McCarthy and the American Dream: How the Pursuit of Prosperity Impacted the Environment

Mccarthy And The American Dream
Furthermore, the idea of social stratification was also shown in the Montrie reading where the poor
immigrants and Indian natives were both marginalized, while the elite class enforced laws on the
lower class. Readings from Lawrence, McCarthy, and Rawson all introduced the concept of the
"American Dream." In Mccarthy, the American Dream was an ideology everyone hoped to achieve.
Simultaneously, the Fordism movement began. During this movement, the industrialization of Ford
Industry occured and cars become more affordable for the middle class and widely produced.
However, the Fordism movement caused waste to produce rapidly. The Cadillac phenomenon, a part
of the Fordism movement, caused people to choose their style and choice of car. This would cause
planned obsolescence, this is when cars would age, and industries would produce new cars every
year. The old cars wouldn't go anywhere, and this required to the materials to be harvested to make
new cars. Families strived to live in the suburbs were green space was available for leisure and cars
were accessible. Ultimately, being unable to reach this new standard of living, the lower class
effectively showed their status with their inability to buy cars or move to the suburbs. With the
creation of the "American Dream," it caused overconsumption because the upper and middle class
wanted to achieve this new standard. This resulted in suburbias becoming so compacted limited the
houses and green space to become less available.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Analysing the Environmental Impact Assessment Systems...
Pölönen et al in 2011 conducted research on "The effectiveness of the Finnish EIA system". He
inspected main weaknesses and strengths of EIA as a participatory and preventive environmental
management tool. According to him EIA has enhanced the legitimacy of the planning processes and
tools used in environmental policy. The planning has been made more transparent through the
participation of stakeholders. In the early phase of Planning, the participation has made it possible to
strengthen the trust between stakeholders, and allows sound consensus in disagreement. It has also
prevented appeals in the later phases of decision making. EIA also has influence on project design
and also on the valuations. EIA may eliminate the most harmful ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Panigrahi and Amirapu in 2012 conducted research on "An assessment of EIA system in India".
According to the authors there is well developed regulatory EIA system established in India but
coordination is vital for an effective EIA system. Interviews with the officials and consultants
showed that there is weak coordination among the decision makers, SPCBs, consultants, proponents
and other agencies/line departments. Proponents and consultants do not consult concerned
departments and agencies during preparation of EIA reports to identify issues. The authors carried
out the assessment of the EIA process and identified the following weakness in the system. There
are comprehensive guidelines, legal and legislative provisions but administrative setup is very weak.
EIA is just a formality as most of the time EIA is conducted after start of construction. Coordination
among the consultants and planners are very weak. Involvement of stakeholders into ToR process
during scoping is inadequate which results in a thin coverage of socio–economic and environmental
issues in the EIA reports. The quality of EIA reports are very poor and not up to the mark. The
reason identified is the lack of experts and professionals. There are many weaknesses identified in
the reports such as it hardly discusses the limitations and assumptions carried out by consultants.

Analyzing the Polluter Pays Principle Through Law and...
Abstract
Any successful international negotiation for reducing emissions must be based on four principles:
the precautionary principle, the principle of sustainable development, the polluter–pays principle of
equity. The strength of 'contraction and convergengce' is that it satisfies all these principles. * Sir
John Houghton
The paper starts with the basic knowledge of the Polluter Pays Principle and proceeds with the
Historical evolution of the principle. The paper also deals with how the International and national
development of the principle. The adoption of the principle in the legislation and judiciary is also
dealt in detail in the paper. The later section of the paper deals with the disadvantages of the
principle and ends with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, the polluter pays principles is now seen in specific pieces of legislation becoming more (or
some might say 'less') than a grand constitutional statement of an intractable human right.
OECD – the birth of the polluter pays principle
Some explanation of the sometimes arbitrary course of the principle of polluter pays can be found in
its historical development. The principle first appeared in a legal context in a document prepared by
the international Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("OECD") and included
the following recommendation: "The principle to be used for allocating costs of pollution prevention
and control measures to encourage rational use of scarce environmental resources and to avoid
distortions in international trade and investment is the so–called 'Polluter Pays principle'. This
principle means that the polluter should bear the expenses of carrying out the above mentioned
measures decided by public authorities to ensure that the environment is in an acceptable state. In
other words, the cost of these measures should be reflected in the costs of goods and services which
cause pollution in production and/or consumption. Such measures should not be accompanied by
subsidies that would create significant distortions in international trade and investment". In 2001,
the OECD Joint Working Party on Agriculture and

Environmental Justice: Some Ecofeminist Worries About A...
Environmental Justice: Some Ecofeminist Worries About A Distributive Model
ABSTRACT: Environmental philosophers, policy–makers and community activists who discuss
environmental justice do so almost exclusively in terms of mainstream Western distributive models
of social justice. Whether the issue is treatment of animals, human health or property, wilderness
and species preservation, pollution or environmental degradation, the prevailing and largely
unchallenged view is that the issues of environmental justice are for the most part distributive
issues. I think this wholesale framing of considerations of environmental justice solely in terms of
distribution is seriously flawed. Drawing on both ecofeminist insights into the inextricable ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The need for environmental justice
Whether it is trees, forests and forestry, unsanitary water, food production and agriculture, or
training in environmental technologies, it is often poor women and children, particularly women and
children of color in the South (or, Southern hemisphere), who suffer disproportionately the effects of
environmental degradation. (1) Because of subordinate gender roles as forest managers, it is poor
rural women and children in India who walk farther for fuelwood and fodder (e.g., an average of ten
kilometers every three or four days for an average of seven hours each time). Because it is poor
women and children who perform the water collection work in the South, it is women and children
who experience disproportionately higher health risks in the presence of unsanitary water. Each year
millions of people, primarily women and children, are affected by major illnesses acquired while
drawing water. Women farmers grow at least 59 percent of the world's food, and in some places
(e.g., parts of Africa), as much as 80 percent. Yet the gender division of labor gives women unequal
access to cash crops and their labor is often unpaid. And so–called "appropriate technologies" often
are inappropriate for women: Such

The Environmental Impact Of Illegal Mining In Africa
In Ghana, for example, Illegal mining is more prevalent and has been a major contributor to these
primary crimes especially for the widespread destruction of arable land. The country is rich in gold
and in turn shows the foundations of environmental crime as being the cause of 'greed and
ignorance' (Grabosky 2003:237). In according to Ghana National Commission for UNESCO
statistics (2013, cited in Dwumor and Arko, 2013) the mining industry offers employment
opportunities, estimating that it employs over 500,000 Ghanaians making it unfortunately too
widespread to tackle. On a global scale, the issue of illegal mining tends to relate directly to safety.
In fact, it is observed by Pyatt et al. (2000) the environmental impact of illegal mining boils down to
the lack of knowledge of the risks associated with mining. It is apparent that mining in Ghana has
tremendous repercussions for the countries environment and the citizens due to high concentrations
of chemicals being released such as mercury. The heavily polluted tailing in the mining process are
neglected in ways that polluted the soil, lakes, air and the water. To elaborate, this agrees with the
findings by Hilson (2002) who found in this research a rather large amount of mercury emission
estimated to be over 5 tonnes is being released each year. Furthermore, a study by Nyarko et al.
(2006) found high levels of arsenic in the rivers of Ghana, samples ranging from 0.90 to 8.00 ppm,
exceeding the recommended values of

Environmental Laws Essay
The U.S. was founded on innovative and forward thinking individuals. The U.S. saw many years of
economic, industrial and population growth that, over time, put a tremendous strain on the countries
natural resources. After the turn of the industrial revolution and into the modern age environmental
pollution quickly become one of the greatest threats to the U.S. population. During this rapid
expansion and growth industry was being promoted at all costs with no consideration of the
environment and the effects of their bi–products. Over time the U.S. government realized that
something needed to be done to protect the environment and the people that rely on it. The U.S.
government started to introduce laws and regulations with the protection of ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This act also gave authority to the U.S. Public Health Service to enforce regulations for solid waste
collection, transportation, recycling and disposal. Financial assistance was now able to be given to
states for research and develop of solid waste management plans and to improve methods of solid
waste management. After the Second World War the United States experienced significant natural
resource depletion, by the end of the 1960s the environment was coming under considerable stress.
Many forested public and private lands had been or were being cleared of trees; industrial water
pollution and other industrial hazards were making rivers and streams unusable, including
recreation; many rivers were no longer flowing freely but had stopped; smog and other types of air
pollution were setting in over urban areas; and the rapid development of rural areas were consuming
large amounts of land. Some sort of protection for the environment was needed before there was
nothing left to protect. With all of this in mind the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
(NEPA) was made effective on January 1, 1970. This act was one of the first environmental laws
written with the purpose of protection. NEPA mandates that all branches of government must take
proper considerations with regards to the environment before making any decision on major

Essay on Environmental Laws vs. Economic Freedom
Sustainability
Vega–Gordilio and Alvarez–Arce (2003) states economic freedoms exist in the following
conditions; property acquired without the use of force, fraud, or theft is protected from physical
invasions by others. Economic freedoms exist when individuals are free to use, exchange, or give
their property to another as long as their actions do not violate the identical rights of others (Vega–
Gordilio & Alvarez–Arce, 2003). Environmental laws are established by the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) who works with state, federal, and other government agencies to issue
limitations on individuals and organizations in order to protect the environment, endangered species,
and others from harm (Coons, 2009).
The United States is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Providing society with an increase of economic freedom will likely increase harm to the
environment (Ozler & Obach, 2009). Ozler and Obach (2009), states that the less freedom afforded
for capitalism through government regulations, the better the ecological footprint. Government
penalties and regulations require businesses to dedicate funds and resources to avoid harming the
environment. Endangering the ecology presents the choice of saving lives or spending money.
Almost everyone would vote to save lives but in many cases businesses will vote for legislation that
will increase the organization's bottom line (Smith & Jeffreys, n.d.). Government intervention is
needed for the protection of the environment, which subsequently protects the human race.
Federal air quality regulations, regulatory protection for endangered species, federal programs for
the cleanup of hazardous waste sites, the Clean Water Act, and Federal mandates for automobile fuel
efficiency, are just a few of the laws imposed by the government to protect the environment. Many
of government programs are costly for businesses and some even counter–productive. Government
intervention is called for when market activities impact environmental quality (Frazier, 2003).
Fulton (2010), states that the heavy environmental regulations have actually strengthened the
economy. The regulations imposed by the government put pressures on private business to comply.
As

Environmental Laws in Bangladesh
1. INTRODUCTION Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries with a low resource base, a
burgeoning population with a very low land–man ratio, often threatened by both natural &
anthropogenic stresses. The vast majority of the population lives almost exclusively on the natural
resource base. This resource base is under serious threat and environmental planning is essential for
the survival with dignity for Bangladesh's over 115 million people & for sustainability of the echo
system. Like all other nations of the world Bangladesh also acted to the global call for the protection
and conservation of natural environment & ecology. Industrial development significantly
contributes towards economic growth of a country. It brings along ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This reflects the GOB's increasing commitment to reorient policies and action in line with the new
environmental perspective. In addition a force have been made to adjust the Governments
institutional structures in order to direct more attention towards environmental issues. Most recently
this restructuring has included the establishment of a department of environment (DOE) with
broader mandate for environmental management and which come under the ministry of environment
and forest and an environment and safety division within the Governments oil and gas corporation,
Petrobangla. Industrial development significantly contributes towards economic growth of a
country. It brings along with it a host of environmental problem too. Bangladesh responds to the
global call for the protection and conservation of natural environment and ecology. It is increasingly
being recognized in Bangladesh, as in other parts of the world, that for development to be
meaningful and sustainable over a longer period, environmental concerns must be integrated into all
development activities. Further specific environmental actions are also required for a better future
development path. Attraction of sophisticated and high yielding technologies has overpowered
rationality in many instances.

What Do Brevard County Residents Believe The Environmental...
Research Question– To what extent do Brevard County residents believe the Environmental
Protection Agency's laws, in place, are effectively written and enforced to protect wetlands from
landfills?
On Florida's Space Coast in Brevard County, the main landfill that is located on Sarno Road, is
expected to exceed capacity within the next five years. Another large landfill, located in the north
area of the county is expected to exceed capacity within the next twenty years. Because of the
current need to fulfill the waste management needs for over Brevard County, the county has
formulated a proposal to put the first cell of a Class III or construction and demolition waste,
landfill, that will service Brevard County for about sixty years with the prospect of adding a more
cells. This landfill will be located on land 2700 feet north of US– 192, just east of the Brevard and
Osceola County border on land the county forced the Deseret cattle ranchers to sell as a public
necessity, more than two decades ago, in 1991. The land was purchased for over ten million dollars
by Brevard County and hundreds of thousands of dollars has been spent by the county in court, on
134 wetland credits that were required to be purchased by the county, by the state, outside research,
maintaining the land, and the drafting of the landfill proposal itself . The three thousand acres of
land bought by the county currently encompasses wetlands, pastures, and a grazing area that is
roughly half of the size

Liability For Violation Of Environmental Law
13. With respect to possible liability for violation of environmental law:
a. Inspect or investigate property the Trustee holds or has been asked to hold, or property owned or
operated by an organization in which the Trustee holds or has been asked to hold an interest, for the
purpose of determining the application of environmental law with respect to the property;
b. Take action to prevent, abate, or otherwise remedy any actual or potential violation of any
environmental law affecting property held directly or indirectly by the Trustee, whether taken before
or after the assertion of a claim or the initiation of governmental enforcement;
c. Decline to accept property into trust or disclaim any power with respect to property that is or may
be burdened with liability for violation of environmental law;
d. Compromise claims against the trust that may be asserted for an alleged violation of
environmental law; and
e. Pay the expense of any inspection, review, abatement, or remedial action to comply with
environmental law;
14. Pay or contest any claim, settle a claim by or against the trust, and release, in whole or in part, a
claim belonging to the trust;
15. Pay taxes, assessments, compensation of the Trustee and of employees and agents of the trust,
and other expenses incurred in the administration of the trust;
16. Exercise elections with respect to federal, state, and local taxes;
17. Select a mode of payment under any employee benefit or retirement plan, annuity, or

Consumer Protection Law of Uae
Consumer Protection Law of UAE
In United Arab Emirates; a new federal consumer protection law has been promulgated. Under
which a consumer protection committee formed to monitor the prices of consumer goods. The
provisions of the laws advocate the principle of healthy competition and fighting monopoly and
commercial fraudulence.
The new legislation is complementing other laws concerning civil procedures, commercial
fraudulence, commercial agencies, industry organization and trading in precious gems and metals.
Disregarding any provisions of these laws could lead to violation of other related laws and this itself
is enough to ensure strict enforcements.
The law No: 6 of 2006 covers and tackles issues relating to the rights of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The law also obliges the provider to provide for repair, maintain or provide service to the product
after sales and to replace a product if a defect is found in the product within a specific time period.
The law also confer legal capcity to CPD to represent the Consumers before the Courts and any
other body prescribed by law. Without prejudicing the rights of the parties to go to the Court, the
department can also proceed with any settlement to protect the consumers' interest.
According to law, those found guilty of violating the provision will face a fine of not les than Dhs.
1,000/–. In case a supplier or a distributor fails to unequivocally warn against the hazards associated
with use of the commodity or the service causing damages penalty will be not less than Dhs.
10,000/–.
The new law is a milestone in serving the interests of the consumers in protecting their basic rights
against unfair trade practices, unscrupulous exploitation etc and their right to seek redressal against
such practices. The law guarantee the consumers right to be heard and to be assured that consumers
interests will receive due consideration at the appropriate forum.
Environmental Law in the UAE

The body of Environmental Law in the UAE comprises Federal Laws and Local Orders issued at
municipal level within certain

Impact of International Environmental Laws on Oil and Gas...
Evaluation of the Impact of International Environmental Laws on Oil/Gas Production Background
National oil companies (NOCs) are reported as having become "key actors within, as well as
shapers of the international oil market." (Chen, 2007, p.4) Chen additionally states that in
consideration of the shadowing of geopolitics with geology a great many of the world's primary
basins are situated countries that have administrative capacity that is limited and governments that
are highly authoritarian in nature. (Paraphrased) The demand for energy is expanding rapidly on the
part of consumer NOCs from countries short on major oil reserves and countries that have declining
reserves leaving them unable to keep domestic demand satisfied and this results many times in
social and environmental effect considerations being outweighed. Harvard University professor and
United Nations envoy for business and human rights Dr. John Ruggie is reported as stating: "For my
interim report last spring I examined 65 cases of the worst human rights abuses reported by NGOs
over the previous few years. Two thirds were in the extractive sector. What else was striking? The
65 cases took place in 27 countries of which all but two were low–income countries, all scored low
on governance and rule of law indicators, all scored high on corruption." ( ) Norway and Oil
Industry Norway's Sartoil is reported as being "extremely active in promoting corporate citizenship
and operate their projects in line with

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in...
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Topic:
Tubbataha is an important link in the food chain. The reef park, along with the adjacent Jessie
Beazley and Cagayancillo, is a major source of coral and fish larvae that are distributed to Sulu Sea,
a major breeding area for fishes. The USS Guardian is an Avenger Class Mine Countermeasures
Ship, that weighs 1,300 tons and measures 68.3 meters in length. Worth $277 million, the
minesweeper is equipped with Precise Integrated Navigation System, a Surface Radar, Mine
Hunting Sonar and Gyro Compass–all advanced navigation features needed to locate mines
underwater. Ironically, the US Navy initially claimed that their trespass was due to navigational
error.
The estimated size of damaged reef area as of February 23 is more than 4,500 sq.m or 0.45 hectare
in area, and around 10 meters in depth.
A. Exploring Tubbataha Reefs
"Long reef exposed at low tide" or Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park has an area of 97,030 hectares of
Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Palawan, which is the westernmost Philippine province. It is
located 150 kilometers southeast of Puerto Princesa City, at the core of the Coral Triangle, the
global center of marine biodiversity which comprises roughly 10,000 hectares of coral reef.
Tubbataha is composed of two huge coral islands – the north isle and the south isle – and the Jessie
Beazley Reef, a smaller coral structure about 20 kilometres north of the isles. The reefs of

Essay on Regulating Toxic Waste Emissions: EPCRA
I. Introduction Regulating the toxic waste emissions of polluting organizations has been a costly and
time–consuming element of environmental policy for as long as there have been restrictions on
these emissions. However, the Emergency Planning and Community Right–to–Know Act (EPCRA),
signed into law in late 1986, set forth a number of standards that required polluters to disclose
information about their emissions levels to the public and started a chain of events that has led to the
creation of numerous information disclosure policies. One of the main thoughts behind these laws,
aside from the benefit of increased public awareness of pollution in the community and the ability to
plan for emergencies involving the wastes from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
II. Background and Methods of "Right–to–Know" Policy
Before explaining the strengths and weaknesses of right–to–know policies, it is important to
understand which laws make up the current right–to–know policy. Right–to–know policy first came
about with the passage of EPCRA in 1986. Several years after the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) was passed in 1980 as a response to the
Love Canal incident, it became clear that amendments were needed because Superfund provided
money to clean up contaminated areas, but did little to prevent more areas from becoming
contaminated. Thus, EPCRA was designed to require businesses to disclose to several different
authorities as well as to the public a variety of statistics on the hazardous chemicals used in their
various manufacturing processes . EPCRA also established the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI),
which provides a list of toxic chemicals firms are required to report under EPCRA. TRI was not
particularly well–received by the EPA at first, but it later became recognized as one of the most
effective right–to–know policies, strongly encouraging firms' abilities to monitor themselves .
Eventually, states began to take initiatives of their own, as shown by 1989's Toxics Use Reduction
Act (TURA) in Massachusetts, which requires firms to report their levels of toxics usage as well as
make efforts to reduce

Research Paper On Polluter Pays Principle
What is polluter pays principle?
The polluter pays principle is one of the basic principles of sustainable development. The polluter
pays principle(PPP) means that there is an absolute liability for harm to the environment and the
person who is responsible for the environment pollution is liable to pay compensation to the victims
of the pollution and also the cost of restoring the environment degradation.
Thus the "polluter pays principle" includes environmental costs and cost to the people or their
property.
According to the PPP the responsibility to disapprove the environmental damage is upon the
polluter. Principle –16 of Rio–declaration of 1992 enunciates that the polluter should bear the cost
of pollution.
The needs of polluter pays principle in the modern world of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Acceptance of polluter pays principle by Indian judiciary:–
The judiciary in India recognizes the Polluter Pays Principle as is seen from the judgment delivered
by the Supreme Court of India in the case of, Indian Council for Enviro–Legal Action v. Union of
India & Ors.4 In its order dated Feb.4, 2005, The Supreme Court held that " The Polluter Pays
Principle means that absolute liability of harm to the environment extends not only to compensate
the victims of pollution, but also to the cost of restoring environmental degradation. Remediation of
damaged environment is part of the process of sustainable development."
In an another case of Vineet Kumar Mathur v. Union of India5, a PIL was filled alleging the
pollution of Gomati river water due to discharge of effluents from the distillery of company (mohan
meakin LTD). The supreme court of India issued orders granting time for removal of deficiencies in
the effluent treatment plant of the company and compensatory cost of five lakhs which was utilized
for the purpose of cleaning the Gomati river.

Essay on Environmental Law
Nollan vs. CCC
Abstract of: 483 U.S. 825, 97 L. Ed.2d 677
James Patrick Nollan, et ux., Appellant v. California Coastal Commission.
Case Definition:
The case is Nollan versus the California Coastal Commission. The Nollans were the appellates
against a decision made by the California Coastal Commission (CCC).
The Nollans had been leasing a property on the California coast with which they had an option to
buy. The property lies directly at the foot of the Pacific Ocean and is a prime piece of real estate on
the California Coast. The property had been used by the Nollans to rent out during the summer
months to vacationers. At the end of the Nollans' lease they took the option to purchase the land and
began preparing for the terms of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Case Decision:
The Nollans filed a petition to the Ventura County Superior Court asking that the condition to
supply easement be removed from their permit. The Nollans' argument was that there was not
enough evidence to support the developments limiting of public access to the beach. The argument
was agreed upon by the court and the case was remanded to the California Coastal Commission for
a full evidentiary hearing on the issue of public access to the beach.
The CCC held a public hearing which led to further factual findings which reaffirmed the need for
the condition. The CCC's argument was that the building of the new structure would limit view of
the ocean, and therefore limit access to the public who had full rights to use the beach. To
compensate for the limitations on the public the Nollans would have to provide access to the beach
from their property. The CCC also noted that all of the other developments on the same tract of land
had been conditioned similarly in having to provide public access to the ocean.
The Nollans filed a supplemental petition for a writ of administrative mandamus (a writ that would
order a public official or body to comply with a specified duty issued by a superior court). The
Nollans argument was that the permit condition violated the Takings Clause in the V Amendment,
and also in the XIV Amendment of the Constitution. The court agreed that the

E Waste Environmental Impact And The Need For Federal Laws
E–waste environmental impact and the need for Federal laws
Joe A Cox AMU
12/23/15
ABSTRACT
The rate at which E–waste is compiling in our nations landfills is unsustainable. The toxic materials
contained in these products have the potential to destroy the environment and taint our food and
water supply. A review of several state laws revealed a patchwork incapable of mitigating the
negative ecological and health effects of the tons of E–waste being dumped annually. The only
logical answer to the nation's E–waste problem is strong federal legislation that is enforced
nationwide, combined with incentive aimed at getting consumers to recycle E–waste products.
E–waste Environmental Impact and the Need for Universal Laws ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
While we are not all driving flying cars (although some would argue they are close to reality), cell
phones are hundreds or thousands of times more advanced are in the hands of most Americans
including many children, and they cost less than 1/10th of the first model offered for purchase.
Televisions are now staples in many rooms of homes. The author of this document recently
purchased a 55" LED TV weighing less than sixty pounds for less than $250.00. Lastly, a good
laptop computer can be purchased for under $500.00. As technology advances, manufacturers have
created powerful cheap products that many now consider necessities and America has become a
throw away nation.
Electronic or E–waste is a growing problem in the United States. Our landfills are becoming
cluttered with the waste created when Americans replace their electronics so very often. Part of the
reason people discard E–waste in such large numbers are they feel they need the latest model, others
blame inferior construction so the products don't last as long as they used to. No matter the reason
for being discarded, E– Waste is a significant problem. It goes beyond the items piling up; as
previously mentioned Science has come a long way and we have learned that many of these
products are known to contain materials that can cause health and ecological problems when
removed from the devices by leaking out into the environment. It is estimated that millions of tons
of E–waste are

Environmental Impact upon the Oceans and International...
Environmental Impact upon the Oceans and International Law When looking at the environment of
the Earth's oceans, it is important to realize that the entire ocean is composed of a different base
material than the rest of the mass of the world, this of course, being water. While on the surface this
seems elementary, the complications when looking at the environmental impacts occurring can
cause serious complications that can affect the problem immensely. Acid rain, for instance, can
effective drop the pH of the water to levels capable of causing large fish kills. Global warming can
increase the water temperatures around tropical reefs in the summer easily to levels far beyond the
tolerable range of the reef forming stony corals. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The oceans have evolved over the millennia to handle this small amount of nutrients with relative
ease. The waste produced by the bio–load of the seas is primarily emitted as ammonia and
ammonium, which get broken down through a series of steps involving the bacterium nitrosomos
and nitrobacter. The end result is a much less toxic form of nitrogen called nitrates. A third,
anaerobic, bacteria is able to alter the nitrates into nitrogen gas which then is able to safely leave the
system and enter the atmosphere. This bacteria is only able to live in the area of the seabed that is
deep enough to prevent oxygen from reaching, yet shallow enough for the water containing these
nitrates to permeate. This limitation in territory naturally limits the amounts of nitrates able to be
broken down naturally by the oceans. The influx of nitrates, phosphates, and silicates from
pesticides and chemical wastes cause the ecological balance to become disrupted. The microalgaes
that live on the reefs can grow extremely fast in a relatively short period of time when given the
right conditions. The level of nitrogen that has entered the oceans has increased by over 40% when
compared to ammoniums. This increase has been attributed to the steadily increasing use of fossil
fuels, and the atmosphere's inability to deal with the emissions (AAAS, 1). The increase in nutrients
can create the ideal conditions for these organisms to flourish. Once

The Success Of Eat Street Markets
Retailers
We will lease shipping containers out to independent food and beverage franchises and local
businesses. This will be located north of the beach (see Site Map in Appendix 3). This experience
will involve the community in a festive and culturally enlightening way.
Located south east of the beach we intend to have an assortment of markets with a variety of stalls
such as face painting, kids clothing shops, smiggle store and balloon stall for kids to make animals
out of balloons.
Visually this creates a positive atmosphere for all to enjoy through various experiences created. The
success of Eat Street Markets is a result in this decision.
Fencing
Following meetings with the Festival and Event Liaison Officer (FELO) at Brisbane City Council
and Major Events Unit at Queensland Police Service it is agreed that for safety reasons the event
site will be fenced. Ongoing discussions are occurring to seek some in–kind support for this.
Backstage area will also be fenced for security.
This preliminary environmental impact, sustainability and occupational health and safety plan is
prepared for the proposed construction of a Pop Up Beach. The environmental impact will aim to
address the potential environmental effects the project may contribute to the surrounding area.
Sustainability will address any necessary rehabilitation of the surrounding environment of the
proposed project site. Occupational health and safety will highlight the necessary precautions that
must be

The Importance Of The Global Environment
Sooner rather than later, the human population must declare that the Earth has fundamental rights, to
live without the global environment rapidly deteriorating and we need to link together to solve this
issue instead of separately. Our dear planet Earth is fundamental for our survival. However, humans
are only a fraction of the Earth's population. The Earth does not need us to continue on, but we need
the Earth. Our Mother Earth has been around for billions of years before humans were ever created.
Humans have only been around for a couple thousand years. Yet, how is it that humans have made
the quality of the global environment one of the most predominate issues that face international
politics every single day? Robert Redford's words are as true today as when he spoke them,
especially with the recent news over the Paris Climate Agreement.
I recently interviewed several Indiana residents over their view on the global environment, paying
particular attention international politics. When asked "Do you believe the issues pertaining to the
global environment should be focused on more in international politics?", one resident's response
stood out in particular to me. Emily Tauber, a student at Purdue University double majoring in
Wildlife and Forestry stated, "I do. The environment is something that affects all of us, regardless of
what country we live in. The entire world should be focused on the health of the global environment
because the state of the environment is a huge

There Will Be Blood Movie Relations to Environmental Law...
4/26/2012
Environmental Law and Policy
Third Assignment
"There Will Be Blood" Environmental Issues and Connections "There Will Be Blood" by Paul
Thomas Anderson starring Daniel Day Lewis reproduces the early 1900s oil boom in southern
California. Daniel Day Lewis plays a man named Daniel Plainview, the very serious boss of a
drilling company. After adopting a son early on in the movie for purely business reasons he leads us
on the path of innovation and growth within a new industry. His depictions of oil drilling in the turn
of the 20th century present endless environmental law issues. These issues have resulted in the
regulation of an industry, countless strains on the environment and the contributing factors to many
of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Along with the rising population is always a strain on the environment. This has been true about
agriculture for hundreds of years. Without the oil, the town would not have grown to be
agriculturally fit.
The oil industry was a new industry in the setting of the film. However a few times throughout we
see causalities in the workplace, including the deafening of Plainview's son H.W. Because the
industry was new it was not regulated. For the various depictions in the film are why regulation is
vital today. The accidents in the movie are the results for laws like the Occupational Safety and
Health Act. This law ensures that all employees are subject to safe working conditions. The oil
industry is not the only reasons for this law, it covers a lot of industries health and safety rules.
Various administrations would make sure equipment is safe enough so we can avoid accidents like
the ones that happened in the wells to the men. When Oil is burned so we can use it for energy it
emits a lot of toxic gases including CO2. Burning oil pollutes our air and is a harm to our
environment. The Environmental Protection Agency, a federal agency to protect human health and
the environment must enforce the Clean Air Act. Burning oil and other dirty energy sources like coal
can deplete the ozone but also put

Case Study Phytophthora and Mt State Worth National Park...
PART 1. PHYTOPHTHORAAND Mt. WORTH STATE PARK
Phytophthora which is responsible for the root rots is also known as jarrah dieback, cinnamon
fungus and wildflower dieback.
Most phytophthora species produces three types of spores, zoospores, oospores and
chlamydospores. Among these two major types found are zoospores and chlamydospores.
Zoospores are formed in sporangium. Each sporangium roughly produces 20–30 zoospores.
Production of zoospores occurs normally in moist conditions and around temperature range of 22–
28°C. Two flagella helps their motility and they can survive up to four days. On the other hand
chlamydospores are produced when conditions are unfavourable. They are also produced from
mycelium, but they possess thick cell ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
TOURISM AND RECREATIONAL VALUES
– Visitors can enjoy walking through the park, appreciate and interpret the natural and cultural
aspects of the area.
– It is also located near the other local attractions like Tarwin river falls, coal creek, McDonal's track
etc. and represents isolated spans of natural forest in Gippsland.
– One can also enjoy panoramic views of Latrobe valley, Central Highlands and the Strzelecki
Ranges.
Plans for the increasing the extent of the significant values are as below
Resource Conservation: The state park aims to preserve the natural environment and conserve the
feature of scenic, archaeological, geological and historic interest. Also allowing all the natural
environmental processes to continue without disturbance and maintain biodiversity. Park Protection:
This aims to protect water streams and protection of human life and adjacent land from fire. Control
of introduced plants and animals. Park visit and other plans: this aims to provide opportunities for
recreation and tourism in the park and encouragement of appreciation, understanding and enjoyment
of the park's natural and cultural values. It also aims to encourage appropriate park use and
behaviour among the visitors and also towards taking responsible steps to ensure safety of the
visitors.
Among other plans includes supporting of all the scientific surveys and co–operating with local,
state and interstate authorities interested in

Article 226 And The High Courts
The Supreme Court under Article 32 and the High Courts under Article 226 of the Constitution have
passed a number of orders and directions for this concern. Like the conversion of all public transport
in the Metropolitan City of Delhi from diesel engine to CNG engine on the basis of the order of the
High Court of Delhi to ensure that the pollution level is mitigated and this is being totally observed
for the last several years. Now only vehicles running on Compressed Natural Gas are given
permission to ply on Delhi roads for public transport.
Louise Erdrich Bigogress, who is an environmentalist has quite aptly observed that "grass and sky
are two canvasses into which the rich details of the earth are drawn." In 1980s, the courts paid
special attention to the problem of environmental degradation and passed a number of directions and
orders to make sure the that environment ecology, wildlife are saved, preserved and protected.
Every day hundreds of thousands of industries are functioning without pollution control procudures.
Lakhs of Indians work in mines and do hazardous work without proper safety protection. Each day
lakhs of litres of harmful raw discharged effluents are dumped into our rivers and lakhs of tons of
hazardous waste is simply dumped on the Earth. The environment around us, as a result become so
degraded, that instead of nurturing us it is now poisoning us. In this context, in many cases, the
Supreme Court has intervened in the issued and has issued many

My Love In Literature
Since I was a young girl, I have been in love with literature and not just reading novels, but
examining them, making connections, and placing them in a larger historical and social context. I
can easily become absorbed in writing an analysis, and English is something I have always enjoyed
and excelled at as a critical thinker. This love for language and culture has come to extend beyond
English and into Spanish as well. Over the course of my Spanish studies, I have been able to
transcend the narrow scope of my upbringing, gain insight into beautiful worlds bursting with
vibrancy, and read poetry and novels from across the continent without the artistry getting lost in
translation. Spanish has also allowed me to diversify my modes of communication and bridge
cultural divides, which will be vital for a future in law. Furthermore, I found an ardor for global
environmental issues after connecting with a phenomenal educator in high school and rediscovering
my childhood love for animals. Though I enjoy exploring languages, environmental sustainability is
where my true passions lie, and where I feel I can make a difference in the lives of others. I'm
particularly interested in environmental justice and Native American rights. I not only want to
ameliorate the degradation of the natural world, but also provide representation for individuals
whose environmental strife has been disregarded. My greatest strengths are the determination and
dedication I apply to every task I undertake.

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
The citizen suite in regards to environmental acts, regulations and the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act is an essential tool in regulating impacts on the environment, public health, and the
health of the wildlife. If used properly it can be an essential weapon for the public to keep
companies, organizations, individuals, and even federal agencies in check. Citizen suits should not
be taking lightly though, as it takes a great deal of time, research, and patience in trying to win a
citizen suit case. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act provision 7002, 42 U.S.C Section
6972 states a civil action may be taken (B) against any person, including the United States and any
other governmental instrumentality or agency, to the extent ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The provision 7002 section 42 U.S.C 6972 (b)(1)(A)(i–iii) states that there can be no action taken
prior to the 60 days after the notice of the violation has been given to the administrator, the stated in
which the alleged violation occurred, to any alleged violator in regards to such permit, regulation,
and standard. (42 U.S. Code 6972 – Citizen Suits) Under the same provision in (a) (1) (b) not action
can be taken prior to 90 days. (Strang, C. E.) In order to make sure that the citizen is not rejected,
the plaintiff should provide a detailed notice. The plaintiff should include a "diligent prosecution
bar" to make sure the citizen suit is not precluded by the government. "The first step is a comparison
of the facts and related violations alleged in a citizen's complaint with those alleged in the state's
complaint." (CITIZEN ENFORCEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS) The alleged violation
cannot be the same as the states or the EPA's or the citizen suit could be precluded. This goes back
to the notice requirement and the time frame given to both the alleged offender and the state and
EPA. The state and EPA during that time decides whether to a take action on the case or not. "The
second step, the diligent prosecution analysis, is triggered only with respect to matching facts and
violations. "Diligent prosecution" is only a bar to a citizen suit for the precise same claims that have
been "prosecuted," and

The Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )
Introduction Passed in October 2015, the Trans–Pacific Partnership (TPP) is the largest free trade
agreement (FTA) to date, comprising nearly 40% of the world's economy. Countries including the
United States, Japan, Canada, Australia, South Korea and Mexico, among others share a common
economic characteristic of a gross domestic production exceeding 1 trillion dollars annually. Other
developing pacific countries included within the TPP include Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Vietnam,
Singapore, Chile, Brunei, and New Zealand. After a decade of negotiation, this economic policy is
exceptionally influential in developing countries among the global economy. International relations
aim to lower trade barriers for partners of the TPP, making it easier and more profitable for imports
and exports to exchange between countries. Lower trade barriers, mainly reduced taxes and tariffs,
are expected to promote economic growth, support the creation and retention of jobs, enhance
innovation, productivity and competitiveness, raise living standards, reduce poverty, and enhance
labor and environmental protections (Vincent 2014). This review thoroughly examines current
environmental policy, and outlays implications for policy–specific regulations included within the
TPP to enhance the environmental conservation of habitat for marine mammals. A well–known
premise is that past behavior is the best indicator of future behavior. Thus, by examining the
environmental policy of past trade agreements, and

The Court Of India, While Administering Environmental...
The Court of India, while administering environmental justice, has evolved certain principles and
doctrines within and at times outside the framework of the existing environmental law.
Environmental principles, such as polluter pays principle, precautionary principle and public trust
doctrine have been adopted by the Court in its concern to protect the environment from further
degradation and improve the same. It is important to note that these principles have been developed
in various international agreements and conferences to control and prevent further environmental
degradation. Drawing inference from international environmental principles, the Court of India has
applied various principles to resolve domestic environmental problems. For example, the Polluter
Pays Principle was invoked by the Court of India in the Indian Council for Enviro–Legal Action v.
Union of India. Giving the judgment, the Judges held that 'we are of the opinion that any principle
evolved in this behalf should be simple, practical and suited to the conditions obtaining in this
country. Once the activity carried on is hazardous or inherently dangerous, the polluter carrying on
such activity is liable to make good the loss caused to any other affected party by polluter's activity
irrespective of the fact whether the polluter took reasonable care while carrying on his activity'. In
this case, the Court has stated that the 'Polluter Pays Principle' means that the absolute liability for
harm to the

Tackling Environmental Problems Today Is More Difficult
With the world forever changing politicians are chosen by the populace to make decisions based on
the needs of the people. Current political gridlock in this nation has made it extremely difficult to
pass legislation pertain to the economy, workforce and health. While these items are discussed daily
by political pundits one issue that equally important is usually placed on the backburner due to
political posturing the health of the planet. "Tackling environmental problems today is more difficult
because the nature of the "problems" has changed: where such problems were once primarily
scientific and technocratic in nature, they are now almost exclusively problems of politics". (Turin)
This posturing has become a major issue for society and could lead to dire consequences in the
future. It is time for us to come together and address the issues of political influence, in order for us
to have a meaningful conversation we must discussion the influence of special interest groups,
understand how politicians manipulate and use false authority to push agendas and also discover the
importance of citizen involvement.
Lobbyists for special interest are hired to attempt "to try to convince congressional committee
members to act in their favor on issues that were important to them". (Wright, 45) This tactic is used
on the state, local and federal levels of government, while not all lobbyist fight for causes that
maybe harmful to the environment. Some special interest groups are designed

Problems Associated With Global Co Operation
It is widely recognised that the planet is facing serious environmental encounters that can only be
addressed through global co–operation. The international legal developments related to the
protection of environment took place in the second half of 19th century which was due to political
and intellectual movement in west . Because they are unique so that is why they are and they should
be treated in a unique manner "sui generis". Due the fragmentation of environment the accumulation
brings out an intensification of uncertainty that tenders environmental laws truly sui generis in
nature and this uniqueness is inherent, this hereditary unique prevalence requires unique attention
too. "International environmental law" the term is still ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The environmental threats include the consequences of polluting activities and other impacts of
environmental degradation, such as toxic emissions and waste. Harms can come about a
consequence of complex interaction and from cumulative sources. The environment as an indefinite
and extremely elastic concept will obscure politics, as new indication, performers, threats and
opportunities are introduced into an already highly complicated policy domain.
The specificities of International law got quite less response to the global environmental issues, and
more focused on international human rights, sea boundaries and international trade etc. The building
blocks of environmental laws are to be found through a study of tort, nuisance and negligence,
contract law through agreed environmental standards, property law, criminal law and planning law,
judicial review and recently the human rights. Most of the issues are interlinked just requires a depth
of observation, same is for the case of environmental laws which are linked with all of the other
international issues such as trade and human rights. It is worth that international environmental law
is more or less the application of public and private international law to environmental problems.
Historical developments of environmental laws leading to international environmental legislation

The Threat Of Environmental Harm
The doubt surrounding possible threats to environment has often been used as a reason to avoid
taking action to protect the environment. However, it is not always possible to have clear evidence
of a threat to the environment before the damage happens. The Precautionary Principle has been
widely incorporated, in various forms, in international environmental agreements and declarations
and further developed in a number of national laws. An element common to the various
formulations of the Precautionary Principle is the recognition that lack of certainty regarding the
threat of environmental harm should not be used as an excuse for not taking action to avert that
threat. The Precautionary Principle recognizes that delaying action until there ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The term 'Precautionary Principle ' has been used throughout these guidelines for consistency.
Finally, it must be borne in mind that the precautionary principle is generally only relevant where
specific elements are present. These specific elements are uncertainty, threat of environmental
damage, and where the threatened harm is of a serious or irreversible nature.
Fracking is shorthand for hydraulic fracturing, a type of drilling that has been used commercially for
65 years. Today, the combination of advanced hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling,
employing cutting–edge technologies, is mostly responsible for surging U.S. oil and natural gas
production. Hydraulic fracturing involves safely tapping shale and other tight–rock formations by
drilling a mile or more below the surface before gradually turning horizontal and continuing several
thousand feet more. Thus, a single surface site can accommodate a number of wells. Once the well
is drilled, cased and cemented, small perforations are made in the horizontal portion of the well
pipe, through which a typical mixture of water , sand and additives is pumped at high pressure to
create micro–fractures in the rock that are held open by the grains of sand. Additives play a number
of roles, including helping to reduce friction (thereby reducing the amount of pumping pressure
from diesel–powered sources, which reduces air emissions) and prevent pipe corrosion, which in
turn help protect

Federal, State, And Foreign Laws With Safety And...
report. The segments include political/legal forces, economic forces, social forces, technological
forces, and threats and opportunities which are facing the company.
Political/Legal Forces Hitt et al. (2014) define political force as an area which a company tries to
influence and voice its opinion to the government regardless of where it competes. This segment
concerns with laws and regulations between firms and local government agencies (Hitt et al., 2014)
in response to either a national, regional, or local level that is enacted. Based on its annual report,
B/E Aerospace believes it can be subject to federal, state, and foreign laws with safety and
environmental regulation. Any violation of those standards can result in significant penalties and
liabilities ("2015 Annual Report," 2015). B/E Aerospace is responsible for any laws and regulations
that are associated with waste and hazardous materials affecting the environment. The company
understands that there is a high possibility of risks which will likely to happen when the company
operates in several international locations such as the U.K., the Netherlands, Germany, and the
Philippines ("2015 Annual Report," 2015). Since most of its revenues come from outside of the
U.S., volatile political forces might have a negative impact on its business operations and economic
condition.
One of the risks the company mentioned in its report was the risk of doing business with the U.S.
Government. The company believes the

The, Socio Economics And Critical Legal Theories Essay
The author will investigate and analyse the topic under consideration by using observations from
earth sciences, socio–legal studies, socio–economics and critical legal theories. And blend textual,
and intentionalist approach to discuss the possibility of criminalizing extensive environmental
degradation.
The central idea here is to use scientific evidences and frameworks, such as planetary boundaries
and others, to first establish, reasonably if not conclusively, that changes in the natural systems are
directly imputable to man–made activities. That environmental degradation, without being alarmist,
has reached such a proportion that it's no longer feasible to brush the issue under the carpet. That a
robust scientific proof validates the institution of the robust international legal framework, and
affords much needed scientific benchmark for an action.
Insights from legal theories are particularly useful since they provide a legal basis, alias foundation,
for constructing a stringent and holistic mechanism. It is a well–accepted reality that the role of
science in law–making is pivotal in order to formulate a responsive and reflective legal provision.
Building upon scientific evidences, hence, these legal arguments further gather force and liveliness
.In this context, using the templates and thoughts from green criminology, public–international law',
wild–life law, jurisprudence, Human Rights, International environmental law, (treaties, national law
and Customary law)as

Australian Environmental Law
As an Australian I have had the privilege of indulging in the bountiful land that I am lucky to call
my home. A land that is home to millions and supplies millions more. The central hub of these huge
happenings is the Murray Darling Basin – the largest water storage and water system in Australia,
spanning 1/7 of Australia's total land mass, containing over 40% of all Australian farms and the
source of water for millions. Paramount to the enterprise, the general wellbeing and the beneficiary's
of the MDB is the life blood of the world, water. A step further in to the notion of the importance of
water is the notion of clean water. A factor vital to the sustainability of the MDB and a factor that I
believe the Australian Government isn't doing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Noted that the Independent Review was launch by the acting Abbot government. The panel were to
come to a conclusion about the effectiveness of the act. They determined that "as the Basin Plan was
only recently made and is in the very early stages of implementation, many felt that it is too early to
comprehensively assess the effectiveness of the Act in achieving its objects and the extent to which
the objectives and outcomes of the Basin Plan are being met." Although later in the review they also
stated that "we consider that the Act is an effective legislative framework." Meaning that they felt
the act has potential to meet the aims and objectives set, "if all governments, agencies and
stakeholders work together respectfully of each other's knowledge, interests and roles, the Act and
its associated reforms will be delivered successfully, providing enduring benefits for the Murray–
Darling Basin and the

Environment Protection Is A Country 's Fundamental Policy
Abstract
Environment protection is a country's fundamental policy. Globalization has encouraged TNCs to
move from their mother countries to hosr countries in pursuit of more profit. This has caused serious
pollution problems. To maintain their benefits, TNCs are take strategies and using tactics to
influence the developing countries' environmental policy making. They always succeed just because
of their own political power behind their financial strength. This paper explores how and why
transnational corporations seek to influence host countries' environmental policy, and explains what
is the source of their strong political power, and discuss how TNCs can play a positive role in
environmental protection.
TNCs' environmental responsibilities are becoming particularly a matter of urgent concerns, heavy
emphasis and worthy research. All corporates should be theoretically obligated to fullfil their social
accountabilities including the environmental ones because their manufacturing and managing
activities impact on the environment, but TNCs are playing a more crucial role in their host
countries' sustainable development because of their massive sizes and powerful strength. They can
cast the governments aside and have the power to move all or part of their business overseas.They
should not treat the host countries as their pollution pouring zones and profit from overseas weak
environment.
A transnational corporation differs from a traditional multinational corporation in that

Environmental Planning : Australia, Environment And...
Environmental Planning in Australia
Executive summary
In Australia, environment and planning laws are integrally linked and legislation aims to balance the
right to use and develop property with the need to preserve and protect environmental quality. An
intergenerational report is presented every 5 years which shows the country's plans for next 40 years
to preserve the environment which includes different aspects like land, water, ecosystem etc. and
use the resources in a way so that there are enough resources for future generations. In this report
we will be discussing how the intergenerational repot of 2015 is going to help to sustain the
environment.
Introduction
Environmental planning is the process of evaluating how social, political, economic and governing
factors affect the natural environment when considering development. The goal of environmental
planning is to come up with a win–win situation for society and the environment. With successful
environmental planning, society wins by being able to use the area in productive ways, and the
environment wins by being able to sustain itself for future generations. It is about protecting natural
ecosystem and environment, protecting and enhancing land, water and air quality. It also includes
promoting sustainability and waste reduction and Ensuring that actions result in a net gain to natural
systems.
Background
Situation Analysis
The 2015 Intergenerational Report flagged that Australia, like the rest

Evaluation Of The Eia At Buzwagi Goldmine
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Effectiveness was investigated and evaluated by
considering if all the EIA stages were followed appropriately. A review of recent experience world–
wide suggests four necessary ingredients for effective EIA are as follows (Sadler B, 1996): l.
Appropriate timing in initiating the assessment so that the project proposal is reviewed early enough
to scope for development of reasonable alternatives to the project without affecting the environment
and the community around; 2. Clear specific directions in the form of terms of reference or
guidelines covering priority issues of the public involvement, timelines, and opportunities for
information and input at key decision–making stages. 3. Quality information and products fostered
by compliance with procedural guidelines and use of "good practices" of environmental
management and monitoring plan; and 4. Receptivity of decision makers and proponents to the
results of the EIA so that EIA decisions are implemented. All the issues above must be investigated
for the effectiveness of the EIA at Buzwagi Goldmine. Effective EIA aid in decision–making and
achievement of sustainable development of the project without causing negative environmental
outcomes (Glasson et. al.2005). Literature also states that EIA is effective if it achieves its goals for
environmental protection, assesses and mitigates impacts throughout the life of a project (Lee et. al.
1999). Development projects have life cycles, which

The Protection Of The Environment
Introduction
Information and public participation play an important role in the protection of the environment. To
that end they have become rights which are protected internationally, continentally and
domestically, ensuring that all citizens and organizations are able to play an active role in the
management of the environmental at all levels. By enabling public participation, governments are
inevitably providing transparency in governance and therefore reinforcing the legislative and
institutional safeguards that have been put in place to protect the environment. It is important that
some level of transparency is available regarding environmental decisions in order to allow the
public be aware of decision–making procedures, as well the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Under Principle 10, public participation is a creature of three distinct requirements Firstly, there is a
recognition that participation does not occur in a vacuum; rather, it is facilitated by a healthy
understanding of the current state of the environment. The Rio Declaration recognized that "at the
national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the
environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and
activities in their communities ."
As such, there is a responsibility on governments to make available information on the environment
and the current risks faced to the citizens. The Rio Declaration states that "states shall facilitate and
encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available" . This
includes educating local communities as to the environmental risks they specifically face and their
sources. It also means providing an adequate mechanism for governmental bodies to provide this
information.
Secondly when the public is fully aware of the status of their environment, then citizens and interest
groups should be provided with "the opportunity to participate in the decision making–process ".
Individuals and organizations should have a say in the drafting of legislation, regulation and
guidelines.

Environmental Laws And Its Effects On The United States
During the late 1700s, many Americans advocated for social justice, economic empowerment,
property rights and environmental protection. Their advocacy created a national phenomenon that
empowered government and policymakers to execute policies aimed at solving these problems
nationwide. The government again took action to enact numerous laws, some of which became the
foundation for modern environmental policy and regulations in the United States. "On the national
level, the first federal action to respond to public concerns about air quality was the Clean Air Act of
1955" (Longhurst and Lewis 2010, 39).The implementation of some of these newly created
environmental laws began to interfere with state regulations, and as such, they often violated
citizen's property rights. Although such policy oftentimes violates citizen rights, it allows
government and policymakers to respond to the growing population and market demand.
Infringement on property rights did not just take root in the environmental sector in the 1800s. It
started as a result of massive construction, inadequate hazardous waste disposal systems, and
overpopulation due to urbanization and economic growth in the nineteenth century. It became clear
that uncontrolled pollution, including underwater pollutions, led to the spread of environmental
disease, thus affecting human health and safety.
The federal government understood that the negative effects of unrestrained urbanization were
posing a major challenge for its

Development vs Environment
DEVELOPMENT VERSUS ENVIRONMENT: THE CLASSIC DILEMMA
INTRODUCTION
"For the greenest of environmentalists, humans are of lesser importance than the abundant and
diverse flora and fauna of the planet. Humans are defined as a recent addition to the livestock and
are considered to have been a wholly disruptive influence on a world which was paradise before
their arrival."[1]
The condition of the environment today is well known to all and sundry. Deforestation, global
warming, climate change, toxic pollution, and many more harmful phenomena, have spread all over
the world at a pace so fast that the people of the world have had no time to react to it effectively. All
over, the loss ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The globalisation of environmental law describes the increasing scope of each member of the
international community's legal interest (and right) in the conservation and use of the environment
and natural resources. International environment agreements have continuously expanded the
boundaries of common responsibility, and UNCED endorsed the general principle that States have a
"common responsibility" for environmental protection and sustainable development.
The legal interest which a state has can be translated into a legal right of equitable access to, and use
of, a particular environmental resource, and a legal responsibility to prevent harm to it. While the
precise extent and legal nature of that interest will differ as a result of the particular attribution, the
responsibility of each State to prevent harm to them, in particular by the adoption of national
environmental standards and international environmental obligations, will also differ. Broadly
speaking, the difference could define the nature and extent of the international environmental
obligations of developed and developing countries.[3]
For all members of the international community the implications of extending the notion of common
responsibility to one of general application, as reflected in the the United Nations Conference

McCarthy and the American Dream: How the Pursuit of Prosperity Impacted the Environment

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Michelle Robertson

More from Michelle Robertson (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

McCarthy and the American Dream: How the Pursuit of Prosperity Impacted the Environment