also presents the benefits of using the smart grid and smart meters, which associated with our way of
life. Thus, the disadvantages will also be discussed.
1. Introduction
The power system has played a vital role in our daily life since the first power

Development Of Smart Grid Technologies
INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM
TO: IRINI SPYRIDAKIS
FROM: KAI SHI
SUBJECT: THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
DATE: APRIAL 9, 2016
Introduction
This memorandum addresses to present an overview of the features, functionalities, and
characteristics of the Smart Grid. It expounds the effects of Smart Grid technologies on the modern
electricity grid, power industry, and society. Smart Grids came up as a solution to make the
electricity grid more adapt to the demand of the times, make it more sustainable, greener, and more
efficient to the delivery of electric power. Smart Grids are more self–governing and enhance the
higher effectivity and efficiency of power delivery, and they also allow renewable energy recourses
safely to connect into the grid to replenish the power supply from the normal customers' distributed
power plants and storage, power industries can minimize the cost to build more power plants with
renewable energy, transmission lines, and substations to raise the level of power supply which to
adapt to the modern electricity consumption. This memorandum can help people learn more about
Smart Grids, the better understanding of its value, the less resistance to the construction of it, the
faster promotion of the development of it. The purpose of it is to introduce what the Smart Grid is,
present the discussion of its features and related technologies, demonstrate how these technologies
will influence the modern electricity grid as well as keep on developing and

Electricity: Electrical Grids
Imagining life without electricity is like life without air. As the development is at its pace, the
advancement is not possible without the consumption of electric power. Despite of the fact that we
took electricity for granted, the present increasing demands for electricity cannot be fulfilled. For
over more than a century, coal and other fossil fuels has been used by the power plants as the most
favoured resource for power generation. This process is carried out with the help of the grids.
Presently, more than 70% of the total global energy demand is satisfied by the burning of fossil
fuels. If we continue to utilize fossil fuels to meet the needs of present generation, soon they will get
exhausted and our future ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.3.2 Looped: In looped system, the grid networks are interconnected. It is also called Parallel Path
flow system. It is also possible for electricity to flow from one network to the other and then back
again to the original, i.e., a looped flow. In this setup, issues can arise with controlling the flow of
the electricity at the point(s) of network contact. [4] 1.3.3 Mesh: It is a network involving the radial
structure including redundant lines, which are added additionally to the main line and are organized
in such a way that they act as backups for the purpose of rerouting the power in case of failure
occurring in the main line. 1.4 Grid Networks Electrical grids are composed of a large number of
smaller electrical networks linked together into a large network which is known as Wide Area
Synchronous Grid or "interconnection". It allows the independent networks in a particular area
which is bound to be connected by the synchronization of the electrical frequency in between them.
1.5 Grid Developments Present grid networks are oriented for conventional power generation but
are not capable of handling the varied conditions and losses in transmission and inconveniences of
power

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Smart Metering System
A NOVEL SCHEME FOR PRE PAID METERING SYSTEM
LIPIKA.T1, MONISHA.P2, RAMYA.B3, SUDHARSANAM.V4, BABU.M5
1,2&3Student, 4&5Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
R.M.K. College of Engineering and Technology, Puduvoyal, Chennai
Abstract– A smart grid is an evolved grid system that manages electricity demand in a sustainable,
reliable and economic manner. The existing system has a disadvantage that the power consumption
pattern is not known instantly as the amount is paid afterwards. It also has the disadvantage of
limited delivery of power and is inefficient at managing peak load. Smart metering system is
designed to overcome these disadvantages. Smart metering circuit consists of power transducers
such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.2 ALGORITHM
An Algorithm is a series of instructions that performs a specific task. An Algorithm is a list of
instructions for carrying out some problems step by step.
(i) Sequence – All programs are based on sequential execution of sequence instructions.
(ii) Decision – The primary way in which you can alter the sequential execution of the statements is
to insert a decision step.
(iii) Branching – It is a decision steps that lets the execution flow in two or more directions.
(iv) Iteration – It is often called looping. It causes an iteration instruction or a set of instructions to
be executed repeatedly.
3.1 ADVANTAGES OF C
Easy to understand, Efficient and fast programming.
Freedom of using different type of data.
Short listed words could be used.
4. RESULTS AND

Research On Information Metering And Measurement
Information Metering and Measurement
Study in information metering and measurement can be classified into smart metering, and smart
monitoring and measurement. In the following, this classification in point.
a)Smart Metering: Smart metering is the mainly important mechanism used in the Smart Grid for
obtaining information from end users' devices and appliances, while also controlling the
performance of the devices. Automatic metering infrastructure (AMI) systems, which are
themselves built upon automatic meter reading (AMR) systems, are broadly regarded as a sound
strategy to realize Smart Grid. AMR is the technology of routinely collecting analytical,
expenditure, and status data from energy metering devices and transferring that data to a central
database for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing. AMI differs from traditional AMR in that it
enables two–way communications with the meter. So almost all of this information is available in
real time and on demand, allowing for better system operations and customer power demand
organization.
b) Smart meters, which carry two–way communications amid the meter and the central system, are
like in many aspects to
AMI meters, or occasionally are regarded as part of the AMI.
A smart meter is typically an electrical meter that records use in intervals of an hour or less and
sends that information at least every day back to the utility for monitoring and billing purposes.
Also, a smart meter has the capability to
disconnect–reconnect

Conflict Analysis : Blake And Mouton 's Conflict Grid
Conflict is a natural part of small group interactions and discussions. There are times when conflict
can be helpful to the group by bringing up problems that may not have been noticed by the group.
There are also times when conflict can be detrimental to a group dynamic by causing the group
damage. Conflict management is having the ability to manage conflict within a group where there is
a good amount of conflict of ideas without a large amount of conflict of feelings (Tubbs, 2012).
Blake and Mouton's Conflict Grid is a model used to mange conflict within a group. I will describe a
conflict I have personally dealt with in the workplace and use Blake and Mounton's Grid to identify
the styles used from the grid as well as recommend ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was now a revolving door of teachers. I believe the problem was the director who moved into her
position so suddenly, she was corrupt and poisonous to the organization. I finally decided I could no
longer work for an organization who's values did not meet my own, so I put in my notice. I did this
right before an important Head Start review, so management was not happy with me. It was rumored
the director changed some of the scores from their own review before the federal government came
to do their own. My score was one of a few which was not changed. They asked me to stay but
would not offer me more than a seventeen cent raise. This minimal raise would also include
becoming a mentor teacher and training students at the local college. I did not take their offer and
continued working until my last day. On my last day the CEO of the organization came with one last
attempt to keep me. All she could offer me was her gratitude for a job well done for the previous
years of employment. When asked what it would take for me to stay, I was honest with her and told
her the one individual who was detrimental to the organization needed to be dealt with. The CEO
disagreed with me and I left the preschool program. According to Blake and Mouton's Grid in this
example the leadership style used is Parish or Produce (quantmleap.com). There is a very low
concern for people with a high concern for production. The only reason they wanted me to stay was
so

Applying The Strategies Will Not Only Benefit Society, But...
Applying the strategies will not only benefit the society, but also benefit the Chinese government.
This is another incentive that government makes this plan. The first benefit is obvious, promotion of
new energy is an action that shows the government cares about people and listens to people's voice,
this creates a good image of the government. The other incentive for the government is adopting this
new energy strategy which could potentially increase their voice internationally. The UN is holding
a conference regarding climate change in Paris from November 30th to December 11th with hopes
to come up with a binding agreement to control carbon emission and aims to constrain the global
average temperature change below 2 Celsius degree. One of the factors impeding countries to come
out with an agreement is the weak binding power. The free rider would exist if the agreement doesn't
have binding power. Because of free rider effects, countries tend to choose not abate. China
published the plan before the conference, now an abatement goal is more likely to be achieved,
knowing this, countries are more likely to choose abatement and come to an agreement. As the
promoter of this agreement, China shapes their image as a responsible and influential country. A
new plan always comes at a cost. The most significant one is the shock to the old energy industries
and the budget to support new industries. Prosper of new energy industries will decrease the profit
of old industries. However,

Smart Grid Technologies : Introduction
SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES:
INTRODUCTION:
All the service connections, transformers, transmission infrastructure, substations, generation plants,
and everything required in managing the generation and distribution of electrical power is known as
the electrical "Grid." The term "smart grid" has been used to describe a broad range of technologies,
design concepts and operating practices that collectively paint an exciting picture of what our
electric power infrastructure might look like in ten or twenty years. It is a new approach that
significantly increases the efficiency of the entire electrical delivery system. Not only does increase
reliability, but will also reduce energy in the delivery process and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, how do we go about improving the efficiency of our power grid, short of wholesale
replacements of aging equipment and massive investments in the latest technologies? In short, what
can be done now to make the grid operate better?
WHAT DOES "EFFICIENCY" MEAN FOR A POWER GRID?
Efficiency at the utility level is often overlooked outside of industry circles; in particular the
substantial gains that could be made in the efficiency of power transmission and distribution
systems. Grid efficiency comes down largely to "line losses," the amount of power leaving a
generation plant that is lost on the way to our homes and businesses. Losses in the transmission and
distribution system of 6 to 8 percent are typical even in the world's most advanced countries, and
they can run even higher.
Like the telecom and Internet revolutions that preceded it, technology holds the key to the Smart
Grid and its realization. The Smart Grid and the technologies embodied within it are an essential set
of investments that will help bring our electric grid into the 21st century using megabytes of data to
move megawatts of electricity more efficiently, reliably and affordably. In

Sample Resume : Mad Lib
/***********************************************************************
* Program:
* Project Final, Mad Lib (e.g. Assignment 01, Hello World)
* Brother Falin, CS124
* Author:
* Matthew Burns
* Summary:
* This program reads a sudoku file the user can specify, it will
* print the file and allow the user to edit it, this version
* has an integrated solver.
*
* Estimated: 8.0 hrs
* Actual: 18.0 hrs
* Find possible solutions for a specified place on the grid was
* by far the most difficult, I thought that was significantly
* more difficult than the solver.
************************************************************************/
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
#define UNASSIGNED 0
#define N 9
bool findUnassignedLocation(int grid[N][N], int &row, int &col); bool isSafe(int grid[N][N], int
row, int col, int num); bool computeValues(string loc, int grid[N][N], int checkVal = 0); string
promptPos(int grid[N][N]); void interact(int grid[N][N]);
/*********************************************************************** * The
void menu prints out the menu for at the first run and if the * user asks the program to reprint it.
***********************************************************************/ void

menu() { cout << "Options:" << endl; cout << " ? Show these instructions" << endl; cout << " D
Display the board" << endl; cout << " E Edit one square" << endl; cout << " S Show

Performance Management Essay
INDEX
Abstract 3
Introduction 4
Performance & Potential 5
Understanding TMS Grid 9
TMS & Appraisal Rating 11
Special Cases 14
The TMS Process 15
Use of TMS Rating 19
Advantages of the System 19
Gaps in the System 19
Abstract
This project us gave the opportunity to analyze and explore performance management system at
Bajaj Allianz. We have explored the performance appraisal part of the same namely understanding
the Talent Management System (TMS) and its use in Bajaj Allianz. How they differentiate between
potential and performance and how they rate a team Member on Performance and Potential to
finally arrive at the overall TMS rating.
Introduction
Performance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there must be consistency in the rating provided to an individual through the two systems.
Performance and potential
Bajaj Allianz differentiates clearly differentiates between performance and potential. These two
form the basis of PMS at Bajaj
Performance refers to the actual performance exhibited by a Team Member in their daily activities
and is measured in terms of Target Achievement.
Performance = Past + Current
Potential refers to the inherent ability or capacity of a Team Member to take on higher roles in the
near future.
It is measured on the basis of:
Ability to learn and contribute to own and other areas of work ,display of energy, enthusiasm, and
positive attitude, ability to serve Customers better, ability to develop relationship and collaborate

with people to work more effectively
Potential = Future (Potential to grow into a higher role in the next 2 year
Assessing Performance
Performance for the purpose of the TMS activity is classified into four performance categories, as
under Assessing Potential
Potential is assessed on the following 4 areas
Each of these areas need to be rated on the following scale:
Scale Rating
Best in Class: The person proactively grabbed every opportunity that presented itself and was found
outstanding in this area. The person can be compared to the best in the industry and sets
benchmarks. 4
High: Whenever given an

Reflection As A Leader Essay
Every leader needs to know themselves better than they know anyone else on their team. To admit
that one has vulnerabilities means that they are not perfect so they cannot and will not expect
anyone else to be. The thing is, that leader must admit those mistakes and learn from them in order
to be able to help others to become their own type of leader within their own discipline.
Reflection as a Leader
When does one come to the realization that they are ready to be the leader of an organization? A
principal, or administrator of any kind, has to have the ability to be the final decision maker for a
group of people, but also has to inspire people and motivate them towards a common goal, such as a
vision statement.
Am I Ready?
In the article "Emotional Intelligence and School Leadership," it makes the assertion that "emotional
intelligence means having the ability to manage one's own emotions while being sensitive to the
needs of other people" (Gray, 2009). As a current curriculum writer and curriculum liaison between
the English departments on their respective campuses and the Curriculum and Instruction
Coordinator, I feel that I have handled the stresses and demands of the title with finesse and grace.
Have there been instances where things have been difficult to handle and control my emotions, yes;
however, how I handled those situations defines me as a leader that can "[solve] problems and
[make] judgments [that] are a part of a leader's system of values and beliefs"

Electric Grid Shutdown Paper
The U.S electric– power system provides power to over 300 million individuals and is comprised of
more than 200,000 miles lines of transmission, its generating capacity is over one million megawatts
and it is worth above $1 trillion (Markey & Waxman, 2013). The elements of the network are
greatly interdependent and, as demonstrated by history, a system failure of a line of outage can result
in fall in other areas. Markey & Waxman (2013) provides an example of a power failure that
occurred on August 14, 2003 when four hanging high– altitude lines of power in northern Ohio
clashed into trees and shut off. Together with an error in a computer system, the shut down lead to a
flow of failures that finally left over 50 million people in Canada and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When one grid's part fails, it can lead to cascading failure phenomenon whereby the entire network
progressively collapses. Kiger (2016) noted that; for a system that relies upon several critical nodes,
like the United States electric grid, such cascading failures are pretty much unavoidable.
Ramifications of an Electric Grid Shutdown
The vulnerability caused by the electric grid shutdown creates considerable risks to the economy
and national security of the United States and also on the private businesses conducted in the nation.
Consequences on National Security
The United States electrical grid is essentially divided into three electric networks covering Texas,
the West and the East. All these networks comprise many thousands of miles of lines of
transmission, substations and power plants, a hundred year old combination of domestic utilities
(Broick, 2013). Recently the system has been modernized and thus has been experiencing cyber–
attack threat. The increasing dependence on the communications based on the internet has raised the
vulnerability of the operation and control systems to hackers and spies. National security of the U.S.
reported that the Cyber spies have made a way into the electrical grid of the nation and left behind
software programs that would be applied to disrupt the system and maybe shut down areas of the
network for a considerably long period of time (Broick, 2013). A coordinated cyber–attack could
thus compromise security, blackout commerce and destroy the power grid of the United

Power Grid Systems ( Essp 2015 )
Electricity Subsector What was once a novelty; energy is now the ultimate necessity for any modern
country. A sustain power grid is what separates a solvent nation from a third world country. The
scenario of one of the three power grids failing would cause chaos to that area but would be
sustainable with the capabilities of the remaining grid systems (ESSP 2015). A major sustain loss of
power grid across the United States would interrupt commerce of the food chain via manufacturing
and delivery of product, water systems, federal, state and local line of communications which would
paralyze law enforcement, civil unrest would spread across the nation.
The responsibility lies directly on the shoulders of federal government entities' and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since, they are controlled by remote means this makes the power grids susceptible to outside
influence. The federal and private sectors through safeguards within their departments are providing
critical infrastructure resilient, and security, which strengthens and maintains the power grids.
Pertaining to the power grid with the connected bodies of the federal government and private sector
the widespread accessibility via cyber space automated systems of power plants, distribution
systems in its self could be problematic...i.e. could contribute to incapacitating large areas of power
grids system via cyber–attacks. Possible consideration would be to isolate communications from
standard cyber space via secured lines (buzzle.com 2016). Less debilitating to grid system are
attacks as in one on one sabotage on individual power plants or remote distribution and substations
that would interrupt local areas. Assuming power plants have adequate security on site will
effectively reduce power plant attacks. In regards to distribution and substations in suburban or rural
areas all one has to do would be to take a drive through the countryside or down a neighborhood to
understand these are soft targets protect only by a chain–link fence.
All energy providers have set forth plans and actions to overcome natural disasters and human errors
resulting in loss of a

Self Dehumanization
Power allows people to control outcomes with respect to both the environment and the self . This
control is considered to be a fundamental human need ; therefore, it follows that powerlessness will
disrupt an individual's sense of humanity, which coincides with the fact that many civilizations have
equated power deprivation with humbleness, lowliness, and fewer expressed human traits. We based
the current study on this notion in order to demonstrate that perceived powerlessness induces self–
dehumanization.
The world is changing rapidly. From the Stone Age to the Iron Age today we are living in an
ultramodern era where things which were not even thought of earlier have become vital necessities
in our life. For example, light in those ages was to be got only from sun for a limited part of day. But
now we have electricity for all time use. Thanks to Thomas Alva Edison who by inventing
electricity illuminated the whole world.
Now we can't think life without electricity. In big cities everything depends upon it. We find
ourselves completely paralysed whenever there is power failure in our area. Electricity provides all
comforts of life and life would be completely different in absence of it.
We will have to use earthen lamps, lantern or candle light instead of electric bulbs and tubes as it is
now. If there would have been no electricity, people would not have become so luxurious with
coolers, airconditioners, refrigerators, room–heaters and other electric appliances. The

The Threat Of The United States
A threat is looming over the United States like the dense fog of an early fall morning. It promises
total chaos that will leave the population in the dark. Imagine everything that uses electricity, which
Americans take for granted, just stopped working. Lights, cell phones, running water, all of these are
gone in the blink of an eye. This threat has the potential to bring the United States to a grinding halt
with little to no casualties, at first. An EMP attack would cripple the United States by ending all
electronic usage. According to the Merriam–Webster Dictionary, an EMP (electromagnetic pulse) is
". . . high–intensity electromagnetic radiation generated by a nuclear blast high above the earth 's
surface and held to disrupt electronic and electrical systems." According to this definition, an EMP
attack will disrupt and possibly destroy all electrical systems. Just take a second to think of all the
structures Americans rely on that are electrical. Essentially everything. This is why an attack of this
kind is so terrifying. The United States is a very advanced country in terms of technology. One could
say that this is the nation's most vulnerable point. Over the last decade more companies have
allowed technology to replace fundamental items such as paper records, medical charting, all the
way down to the simplest aspect such as handwritten letters or notes. According to Republican
Senator from Arizona and chairman of the Senate Judiciary subcommittee on

US Power Grid Under Constant Cyber Attack

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