The Development Of Human Genome Development

The Development Of Human Genome Development
Cellular process that are crucial for health or disease are orchestrated by the expression of multiple
genes in a network of differential complex signaling pathways, consisting of many physical and
functional interactions.
Unlike the stable genome structure, the highly dynamic interactome represents a major challenge for
quantitative mapping of protein–protein interactions . In this article, I will discuss the latest systems
science advances by using breakthrough technologies to gain an understanding of the whole picture
of the spatiotemporal signaling network as a response to dynamic individual genome–lifestyle
interactions and translating it to the clinic.
The intracellular signal transduction network involves the two complex ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Current and emerging sequencing– and arrays–based methods are changing life sciences.
Understanding how genome structural variation influences gene–expression regulatory networks
and organ homeostasis, leading to disease, will change medical implementations, improving
healthcare by achieving personalized clinical practice, particularly in cancer diagnostics and
therapeutics . Combining next–generation sequencing with advancing mass spectrometry–based
proteomics and phosphoproteomics , living cells imaging technologies and 3D genome mapping
now provide powerful strategies for understanding input–output circuits at the protein, gene,
chromosome and whole–genome level. Collectively, these genome–mapping novel technologies and
systems and synthetic biology advances, along with mathematical and computational strategies ,
allow us to shift from amazing cell lines and network modeling research to the initial steps of
clinical genome and clinical cell signaling transduction circuits , which build the foundation for
medical practice.
Signaling transduction pathways
Cell transport is movement of materials across cell membranes. Cell transport includes passive and
active transport. Passive transport does not require energy whereas active transport requires energy
to proceed. Passive transport proceeds through diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Genome Editing Essay
Genome editing of germ line cells using CRISPR/Cas9 system
Recent studies suggest that genome editing of germ line cells is an effective strategy for mutated
gene correction in sperms and oocytes for the inhibition of onset of inherited disorder. The first
time, germ line genome editing in human by CRISPR/Cas9 system , was carried out to correct
mutation of HBB (Beta globin) gene in zygote of β–thalassemia patients by homologous DNA
recombination (HDR) [80, 81]. Embryonic genome editing utilized in the treatment of such
monogenic diseases prior to birth is a rational use of embryonic genome editing in germ line cells.
Homologous DNA recombination by traditional gene editing techniques in mammalian eggs has a
low rate (<10%) in term of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because PGD usually is carried out by gametes prepared from parents. But parents who is
confirmed by PGD to have a high risk of transmition of inherited genetic mutation to their children
and want to have their own children, their gametes can be edited directly by Crisper/cas9 to create
healthy children.Nowdays germ line genome editing by programmable nuclease such as
Crisper/cas9 is the most useful tool to treat genetic diseases with high risk of inheritance mutation
transmition.
Unresolved ethical problems still exist and are the main reason for delay onset of clinical trials in
this field. Large animal models can be utilized for a variety of monogenic diseases, particularly
monogenic neurological disorders like HD and Duchene muscular dystrophy) DMD (. Specificity,
efficacy, and side effects of germ line genome editing technology should be assessed by animal
models before entering clinical trials.
Generating mammalian models of neurodegenerative diseases using CRISPR/Cas9
Cas9 has been well studied. It belongs to the class II CRISPR/Cas system which is the main protein
involved in small interfering CRISPR RNA (crRNA). CRISPR RNA often leads to the silencing of
invader viruses and plasmids [72, 85]. Several in vitro surveys have shown that Cas9 is guided by
gRNA composed of chimeric RNA. Chimeric RNA is composed of crRNA and tracrRNA. They are
sufficient to

The Development And Application Of Crispr For Genome...
Every year approximately 4 million babies are born, of those 4 million babies about 3 to 4% are
born with a genetic disorder or a birth defect. Imagine, if our doctors and scientist were able to
develop a mechanism to that would allow alterations in the genome of these children and adults
alike. Dating back to 1987, such mechanism was first described by Dr. Yoshizumi Ishino while he
was studying Escherichia coli or E.coli (ISHINO et al., 1987). This newly discovered system is
called CRISPR, which stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.
Currently, many biotech companies are beginning in for the development and application of
CRISPR for genome engineering. What is CRISPR? As mentioned above it is the clustered
regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, which are segments of DNA that have short
repetitions of base sequences. Each repetition is followed by short segment, which is referred to as
spacer DNA. CRISPR is actually found in bacteria and archaea and occurs naturally. Turns out
CRISPR is part of the immune systems for bacteria, in those spacer DNAs are store genetic
information of viruses that have attacked the bacteria. CRISPR has the ability to capture and store
genetic information from invading viruses and use it as template in order to fight off the virus.
Along with CRISPR, they have enzymes called CRISPR–associated (Cas) that aid CRISPR in
destroying any recognizable virus. The mechanism for CRISPR/Cas goes through this

The Human Of Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project has been introduced to us more than twenty–five years from now. It
was Initiated and sponsored by the National Human Genome Research Institute, the project was
introduced aiming at researching more human genes in order to understand, read genes and find cure
for diseases. It guided the medical field to new direction but at the same time created new
challenges and problems. The primary objective of the project isn't wrong or questionable but some
believe its implications are. Genes are made of a molecule called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
which contains the instructions for making every protein in the body. By studying and
understanding the genome system completely, we will be able to shed some light on how to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carlos Cruchaga and his team searched for dementia–related genetic variations in some of these
families and Their results were published in 2014 in the journals Nature and Nature Medicine. The
team identified variations in genes called phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and UNC5C that appear to
promote the risk of late–onset Alzheimer's disease. The results of what they found inspired them to
keep looking for more. Dr. Cruchaga received his Association grant in 2011 for a study entitled
"Exome Sequencing of Late–Onset Alzheimer 's Disease Families. Dr. Cruchaga selected 14
families to observe who have inherited Late–Onset Alzheimer. His team and him later analyzed the
exomes from certain members of these families, searching for gene variations linked to Alzheimer's.
This process initially identified a variation in PLD3 that was shown to double the risk of
Alzheimer's disease in some cases. Previous research has found that people with Alzheimer's tend to
have lower than normal levels of the PLD3 protein in their brains. This finding indicates that PLD3
may protect the brain against Alzheimer's–like changes.
In 2005 there were various report on gene therapy trials delayed disease progression. It wasn 't a
successful cure, but the results were promising enough which triggered further research in that area.
Scientists took skin cells from patients and modified them to secrete the protein nerve growth factor
(NGF) form brains. These NGF producing

Essay On Genome Editing
There still needs much to be done such as researching the appropriate risks and benefits for the
clinical trials (Sciences Engineering medicine (20––). It is rapidly growing and increasing by
making heritable genome editing of the embryo, egg, and sperm in the hopeful future (Sciences
Engineering medicine (20––) It is very likely to be many years before CRISPR–cas9 is used in
human beings. The main attention is drawn towards animal models or isolated human cells
(CRIPSR 20––). The purpose of this for the goal to treat diseases in humans. Another plan for the
future is to focus on eliminating "off–target" effects, where the CRISPR–cas9 entity cuts different
gene to one the one intended to be edited (CRIPSR 20––). In our world today, the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
(CRIPSR 20––). Another way to ensure that CRISPR–cas9 cuts accurately is through the use of the
cas9 enzyme. This enzyme will only cut a single strand of target DNA compared to two strands of
DNA. This demonstrates the two Cas9 enzymes and two guide RNAs will have to be in the same
location to be cut. Therefore, this will reduce the probability of the cut being in the wrong place.
(CRIPSR 20––). There is a growing debate about modifying human DNA because it could be
beneficial and be passed for future generations but one has to consider if it is ethically okay to be
used. It does open the door for many opportunities in biotechnology and medicine but it has a lot of
opposing sides to it. After performing relatively extensive on the research on the top of genetic
editing human embryos, I feel as though it is very so much appropriate to use CRISPR–cas9 to
prevent a baby from inheriting a serious genetic disease. But it is very unsuitable, poor, and misused
to be used to enhance one's genes to strengthen one's physical traits. For quite some time now,
parents have used vitro fertilization followed by an implantation screening to see which embryos to
plant. A family has an option to select healthy embryos for in vitro fertilization and aborting a fetus
with the diseased (Science 2017). One could meet the expectations for the family if both parents
have the same disease such as Huntington's disease.

Dangers Of Human Genome Editing
Scientists, for some time now, have been concerned about the dangers of altering the human germ
line. Until now, the worries have been purely theoretical. But a technique invented recently makes it
possible to edit the genome precisely and with much greater ease. The technique holds the power to
repair or enhance any human gene. Genetic labs around the world are adapting this technique for
they believe the benefits to be boundless. However, considering the ethical complications of genome
editing affecting future generations, scientists have called for a moratorium on human genome
editing, that would alter human DNA in a way that can be inherited until issues of safety and
efficiency are addressed. I believe there should be a more or less permanent ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
If genomes are being altered to suit parents' preferences, do children become more like commodities
than precious gifts? (Collins– Gene Editing)
How will gene editing be used? To shape a child so she will have more advantages in life or will
better fit the preferences of her parents? Is a ban on child genome editing even likely? Doing so
would restrict both parental rights and reproductive freedom. Parents will have to think about the
downsides of trying to control who their child will grow up to be. Parenting involves choices and
responsibility but most important of all accepting their child for who they are.
Banning gene editing isn't our best option for it would drive practices underground to black markets
but at this stage, it would be irresponsible to proceed. This may be one of the best medical research,
it will be noted, and be looked back on as a turning point. It isn't crazy to think someday this will be
widely accepted and valued, many controversial types of research have. However, we've had various
circumstances where blameless technology was used badly, there is little reason to think gene drives
would be an exception. There may come a time when gene drives are used not only for curing
diseases but also military purposes. We could be dealing with overpopulation, irreversible
ecological damage, and intentional misuse of gene drives.

The Pros And Cons Of Genome Editing
Genome Editing; The practical Applications The very first human genetic ailment, according to
research, was identified in the year 1901 and named 'alkaptonuria.' Today, however, we recognize
well over 8,000 named human anomalies which result from mutations in the genes, and the number
of these diseases increases by the day. Separately, all of these diseases are regarded as rare in the
United States because they individually affect a small proportion of the population in comparison to
the total. Even in the small proportion of these patients, some may be cured through the use of a
relatively new technology known as 'stem cell transplantation' and for some, 'organ transplant.'
(Porteus, 2015). The remaining patients, however, are left without a cure to these 'rare diseases' and
the best option for treating them is through the management of the symptoms. In our quest to find a
way ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These drawbacks however and highlighting the same is not meant to sway us from our research into
genome editing rather it is merely meant to make us more careful concerning this research into gene
alteration. When we go beyond these drawbacks, we can be hopeful of a future where we can use
this practice not just for the purpose of disease modeling but also to facilitate the discovery into
human therapeutics (Musunuru, 2013). Genome editing may now have us confused regarding the
future of diseases caused by mutation, but further discoveries and breakthroughs in the technology
are likely to lead us to a time when this genome editing would become common practice, and we
would be able to cure at least the most common genetic anomalies. Until then, though, we work
with the hopes of that

Cichlids Genome Paper
As Elmer introduced in one of his articles cichlids are one of the most species–rich vertebrates
families which is reflected in the morphological adaptations. By analyzing transcriptome researchers
can tell when and where each gene is turned on or turned off in the cells. It can also illustrate the
gene expression by counting the number of transcripts. Researching about transcriptome is
important toward health and the causes of many disease cause by different type of cells. Also gene
duplication occurs when there is two copies of genes. One copy would adapt to a new function, turn
off, or "spare" if the original gene is damaged. Researchers has sequence cichlid fish in order to give
a better understanding on the evolution, development, neurology , ecology, physiology, and
agriculture of the fish around the world. As Salsburger, W. mention for this reason they are an
excellent model system to study basic dynamics. In the analysis of the cichlids genome it has
demonstrate that the gene duplication there is a high rate across all species. With an expansion of
animals studies to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hypothesis is that there will probably been some unknown genes within the tissues. An possible
error or misunderstanding could be with the pituitary.Since the tissue is a small gland on the bottom
of the brain when taking it out or separating it there is a possible outcome that there might be brain
tissue in it. For this cause the RNA sequencing could be more different compare to other pituitary
tissues. Everything goes successfully good results. There would be penalty of amount of ISP
density, reads and enrichments within is tissue that was sequence. Making an estimated of the
outcome of almost 40,000 reads in total will give a good amount of data in order rest file for the
program galaxy database. This database will provide the number of sequence and more information
within the tissue that was

True Power Of CRISPR : The Human Genome System
Even though it was discovered in 1987 by a research team at Osaka University, the true power of
CRISPR, which functions as an adaptive bacteria immune defense, was not realized until the
completion of the Human Genome Project in the early 2000's (Carroll and Zhou 63–64). There are
only two components of CRISPR, a guide RNA sequence (gRNA) and a Cas9 endonuclease protein.
When the gRNA binds to its matching template DNA sequence, the Cas9 protein cuts the template
DNA sequence resulting in the inactivation of that specific gene (Hille and Charpentier 3). In
addition, a mutant gene can be replaced by adding another piece of DNA with the desired sequence,
which will bind to the cut DNA template strand and become incorporated into the host ... Show
In the United States, 50,000 patients are added to the organ transplant list annually, however, only
23,000 organ transplants are performed (Salomon 1089). This organ – donor shortage has become a
major problem. Researchers have been using CRISPR to modify induced pluripotent stem cells
(iPS) to provide personalized therapeutic transplants (Cai et al 247). This can be done by turning
specific genes on and off using CRISPR to force the iPS to differentiate into the desired cell type.
As the number of these differentiated cells increases, they will eventually create a fully functioning
organ. This eliminates the need to find an organ donor altogether. In addition, this eliminates the
possibility of transplant rejection since the organ would be made from the patient's very own iPS
(Cai et al 247). Another form of an organ transplant can also be achieved through the use of
CRISPR known as xenotransplantation which involved developing animal organs for transplantation
into humans. The main concern surrounding this transplantation is the transmission of infectious
disease such as porcine endogenous retrovirus or PERV for short. However, researchers have
significantly decreased the infectious risk by using CRISPR to perform a one–step inactivation of
more than 60 copies of PERV (Salomon 1089). This scientific breakthrough makes the concept of
xenotransplantation more feasible than ever thought possible. Altogether, the

The Human Genome Project
The author, Francis S. Collins, is the man responsible for the successful completion of Human
Genome Project (HGP). HGP is an international multidisciplinary scientific research project which
was involved in mapping and sequencing human DNA and determining the various aspects of its
function. With this incredible expertise to his credit, Dr. Collins in the book 'The Language of Life'
talks about personalizing medicine by understanding the DNA of each individual. The author starts
by narrating some real life incidents of his family members which threw light on the importance of
DNA sequencing, then the author goes to talk about various situations and conditions which all
implicate the importance of personalized medicine in today's world. In this book, the author focuses
on cancer, microbiome, brain disorders, aging and the genetics related with them. The main
underlying point in explaining the genetics of each of the conditions is to reiterate the importance of
sequencing DNA beforehand so that a personalized medicine for the disease can be developed and
the disease can be treated well before its advanced stage with serious effects.
The book talks about many fascinating facets of DNA and the important message they contain
which when understood can help us to make significant contributions to the field of medicine. The
topic which aroused my interest the most in this book is the last chapter called 'A Vision for the
future'. As the chapter's heading suggests this chapter is

Does The Genome Dictate Life
The Genome is an organism's complete set of genetic instructions. Each genome contains all the
information needed to allow that organism to build and grow. There are instructions in our genome
are made of DNA. All living things have a unique genome.
I believe that the genome does dictate life. The genome has so many parts within it. Each and every
part dictate a lot of things. It is in your DNA so it controls things like your unique personality. And
others that guide your growth and development.
The genome have some chemical coding that guides your development so without the aid of the
genome things for humans might be a lot different. Each cell has their own complete set of
instructions that are made to help us grow kinda like a recipe for

Human Genome Project Paper
The Human Genome Project is a very well–known scientific research project made to determine the
sequencing of chemical base pairs which make up human DNA. The Human Genome Project is also
made to identify and map all of the human genes from both physical and functional parts. But how
does this really affect us?
The Human Genome Project has aimed to provide us with detailed information about the Human
Genome. This will be extremely effective towards studying people with specific diseases such as
heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and cystic fibrosis. The DNA sequences of any two
people are actually very alike. The little difference is those that cause a high risk of an individual
developing a certain disease. During the course of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Privacy issues have also been rising throughout the project. Having this information being shared
across governments or companies and the availability of this information for anyone's interest is a
great risk (NLCATP 2015). However, there are many scientists who don't believe in the HGP simply
because no one knows how a single gene change can affect humans. Clearly, if used correctly The
Human Genome Project can become a beneficial factor in curing life–threatening diseases. The
information from genetic tests, provided by the scientific community, will be shared with the public
and medical communities. By sharing the information, it helps doctors save lives of patients.
However, sometimes scientists still remain unsure on how to interpret the results of tests. Many
agreements were made during the project, resulting in the publication of scientists' findings. By
having the information visible to all, it allows advance understandings and the making of medical
advances

The CRISPR/CAS9: Genome Engineering Technique
The CRISPR/CAS9 is a genome engineer technique that allows one to make somewhat precise cuts
of DNA within three base pairs that then allows either the insertion or deletion of DNA. CRISPR
stands for "Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats", CAS9 is but one variation of
the CAS proteins, and Cas9 stands for "CRISPR associated protein 9". Cas9 is a protein that induces
site–directed double strand breaks in DNA. The CRISPR/CAS9 uses a guide RNA to recognize
complementary 20 nucleotide base pairs to the spacer region of the guide RNA. If the DNA is
complementary to the guide–RNA, the Cas9 cleaves the DNA, allowing a portion of the genome to
be deleted hence it can create a knock out gene. CRISPR/CAS 3, 9 and 10 were discovered in
archaea and bacteria and they were felt to be the adaptive immune system of bacteria and archaea
against bacterial phages and F–plasmids and viruses. It is considered an adaptive immune system
since they discovered that bacteria with resistance to multiple phages had multiple inserts that
offered immunity and in particular it was this Cas 3,9 and 10 protein that offered immunity by
cleaving out the invading DNA. The technique is much more complicated than Jennifer Doundna
explained in her TedTalk. However, it much less complicated than say using Zinc fingers or
TALENS for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, most scientists are somewhat comfortable with somatic mutations; these are mutations
that do not affect sperm and egg cells, but not germline mutations which do affect sperm and egg
cells. Germline mutations affect the germline, which means that those types of mutations would
affect the offspring of the human race. It is the concept of making germline mutations that have
scientist in a huge ethical debate since if we were to make germline mutations we could alter the
humans as a species. It would change us forever and would be passed down from generations to

Amborella Genome Analysis
According to the Penn State University, the newly sequenced genome of the Amborellaplant
addresses Darwin's "abominable mystery". The genome sequence shed a new light to fully
understand where flowers came from. Amborella is unique as the sole survivor of an ancient
evolutionary lineage that traces back to the last ancestor of flowering plants. The plant is small
understory tree found only on the main island of New Caledonia in the South Pacific. An effort to
decipher the Amborella genome which is led by the scientist of this university, is uncovering
evidence for the evolutionary processes that paved the way for the amazing diversity of more than
300,000 flowering plant species can found in our planet. Scientists who sequenced the amborella
genome say that it provides conclusive evidence that the ancestor of all flowering plantsevolved
following a "genome doubling event" that occurred about 200 million years ago. ... Show more
Claude dePamphilis of Penn State University, stated that genome doubling may offer an explanation
to Darwin's "abominable mystery". Comparative analyses of the amborella genome are already
providing scientist with a new perspective on the genetic origins of important traits in all flowering
plants. "Resequencing of individual Amborella plants across the species, range reveals geographic
structure with conservation implications plus evidence of a recent, major genetic bottleneck" stated
by Pam Soltis of the University of Florida. A similar narrowing of genetic variation occurred when
humans migrated from Africa to found modern–day Eurasians

Essay On The Sequencing Of The Human Genome
The sequencing of the human genome involves the vision of an advanced medical science and
academic research. Nowadays, genetic databases are making a loud noise to easily determine the
relationships between lifestyle, environmental exposures, and genetic diseases. These databases
large lean on collective data in contribution to genetic information and research materials that deal
with the genetic cases of diseases. For the reason that genetic databank has a great potential of
massive profit and technologic advancements that could improve our understanding of a range of
diseases, private companies seek to get access to these genetic databanks of patients. However, this
research can only proceed with consideration of the ethical, legal and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Ethical principles for the prospective use of human genetic material and data have been introduced
in several European countries. The British Clinical Genetics Society and the Danish Council of
Ethics said that the quality assurance of these tissues in the biobanks are assured in the governing
rules of the regional bodies but solely depend on the boards of each institution. One of the examples
in the Data Surveillance Authority in Denmark which has the sovereignty over its genetic banks
which was created in 1996. The Health Council of the Netherlands publicly announced the
recommendation that human material cannot be stored 'without a good reason' (1994). In 1996,
France authorized that no institution nor any person could get samples with the motivation that has a
collection of human genome or use and in a way, the samples taken if they have not informed the
legal authority in concerned thereof . On the other note, the very arising issue in the economic factor
of the storage and collection of there biobanks has been opened up with only a few talks and did not
receive much of an importance in general . Recently, numbers of recent "charitable trusts" turns the
focus on the economic and political aspects that should be considered in connection to issues that
are mainly associated to this like ethical, legal and social factors. According to several researchers,
there is no objective

The Human Genome Project?
The Human Genome Project
"Today we are learning the language in which God created life . . . humankind is on the verge of
gaining immense new power to heal. Genome science will have a real impact on all our lives, and
even more on the lives of our children. It will revolutionise the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment
of most, if not all, human diseases."
– Bill Clinton, June 2002.
The Human Genome Project came into existence in the late 1980 's as scientist from around the
world aimed to map where every human gene is found on our chromosomes. The Project was a
great success as scientists were successful, but now in order to extend the project, scientists are
trying to work out what each gene codes for. This information would be vital as it could help
ascertain how a particular gene might be damaged or how mutations on some genes can lead to
illness or disorders. Using such information, faulty genes could be easily replaced.
The idea of undertaking a coordinated study of the human genome arose from a series of scientific
conferences held between 1985 and 1987.
The project got underway in 1990 in the United States and one of the first directors of the project
was American scientist, James Watson – who was also in 1962 – along with Francis Crick and
Maurice Wilkins– awarded the Nobel Prize Award for the discovery of the structure of
DNA.
The DNA that is

Human Genome Lab Report
Abstract: As I read more about the theory of macroevolution, I wanted to investigate the similarities
between genomes of different species. The blast lab's program allowed me to compare specific
human proteins' genome libraries in the Blast tool and figure out which species of animals were
close to humans on the chart. I used the human keratin, Pax1, and myosin proteins' genome and
studied them using the Blast tool. As I compared the results with the human proteins, all three genes
were almost identical to those of primates. Only 1% of the genome library, more or less, was
different between the two species. These results coincided with the theory that humans and primates
must have shared a common ancestor according to macroevolution.
Introduction: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both species of chimpanzees and bonobos proved to be the closest to human with numbers as low as
1% difference between human and primate genes such as myosin. Using the macroevolution based
results from the BLAST tool, I was able to make theoretical inferences regarding the theory itself.
Due to the similarity in the respective proteins of both humans and primates, there are various views
of the dynamics of macroevolution that could argue for the theory of humans and primates sharing a
common ancestor. This type of macroevolution, either through gradualism or punctuated
equilibrium, could have resulted in the distinct genomes of both humans and primates, but also
show the similarity of both sequences. As I analyzed the BLAST lab and its results, I was able to
understand more behind the theory of macroevolution and test for myself some of the evidence that
is used to back it up. I am still interested in comparing more genomes and have future questions on
the similarity or difference between distinct species such as fish and

Altering Human Genome Essay
Altering Human Genome
"The gene pool could use a little chlorine."
–Bumper Sticker
"Consider God's handiwork; who can straighten what He hath made crooked?"
–Ecclesiastes 7:13, from Gattaca
"I not only think that we will tamper with Mother Nature. I think Mother wants us to."
–Willard Gaylin, from Gattaca
With the scientific breakthroughs of the recent decades the humans have become more powerful
than ever in their mastery of Nature. The genetic engineering that allows extracting and modifying
the genetic makeup of the future person or animal is in a sense the power of Creation. According to
the Genesis, we are created in God's image. The power to modify our chromosomes not only
presents to us the vast possibilities, but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The same goes for myopia, or more serious diseases such as cystic fibrosis.
It is unethical to deny the "disadvantaged" persons their autonomy, and the right to a happy
existence. Therefore, we must not prevent the persons from living a happy and reproducing.
However, from the utilitarian point of view, we need to do something to keep up the well–being of
the human society. The benefits of the society (humanity) outweigh those of individual, but at the
same time by undermining the rights of the individual we betray the society's trust into the ethical
constructs that govern the society. A compromise has to be made.
With eugenics, this "exponential increase of micro–genetic illness" could be eliminated completely
or reduced to negligible numbers within a few generations. Both parties win: the society will not be
burdened by the deteriorating pool, and at the same time the person will have the ability to enjoy the
equal freedom of actions. That sounds dandy; however, not all stakeholders have been considered.
The most important stakeholder in the situation is the future baby that will have to live with the
altered generic makeup. Unfortunately we cannot ask the baby whether it wants to have its genes
altered in one way or another. The genetic alterations are done at a preliminary stage of
development, when the

Genome And Genetic Variation: Summary
Weekly Summary on Genome and Genetic Variation
The concept of the genome: DNA is the code that categorizes us, however the other thing that
shapes our features are genes. Genes can be defined as a unit of heredity that is transported from
parent to offspring that is rooted in our DNA. The biggest chromosome of the 23 is labeled as
chromosome 1. This chromosome, beside the rest, has arms and on the long arm of chromosome 1,
is found a code. This code contains 120 letters of the 4 genomes A, C, G, and T written in a section
from a single gene. What makes this gene so important is that it is continually being copied into the
RNA while RNA goes out and translates DNA into Proteins. What is then seen is an amazing system
within human bodies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mutations in a gene's DNA sequence can alter the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by
the gene
Mutation rate is the amount of the rate at which different types of mutations happen over time. The
rate of replacements can be additional sectioned into a mutation spectrum which describes the effect
of genetic context on the mutation rate. The mutation rate of an organism is a progressed
characteristic and is strongly affected by the genetics of each organism, also including strong
influence from the environment.
Why mutation is important: Mutation is what causes variety, and that is what leads to evolution over
time. Evolution completely depends on mutations because it is the only way that new alleles and
new regulatory regions are made.
Small–scale mutations, like affecting a small gene is one or a few nucleotides, including point
mutations which is malfunction of DNA replication, exchange a single nucleotide for another,
Adding one or more extra nucleotides into DNA, and removing one or more nucleotides from Dante
3 types of codes are depending on what the erroneous codon code is for:
1. Silent mutation codes for a different amino

Genome Editing Essay
Introduction
Genome editing is a huge leap forward in science and medicine. Because of recent advances in
technology, the study of genes and induced 'point' mutations have led to the discovery and
advancement of methods previously used in order to mutate genes. The development of Clusters of
Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) and CRISPR associated system 9
protein (Cas9) technology is a hugely significant leap forward as this is a tool that could potentially
be used for the research into and hopefully the treatment of a range of medical conditions that are
genetically related. Cystic fibrosis (Schwank, G. et al, 2013), haemophilia and sickle cell disease are
an example of some of the conditions that have the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the complex was bound to the DNA, a cut would be made to eliminate and destroy the
invaders. 83% of archaeal genomes and 45% of bacterial genomes (Shabbir, M. et al, 2016) were
shown to be able to successfully utilize the CRISPR Cas9 system. These are very promising
statistics, so it is no wonder that there has been such an advancement in the past few years to bring
this technology to eukaryotic cells, mammalian cells and eventually human cells.
With the rate and volume that new experiments and experimental procedures are being tried and
tested, it can be expected that a Nobel Prize will soon be won for the discovery and advancement of
this potential life–saving 'tool'. The category of Nobel Prize and who it potentially should be
awarded to are discussed later in this essay.
The Role of CRISPR/Cas9 as a Genome Editing Tool
There are three types of CRISPR systems. The Type II CRISPR system (where the interface is
mediated by a single large protein in conjunction with crRNA) is the simplest of the three and it is
this one that has been the basis for genome editing.
The Cas9 protein is an enzyme that effectively acts as a pair of molecular 'scissors', cutting

Human Genome Project Essay examples
Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project is an international project basically sponsored by the U.S Government.
It started in October 1990 with an aim to sequence the entire human genome. The complete set of
information present in the form of the genes in an organism forms its genome. Each human being
has 23 pairs of chromosomes having DNA double helix in each. The Human Genome Project is a
worldwide research effort with the goal of analyzing the structure of human DNA and determining
the location of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In parallel with this effort, the DNA of a set of
model organisms will be studied to provide the comparative information necessary for
understanding the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An important feature of this project is the federal government's long–standing dedication to transfer
the technology to private sector by licensing them, awarding grants for innovative research and
earning multi–billion U. S dollars that could later be used for medical researchers. To help achieve
these goals, researchers also are studying the genetic makeup of several nonhuman organisms.
These include the common human gut bacterium Escherichia coli, the fruit fly, and the laboratory
mouse.
The process for the sequencing of the Human Genome is long and complicated. At first a collection
of blood and sperm samples from anonymous donors which are then combined into a mixture. The
mixture is subjected for DNA extraction using chloroform, phenol and water. Pure DNA is dissolved
in water. It is subjected to an enzyme, restriction that cuts the DNA fragments. The short DNA
fragments are treated with alkali to make sticky ends. The sticky end DNA fragments are subject to
fluorescent probes, having separate colours for a single base. The labeled DNA fragments are fed
into an automatic sequencing machine that reads the base sequence according to the colours of the
bases. A computer then uses this piece of information to read the sequence into a continuous DNA
sequence by finding overlaps and matching

Human Genome Modification Essay
The warrant in my position is the evidence and testimonies of the success in human genome
modification. According to my sources in my annotated bibliography, human genome modification
has granted infants a second chance of life. Diseases that lie within an embryo from the parents can
be extracted and destroyed to prevent premature deaths. This procedure can prevent the embryo
from spreading a mutation or disease to their offspring in the future. Additionally, the different
aspects of my sources covers questions regarding how the procedure is done, ethics, the benefits,
and successful testimonies. The procedures are conducted by scientists and doctors who follow the
restrictions on human genome research of their respective counties. Furthermore, ... Show more
Since scientists and doctors nearly mastered the procedure, ethicists are concerned that curiosity
may result in further customizations of physical features of an embryo or, the new "liberal"
eugenics. For example, some parents may be open to the option of changing their child's eye color,
natural physical skills, hair color, and number of fingers. However, this is nearly impossible to do
since authors of scholarly journals, articles, and periodicals that supported my claim proved
otherwise since restrictions of human genome research is prominent by governments where this
research is aloud. Therefore, this warrant supports my claim the eugenics won't reemerge from
human genome modification since the government has existing regulations to prevent and punish
any experiments leading to the horrifying acts of eugenics. As I mentioned above, since this life
saving research was conducted on embryos, researchers have found new ways eliminate existing
mutations and diseases. For example, if an embryo developed a blood disorder, the scientist would
be able to prevent the soon–to–be infant from premature death or passing it on to its offsprings in
the future. The sources that were used in my annotated bibliography are all primary examples of the
unlikely emergence

Review Of Genome-Wide Analysis Of Trx Family In Cotton...
Discussion
This work provides the first report on genome–wide analysis and characterization of TRX family in
cotton genomes. We found that there are 150 genes in Gossypium hirsutum, 92 genes in Gossypium
arboreum and 81 genes in Gossypium Ramondii. According to domain number, GhTRX genes
divided into five subfamilies (TRX–A, TRX–B, TRX–O, TRX–ERp29 and TRX–TPR_1_2).This
result is in agreement with previous study in other species such as rice, Arabidopsis and
sorghum(Choi, Jeong, & Kende, 2004). In addition, the majority of TRX genes in upland cotton
belonging to subfamily TRX–A and TRX–B agreeing with previous studies in rice, maize, soybean
and poplar (ref) this finding suggested that these two subfamilies may be involved in diverse ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Depending on events, evolutionary origin of the GhTRX genes might undertake 2 evolutionary
stages; last 0.31 and 1.08 mya. Evolutionary in G. hirsutum happened after rice and Arabidopsis.
There were10 duplicated pairs in rice Thioredoxin gene family, its Evolutionary origin might
undertake 3 evolutionary stages; events were ranged from 9 to 70 MYA (Ref) whereas the genome
of the ancestor of Arabidopsis underwent a duplication event about 24–40 MYA, shortly after the
divergence from the cotton ancestor. Approximately 14% of paralogous pairs remain up to date
(Meyer et al., 2005). In general duplication of GhTRX happened after OsTRX and ATTRX and the
number of genes duplicated was lower than in rice and Arabidopsis; this May be due to loss of most
paralogues (Ref). GhTRX–A subfamily was largest amongst GhTRXs subfamilies; agreeing with
previous study in rice, Arabidopsis and sorghum (Chibani, Wingsle, Jacquot, Gelhaye, & Rouhier,
2009). High number of TRX–A members may be due to duplication (Nuruzzaman et al., 2012), this
explains multiple members of TRX–A family in G.hirsutum. GhTRX genes roles under different
stresses
Six GhTRX genes were selected randomly to analyze their function in specific tissue, leaf
development stages, phytohormones and abiotic stress. In specific tissue, all genes were highly
expressed in various tissues suggesting that these genes may have crucial functions in cotton growth
and development. These results agree with previous study in

The Effects of the Human Genome Project on Society
What is the effect of the knowledge gained through the mapping of the human genome on society?
Human genetics has remained a mysterious and spotty subject throughout history. The farther the
human race advances, the more it learns and the more details it is able to clarify. Now, man has
come to create a method of mapping out the complex and massive information stored within himself
in order to better understand and further the health and lives of those around him. In the following
text is explained the Human Genome Project, what it is and what it has accomplished; an objective
view of the advantages to this research as well as the possible disadvantages that have arisen
throughout the process. What are the long term effects of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One of the specific disadvantages to all the knowledge gained from the HGP and the possibility of
genetic profiling becoming easily accessible and affordable is the potential for future genetic
discrimination. Employers could decide not to hire a person based on their genetic makeup or health
insurance benefits could be denied to someone who has been found to have an inherited tendency
toward a certain gene. One opinion from collaborating writers Bartels, Caplan, Leroy and Gruyter is
that "Almost inevitably, employers and insurance companies will seek to take advantage of this new
knowledge" (65).
Another of the popular debates the HGP has faced is that of the ethics behind cloning. Yes, the
research could very well lead to the possibilities of cloning but it is an argument that has very little
to do with the research itself. As with many of the arguments attempting to deter the research, the
possible misuses of the information discovered are not the fault of the research itself. Some claim
that attempts at human cloning have already crossed the line and that with the completion of the
Human Genome Project the studies will uncontrollably excel. (Wilson, 40) However, cloning and
whether or not it should be legal is an issue for the government to decide and restrict as

Genome Mapping Pros And Cons
A genome map allows scientist to navigate around the genome and this helps to find genes or trace
an inheritance of a gene. (genomenewsnetwork) This is a major breakthrough in technology as
scientists can now find sequences that are tyed to a particular disease and they can identify whay
drugs are needed to treat it. The mapping process illuminate the structure of the genes and it allows
the viewers to examine the important parts of the genome like the regulatory genes which help
control when genes are on or off. Not only can mapping do that but it can also give likelihoods of
getting possible diseases in the future. It also gives chances of passing on diseases or can also guide
scientist to the certain genes that cause cnacer, diabetes and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Genome mapping can go as gfar as actually saving someones life. For example, in the PBS series
"Cracking Your GEntic Code" biblings Alexis and Noah were diagnosed with severe cerebral
paisley however it was found that they had a similar disease that resembles cerebral paisley. Their
symptoms and healths problems worsened so they got their genome mapped and it was found that
there was a yet another mutation cuasing terrible symptoms. By mapping their genomes, scientist
and docters gave them another drug which perfectly treated the siblings and there heath problems
almost vanished. (PBS "Cracking Your Genetic Code') This is an example of how genome mapping
is extremely useful and this is a major pro in using and putting time into it. The pros is tgat this can
reveal genotypes and find casues of illnesses and treatments. Another pro in genome mapping is in
forensics. Forensic scientist scan 13 DNA regions that vary from person to person and they can put
together a DNA profile to identify the individual. This mapping in DNA identification makes an
important addition to the detection of crime and these dna identification can create viable info on a
suspect. As always, genome mapping benfits in the area of medical research and treatment as
maping your genome can let the individual know what diseases they are susceptible in the future.
That being sad, there are also downsides to having your genome

Ethical Issues: The Alteration Of Human Genome
The alteration of human DNA or human genome is now a practical matter of science and inevitable,
but is a question of ethical issues. Changing a human's genome can change how they look, act, and
can even minimize genetic problems. A genome can determine many things such as how someone
may age, how well they adapts to the environment, and even their personality and mental health.
Scientists have found ways to alter these sequences of DNA to make plants, animals, and even
babies with those genetic traits seen as more desirable. For example, In the late 1980's a scientist at
the University of Japan found a repeated DNA gene sequence which later another scientist found
that this sequences is part of a sophisticated immune system that bacteria use to fight viruses. (A
Powerful New Way to Edit DNA). This sequence could be modified to help humans fight ... Show
People would get blamed for how they look and would balm genetics because of it. Even though all
of the death it someone makes us closer to studying more about genetics. After studying more about
this system many years later, scientist found out that the system could have to power to rewrite the
code of life. The meaning is that the genome can be edited (A Powerful New Way to Edit DNA).
Recently there has been a breakthrough to be able to scan every chromosome in a single embryonic
cell to test if the genes are healthy without any life threating dieses. The process of alteration of
human DNA or genetic engineering is the process of manually adding DNA to an organism. The
goal for this is to add one or more traits to an organism that does not have those traits. Also if there
are traits that are not wanted in an organism those traits could get removed. A scientist would
physically remove a gene from an organism and insert it into another, giving it the ability to use that
trait to encode by a

The Human Genome Project A Go Or No?
Is the Human Genome Project a Go or No? Rapid growth in the health field over the past several
decades has brought with it many advancements even in the prenatal stages of life, one may think
this is all positive, but is it really? With all new technology and advancements in the health field the
lives of humans can be heavily impacted by these advancements in the study of human genes.
The study of the human genome began in the early 1990s and involved into a global project. The
purpose was to gain more information about human genes. Which was very difficult to do, with this
project in place a better understanding of the human genome was possible. Today women who are
expecting go threw an array of tests and screenings to see if their child will have certain genetic
diseases, cancers or any health conditions that will impair the child's life. This is possible due to the
testing of the human gene. The benefits of testing the fetus are plentiful, but others argue these tests
can be a hindrance to some. The pro testing side argues it improves the lives of human population,
reduces disease, creates new medications and gives a better understanding of humans. The other
side argues about the ethics of practicing the testing of genes, privacy, and discrimination to the life
of a person who has a high risk to certain aliments. In order to remedy this dispute between both
sides there needs to be some boundaries, the testing of genes cannot simply be aborted, and also the
direction

What Is The Human Genome Project?
What Is The Human Genome Project?
Imagine a world where most diseases and cancers have either been cured or have treatments to help
people with them. Where there is no longer a regular doctors check up and now they would now
take a look at what's inside you. Where doctors will now look at the genes in your genome and find
the problem in there. After they find the spot where there is something wrong, they would easily
know what it is and give you a diagnosis and a treatment. Due to the Human Genome Project,
dreams like these can actually become reality. It can help scientists or anyone get to know how the
human body works and how humans have evolved throughout time. Even scientists just wanting to
know more about the world of genes by what they are and what they do. Through this new
technological project things like diseases and cancers wouldn't be a problem and people can focus
on more scientific projects that can benefit the world. Through this one project many other projects
have benefitted and many have been created. Even though many people may not know about the
Human Genome Project, it could be one of the best technological project advancement that has
shook and impacted the scientific community greatly. The Human Genome Project was created in
1990. This project was an international research effort from scientists all around the globe that
wanted to identify and sequence the human genome and the genes that are inside the genome (" The
Human Genome"). This project

The Human Genome Project Paper
Science is an astonishing, intellectual field; it teaches humans about life and allows them to alter it
in order to reap desirable results. The diligence and intellect of scientists who are able to rework the
human body has contributed to the sharing of many beautiful and tear–jerking stories about babies
who have been born and patients who have survived. As technology and knowledge about the body
increases, people begin to question how much we should use our intelligence to change the bodies
that God has created. However, within the medical sphere, specifically with the process of
modifying genes, scientists should use their God given gift of intellect to control the evil, residing in
the form of diseases, that would otherwise destroy all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The superb story of one heart recipient from Texas, named Blake, showcases how beautiful it is to
receive the gift of life. Blake was only four days old when his parents found out that he had a heart
defect, if he wasn't treated immediately then he would die. However, thanks to the process of organ
transplantation, a heart was found for Blake almost immediately. Today, he lives a wonderful life
and participates in numerous sports ("We are incredibly blessed"). To know that this child is able to
live a full and happy life because of the astounding process of organ transplantation is just simply

Human Genome Patents Essay
Genome Patents
The debate over patenting sections of the human genome arrived shortly after the completion of the
mapping of the human genome. These patents give rights of a specific section of the human genome
to certain companies to develop gene products and tests after. Although patents on sections of the
human genome can encourage pioneering and further advancements in genome products and genetic
tests, patenting on the human genome can lead to the monopolization of gene tests that can delay
patient treatment and diagnosis, restrict more than one developer to make genetic products and tests,
and allow one developer to increase prices on a specific test to outrageous prices.
Gregor Mendel the "Father of Modern Genetics" was an Austrian ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Since they held the patent on the gene, they could just sit on it and do nothing..." (Apecs.) This can
significantly hinder human advancement and potential patient care. If a gene sequence is not used to
its fullest potential to be studied and researched, then any possible medical uses will not be
discovered until the expiration of the patent. The genetic company Myriad was under fire when one
of their cancer screening tests came back as a false negative, other genetic companies asked
permission to look further into it, hoping to improve the test, but since myriad had sole rights to the
gene , they declined permission for further speculation from other companies

Questions On Human Genome Project
Layan Kojan
BIOL 1010
Assignment #3 – Option 2 The Human Genome Project
Tuesday November 17, 2015
What makes one person differ from the other? Is it physical appearance, personality or mentality?
These three factors separate each individual from one another and it is what makes them different.
Physical appearance, personality and mentality are made up from the same building blocks which
are known as DNA sequences. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), is a self replicating material that is
found throughout every living organism. It's a large macromolecule that transforms characteristics
into life. DNA is made up two strands that run in opposite directions therefore they are known to be
antiparallel. The lagging strand runs in the 5 '–3 ' direction while the leading strand run's in the 3 '–5
' direction (International Baccalaureate Organization, 2009). There's a phosphate group attached by
a covalent bond to the carbon atom which is covalently attached to a nucleotide base. The two DNA
strands are attached to each other by hydrogen bonds. There are two hydrogen bonds found between
Thymine and Cytosine and three hydrogen bonds found between Guanine and cytosine
(International Baccalaureate Organization, 2009). Many studies have been done in order to gather
information about the human DNA. The sequence of base paring in DNA was determined by The
Human Genome project (International Baccalaureate Organization, 2009).
The whole idea of the

The Genome Project Of Any Species
The genome sequencing project of any species would not be possible without modern sequencing
technologies and the methods described in this thesis, transcriptome and genome resources for
whitefly can be rapidly developed which enable exciting research. Methods and results described in
this thesis are just examples for any genome project, and would suit best to any arthropod that
contain bacterial endosymbiont. This concluding chapter summarizes the previous chapters and also
outlines the possible future directions for improvements and describes the exciting research studies
possible.
8.0.1 What can we do with the transcriptome
Chapter 1 began by addressing the research problem and describing the whiteflies that have been
studied so far and why the genome of this species is needed. Although, four transcriptomes of
different whitefly species have already been published and the data are available to public. These
four transcriptomes were compared in Chapter 2 to identify sequence and functional differences
across them. The main aim of the Chapter 2 was to obtain a comprehensive transcriptome data set
for Asia I species which could effectively used for further analysis in this thesis.
In order to capture the complete transcriptome of Asia I species, two different libraries (Normalized
and Unnormalized) were generated and sequenced. These combined data sets from two libraries not
only led to complete transcriptome resource but also to identifying the abundance and least

Essay on The Human Genome Project
A genome is all the DNA in an organism, including it's genes. Genes carry information for making
all the proteins required by all organisms. These proteins determine, among other things, how the
organism looks, acts, processes and fights infections.
DNA is made up of four similar chemicals (bases, adenine , Thymine , cytosine , and guanine ) that
are repeated millions or billions of times throughout a genome. The human genome has three billion
base pairs. The order of these base pairs are extremely important and determine everything in an
organism.
The Human Genome Project started in the mid–1980's and was discussed widely throughout the
scientific community and public press in the last years of the decade. In the United States, DOE ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The massive amount of data and related technologies generated by the HGP and other genomic
research presents a wide array of commercial opportunities. These opportunities range from
medicine and food to energy and environmental resources.
Older companies are racing to retool and newer companies are seeking parts in the information
revolution with DNA at it's core. IMB, Compaq, DuPoint, and other big pharmaceutical companies
are among those interested in the potential for targeting and applying genome data.
In HGP there are two types of sequences, the draft and the high quality. To get the draft sequence,
scientist determine the order of base pairs in each chromosomal area at least four to five times to
ensure data accuracy and to help with reassembling DNA fragments in their original order. This
repeated sequencing is known as genome "depth of coverage." The draft sequence for
the human genome was completed on June 26, 2000. To generate high quality sequencing ,
additional sequencing is needed to close gaps, reduce mistakes and allow only a single error in
10,000 bases. The finished version will provide an estimated eight to nine times the coverage of
each chromosome. Thus far, high quality

Human Genome Project Essay
Human Genome Project Essay
The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort that has the goal of analyzing the
sequence of human DNA and determining the location of all human genes. Begun in 1990, the U.S.
Human Genome project was originally planned to last 15 years but now is projected to be complete
in 13 years. This project was started to find the 80,000 – 100,000 human genes and to determine the
sequence of the 3 – billion chemical bases that make up human DNA. The information generated by
the human genome project is expected to be the source book for biomedical fields, including those
such as developmental biology and neurobiology, where scientists are just beginning to understand
the underlying molecular mechanisms. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the spring of 1987, a report on the human genome initiative was prepared by the Health and
Environmental Research Advisory Committee (HERAC) of the Department of Energy (DOE). In
early 1988, further discussion culminated in the publication of two additional, widely circulated,
influential reports. The U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) report presented a
comprehensive and detailed analysis of the scientific developments that had led to the promise of
"mapping and sequencing" the human genome and presented an outline for a multi–phase research
plan for accomplishing the goal of sequencing human DNA over the course of the following two
decades. In fiscal year 1988, the Congress of the United States launched the human genome project
by appropriating funds to both the DOE and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) specifically for
support of research efforts to determine the structure of complex genomes. The NIH was delegated
$17.2 million and the DOE received $10.7 million in 1988 by the human genome research institute.
It is generally agreed that the overall goal of the Human Genome Initiative is to acquire fundamental
information needed to further our basic scientific understanding of human genetics and of the role of
various genes in health and disease. As refined through the discussions over the last half of the
1980's and defined in the NRC report, the Human Genome Initiative has several interrelated goals:
Construction of a

Genome Editing : The Modern Frankenstein
Victor Frankenstein may have created and abandoned a creature, but what happens when you start to
design future generations? Any scientific advancement that can have such a great effect on the lives
of people has a possibility to be misused. Something as large as genome editing can be extremely
useful, life changing, and effect every future generation. Then again, with great power comes great
responsibility. Will genome editing be the modern Frankenstein? Genome editing is still relatively
new in the science world. It was only fairly recently that we gained the first ability to fix our DNA
(Rajan). Genome editing is changing the DNA, which gives us the ability to change it for the better
– which is not an easy thing to do (What Is Genome Editing?). In order to change the DNA,
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are manipulated to improve the
DNA (Hornblower, Reis, Robb, and Tzertzinis). A fracture is made in the DNA to modify it, in order
to adjust the DNA to try to rid it of genetic diseases and abnormalities (What Is Genome Editing?).
Then, a new sequence can be added into the existing DNA and be repaired (What Is Genome
Editing?). This is the basic idea of the difficult genome editing. While complicated, once more
progress is made and it becomes more successful, this process could work on a variety of diseases
(What Is Genome Editing?). With such a big advancement forward into the future, what are the pros
and cons? The most obvious pro,

Essay On Whole Genome Sequencing
2.0 Materials and Methods
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is one of the current methods used to obtain the entire genetic
composition of a particular patient. Once the sequence of DNA has been obtained the information
within the patient's genome is compared to a reference genome so that potentially pathogenic
mutations can be identified. Regions of DNA that are of interest are validated following the
procedure outlined below.
Primer design
Specific DNA loci were obtained from analysts in the form of Excel spreadsheets. These coordinates
were visualized using the genome browser build 19 on the UCSC website. The DNA sequence that
was taken was approximately 900 bp on either end of the region which was to be amplified. The
DNA sequence which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This extension period was set for 7 minutes. 35 cycles were run when amplifying particular regions
of DNA obtained from probands and their respective families. Note primers were tested with
controls using the hotstart PCR conditions before primers were run with the patient's DNA.
Visualizing PCR product
Agarose gels were run to determine whether amplification of the targeted region of DNA was
successful. 1% gels were made using 50mL of 1X TAE buffer and 0.5g of agarose. 2.5mL of
Ecosafe dye was added to the gel before mixing and then cooling in a gel rig. 1.0mL of loading dye
was mixed with 4.0mL of DNA from PCR tubes. DNA samples were then loaded in their respective
wells along with 5mL of 1kb ladder to approximate band sizes during visualization of the gel. Gels
were visualized using UV light set at a wavelength of 302nm. Each gel was exposed to UV light for
10 seconds before the image was captured with an Azure gel imaging system.
Purification
PCR tubes were ready for purification when a single DNA band was present per lane on the agarose
gel. If multiple bands were obtained in a single lane the PCR process and gel visualization process
was repeated however, the denaturation temperature was run at a higher temperature to prevent non–
specific binding of the primers to the DNA template. The purification process used an Invitrogen
PCR clean–up kit. 5mL of charge switch beads

Analyzing The Genome Of Living Cells ( 1 )
Biology, in all of its glory, is quite amazing. It has always existed and always will; it merely just
waits for a human to attempt to understand it. This understanding has taken centuries, however it
seems to increase with the years. A very popular topic amongst biologists today is the genome,
understanding it, mapping it, comparing one organism's to another and so on. With the
understanding of this genome though, we as humans want to delve into it, tweak it, and manipulate
it until it is perfection to our standards. A development has arisen that will one day provide ways to
make precise, targeted changes to the genome of living cells (1). CRISPR– Cas9 is the development
that many scientists believe will eventually change the face of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This tool was first tested with bacteria and found to be successful, but at what point will it break
moral and ethical standards? Scientists in Guangdong found this out after attempting to use
CRISPR–Cas9 on tripronuclear zygotes. The scientists studied the past results of tests similar to this
and found that the CRISPR–Cas9 was not very accurate. To attempt to prevent this from occurring
once more, specific PCR primers were designed to attempt to amplify the desired region of the
hemoglobin strand so that the CRISPR–Cas9 might be more accurate and yield better results. (5)
This study however, did not successfully eradicate the gene causing the zygote to be tripronuclear,
instead it caused off–target mutations that would result in greater harm to the zygote than the
tripronuclear would in the first place (6). When these scientists attempted to publish their paper at
first, they were rejected due to the outcome of their research and ethical concerns. This, afterall, was
the first test of its kind performed on human embryos. It was a worry that the zygotes that they had
used were viable and violated moral standards, however these worries were proven false. This worry
though, is common with many, in terms of attempting to use CRISPR–Cas9 on humans. Some
scientists were so worried by this test, that they called for a moratorium on this type of experiment
indefinitely. Their main point was that altering the genome of one embryo does not

CRISPR-Cas9 ) : What Is The Complex Code Of The Genomes?
The world of genomes is more similar to the art of coding, than many may believe. For starters, they
both share the ability of creating information that does an overwhelmingly important role in
fabricating and supporting the final project – which in a genetical case is all living organisms. The
complex code of genetics has been a pivoting factor in countless research done by scientists, as it is
the literal makeup of each and every living organism, each unique in their own way. Research in
genetics has been around for more than 150 years, and although the study is something relatively
old and a seemingly immaculate process, there are cases where the result is not always as one would
hope. Unfortunately, if a mutation occurs in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Granted there have been other gene editing techniques used before, but by far CRISPR has been
reported to have the most potential to revolutionize different areas where the method is applicable.
The fields that researchers believe these modification resources will be the most beneficial, include
but are not limited to medicine for curing and preventing diseases, creating socially ideal children,
and perhaps aiding in the decrease of world hunger. While these goals do seem quite optimistical,
scientists have high hopes for what CRISPR will be able to accomplish with time. Currently the
system is just now being tested out on living organisms, with the ambition of figuring ways to
genetically terminate diseases (2).
Researchers affiliated with the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, decided to test this up–
and–coming editing tool on mice with the dominant blurred vision or cataract–causing mutation in
their CRYGC gene, hoping to correct it. The results of their experimentation showed that after the
mice with the fixed mutation mated with mice without the mutated genes, their offspring received
the correct mutant–free allele from the priorly disease carrying parent. This information provides
proof that the CRISPR–Cas9 can be used to correct genetic diseases before they are passed down
from one generation to the next (3).
After experimenting on rodents and finding triumphant results, scientists transferred over to testing
the success of CRISPR–Cas9 on embryos, with

Human Genome Project Ethics
The human race, a species consumed by curiosity and discovery. With the rapid growth of scientific
knowledge, a new mystery has unraveled. This endeavor is known as The Human Genome Project.
The Human Genome Project is an organization designed to physically map all of the genes in the
human body. Once these scientists uncover all of the genes, it becomes possible to isolate them for
uses such as possible prevention, treatments and cures. This organization promotes the progression
of science to new heights. "There have been a number of technological advances since 1990 that
have accelerated the progress of the project to a completion date sometime during the year 2003,"
(Melaas). The project raises uproar in the argument of ethics. Ethics can ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In order to eliminate this, implementing policies on genetic research must be upheld containing the
extent to which society is willing to allow the change in the population. Scientific experimentation
will forever grow. The possibility to completely diminish science and research is slim. A solution to
this would be enacting rules and regulations. These regulations will limit to only testing on humans
for necessary causes such as disability or disease. If a life remains at risk, the genetic screens should
proceed. However, if for cosmetic reasons, the Human Genome Project needs to draw the line. Extra
funding allow this solution to take off. "[T]he Human Genome Project will likely pay for itself
many times over on an economic basis," ("Human Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked
Questions."). If in startling economic standing, why not put more of an effort towards ethical
considerations and regulations? With this solution, insurance companies can now back patients
regardless of potential risks. Children and adults will also experience diversity. Exposure to varying
personalities and handicapped individuals can increase. This solution inevitably benefits everyone.
It will teach society to embrace one's self and flaws. Flaws can transform into more respectful
attributes. A solution that benefits everyone does the greatest amount of

The Development Of Human Genome Development

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to The Development Of Human Genome Development

Similar to The Development Of Human Genome Development (16)

More from Michelle Meienburg

More from Michelle Meienburg (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Development Of Human Genome Development