Compare And Contrast Aristotle And Descartes

Compare And Contrast Aristotle And Descartes
Assignment: Compare Aristotle's teleological view of nature with the mechanistic view of nature,
with particular emphasis on Descartes.
Ever since long before Christ there have been countless of theories about the world, the nature of the
soul, and how it all combines to work together. An interesting case of contrasting yet aligned
opinions is that of Aristotle and Descartes. The aim of this essay is to compare and contrast the
ideologist of two philosophers who proved to be pioneers of their respective time, and through their
work provided us with a base on which we could build upon.
One key aspect of Aristotle's philosophy that we have to mention when comparing him with
Descartes is his so – called 'four causes'. Aristotle uses these ... Show more content on
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In fact, Descartes supports Aristotle's claim that characteristics belong to substances. This is a main
point in Aristotle's ontology – characteristics belong to substances, while substances make up the
form of things. This is also what leads Descartes to assume that the soul is a substance.
The soul is a concept that many philosophers have tried to explain, so it follows that there are many
different theories on the nature of the soul. Both, Aristotle and Descartes agree that the soul makes
us alive. For Aristotle that is that the soul gives humans their form, while Descartes equates the soul
with our consciousness, that is to say that the human body is a machine and it follows the physical
laws, however the soul or human consciousness is transcends the mechanical, and consequently the
same laws cannot apply to it.
Both philosophers see the soul as something central for a human being, without it the body is just a
machine without consciousness, or substance with no form. Following their ontologies, without the
soul a human being is not really a person. Descartes' famous "I think, therefore I am" can be use as
an example to emphasize how important the ability of logical thought is in his ontology – without
the mind (the consciousness or the soul) we, in a way, don not really
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The Philosophical Beliefs Of Substance Dualism And Modern...
(675)Question 1: An Examination of the Philosophical Traditions of Substance Dualism and modern
Materialism
The tradition of Substance Dualism was formulated by Rene Descartes to define the differing modes
of the soul that function in the human mind. The dualistic aspect of this philosophy is based on the
presence of a higher power, such as God, that provides the essence of the mind through the soul, yet
the human body is separated from this process. Therefore, Descartes sought to divide the mind from
the material body as a method of defining the limitations of the body in relation to the immortality
of the soul as part of God's creation. In this manner, Descartes sought to define the perfection of the
"god mind" in the human soul, which allows the mind to perceive objects without subjective
interference of personal bias: "Accordingly, it is true that when I think only of God (when I look
upon myself as coming from God, Fr. ), and turn wholly to him, I discover [in myself] no cause of
error or falsity (para.4). This is an important evaluation substance dualism because the human body
defines the "substance" of materialism and the human soul is part of the metaphysical/spiritual
perception of truth through God. These are the important aspects of the dualism of the mind and
body that Descartes defines in the ideology of Substance Dualism. The complexity of modern
Materialism defines a less theological/metaphysical exanimation of the body and mind, which
expands upon

Importance Of Human Nature In The Souls Of Animals
Human beings are animals. Just as any animal has unique and defining characteristics, we find
ourselves capable of transcending our base instincts in moments of brilliance and insight, but we
never completely disengage from our animal nature. "We are the youngest sibling in life's family"
(Kowalski 15). We may be a separate branch on the family tree, but our roots sprouted from the
same seed.
To put ourselves at the top of the "great chain of being," the hierarchical structure used to categorize
humans as the penultimate creation of a divine force, in no way separates us completely from the
chains "lower" forms of life. Kowalski in "The Souls of Animals," acknowledges "we need other
creatures to tell us who we are" (p.132). Our humanity is shaped by observing and identifying with
other species in our environment. When a human mother increases the speed of preparing the home
for an impending birth, we say she is "nesting." A parent who ferociously protects their child is
considered a "Mother Bear." When we save for retirement, we "squirrel" away our resources. These
analogies illuminate how animal behavior instructs and gives context and cues to our experience as
humans. Descartes proclaimed animals as machines, automatic beings that lacked reason. He
excluded "these brutes" from the possibility of thoughtful contemplation due to their lack of
language. Unfortunately, he never had the pleasure of meeting Koko. Koko, a lowland gorilla who
was taught to communicate through

The Holocaust : The Human Soul And Exposed Its Depths
The Holocaust is regarded as one of the worst events in human history. In fact, the vast majority of
those who were sent to a concentration camp perished there. When prisoners view the despair all
around them, they find it hard to see meaning behind all the suffering. Life is no longer worth living,
so many prisoners see suicide as the only option to escape the pain. As a psychiatrist who was sent
to Auschwitz, a concentration camp notorious for its crematoriums, Viktor Frankl has a special
perspective on the loss of the will to live that those imprisoned exhibit. In his own words, "Life in a
concentration camp tore open the human soul and exposed its depths"(Frankl 94). Frankl discovers
in himself not only the shock and apathy he displays, but also the strange hope that comes with
imagining his freedom. The brutality of the Holocaust changes Frankl and brings out his true self
while teaching him that he and others can survive the worst of terrors by setting a purpose in life,
which only they can individually determine. In his personal experience, Viktor Frankl delineates
three stages that come with life at a concentration camp: admission, acceptance, and liberation. In
the first stage, Frankl becomes shocked at the horrors of the Holocaust. He notices that he denies the
reality of what is happening through a phenomenon called "the delusion of reprieve" in which he
believes that he will be reprieved at the last moment (23). Eventually, he comes to terms with his

Essay on Exposing the Human Soul in Lord of the Flies
Exposing the Human Soul in Lord of the Flies
William Golding in his novel Lord of the Flies symbolically describes the degeneration of a
civilized society in three stages. Embedded within this story of a group of young boys struggling to
survive alone on a deserted island are insights to the capacity of evil within the human soul and how
it can completely destroy society. After a plane crash that results in their inhabitation of the island,
the boys establish a democratic society that thrives on order, necessity, and unity. Slowly, however,
the peaceful society that they create shatters through a path of hatred, disrespect, murder, and the
release of the true human soul.
Upon a desolate tropical island, the lost ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One morning, Ralph sees a ship on the horizon and realizes that the new fire they had built is no
longer burning because of the negligence of the boys assigned to be watching it. He is furious, yet
Jack and his choir group ignore Ralph's complaints and begin hunting for a wild pig, setting out with
dreams of chase, glory, and slayings.
The difference between common sense and minds influenced and dulled by eagerness grasps the
majority of the boys and begins to disintegrate the peace within their society. Ralph talks to the boys
about their carelessness and how it is detrimental to the entire island. Their respect for one another is
wearing away slowly. "They looked at each other baffled, in love and hate. All the warm salt water
of the bathing pool and the shouting and splashing and laughing were only just sufficient enough to
bring them together again" (50).
The true problem, however, is the "beast." A small child sees a "beastie" on the mountain and the
entire group begins to talk about the subject with fear and intent of killing it, whatever it may be.
After the fire is rekindled by Ralph's orders, Sam and Eric, two young twins, are on duty watching
and they spot a lumpy figure huddled on the forest floor several yards away. They run to the camp
and tell the others about what they have seen. Jack, Ralph, and Roger decide to climb the mountain
and search for

Essay on Plotinus, Augustine, Aquinas, K.Wojtyla on...
Plotinus, Augustine, Aquinas, K.Wojtyla on Person and Ego
ABSTRACT: Today the connection between "person" and the "I" is acknowledged in many respects
but not always analyzed. The need to relate it to the reality of the human being has sparked the
present investigation of the philosophical anthropology of four thinkers from the late ancient,
medieval, and contemporary periods. Although it may seem that the question of the role of the "I"
with respect to the human being hinges on the larger problem of objectivity v. subjectivity, this does
not seem to be the case. Many topics, however, are necessarily entailed in this investigation such as
individuality and universality, soul and body, consciousness and action, substance and history, the ...
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(2) He reconciled the apparent contradictions with the use of new punctuation for the most decisive
text against individual forms for human beings. The passages often taken as contradictions applied
to quite other realities. Plotinus position is to be taken from Ennead V,7,1 lines 18–23:
No, there cannot be the same forming principle for different individuals, and one man will not serve
as model for several men differing from each other not only by reason of their matter but with a vast
number of special differences of form. Men are not related to their form as portraits of Socrates are
to their original, but their different structures must result from different forming principles.
As Armstrong points out, Plotinus' higher self is not simply identical with the individual form of a
particular human being. The higher self which Plotinus interprets as the intellect or Nous which does
not come down is nevertheless said to be a soul. In Ennead V.3 humans are described as reasoning
souls, wandering between embodiment and intellect. But humans can transcend their reasoning souls
and identify themselves with their higher soul or intellect and even transcend that to arrive at union
with the One, an unknowable Selfhood to which, according to J.P. O'Daly, (3) it is urged on by love,
given by the Good, which is what the One's Selfhood is.
The composite human being, that is, the human person as embodied rational soul is rightly
represented by its higher self or the "I" as

Essay on Why God Doesn't Exist: An Atheist's Argument
The belief in Gods has always existed throughout human's recored history. Whether it be the Greek
Gods: Apollo, and Zeus, or the Judeo–Christian God, believed by Christians in modern day society.
The belief of God has always existed among humans, however, assuming God does not exist, what
explains the cultural evolution of such a false belief, namely religion? I shall argue that the reason
this false belief is successful is because it manipulates human nature better than any other belief by
these three points: an avoidance of death (the soul), a sense of worth (knowledge), and a sense, or
need of belief (faith). This question is inherent in clarifying the undoubtedly success this false belief
has had through human's existence. However, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, the third section will dwell on the controversial topic of faith, and human's need for belief.
Religion has done an excellent job in manipulating human's need for trust. Therefore, the
combination of these three sections should compel the reader to better understand why such a false
belief, such as religion has had such success throughout history. The first section of this paper
should properly be named: "The Happy Ending," as it seems fitting for this point of success for
religion. It is not unfair to assert that one of humans greatest fears is death, the thought of become
nothingness. Honestly, is there ever a point in ones own life that they can think, or even experience
nothingness? Evidently the answer should be no, as we are always something, always being. For a
human this is an overwhelming, and at times frightening thought. Especially when science and many
atheist comes to the conclusion that when a human dies nothing happens, there is no happy ending
–– sadly, nothingness seems to be the answer. With that being said, however, religion has offered an
alternative answer, one which most definitely appeals to many humans; and more importantly gives
humans a way out of death. Before moving forward it maybe important to clarify the term death and
what its meaning is for the purposes of this essay. Obviously not even religion can save an
individual from dying, humans are biological beings, thus time is never on

Plato And Plato: The Subject Of The Soul
Numerous philosophers, including Plato and Aristotle, widely and differently interpret the subject of
the soul. On one hand, Plato is a dualist who believes that the soul and the body exist separately. He
states that the soul is external and considers the body its prison. The body is immaterial and is
concerned with physical things while the soul is immortal and divine. Plato views the soul as the
most important thing in life, and he explains his reasons in the texts Meno and Phaedo. His
arguments that favor the immortal nature of the psyche include the argument of recollection, the
argument of affinity, and the theory of the opposites. He further talks about the perfect "forms" and
knowledge of them, which is essential given that the soul ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This theory claims that the world is in a constant state of flux. Everything is constantly changing to
its opposite between day and night and vice versa. Life changes to death and vice versa. Substances
that have an opposite are generated out of their opposites (Holbo and Waring 23). According to him,
this is a principle that holds true universally. Life is the opposite of death while sleep is the opposite
of waking. Sleep is generated from waking the same way that death is generated from life and life
from death. Since the soul is a living thing, it is alive so it must be generated from death. Therefore,
the souls of the dead must be in some place out of which they come again. He reckons that if all
living things were to die and remain in their dead form and never come back to life again, at last all
would die, and nothing will be alive (Holbo and Waring 23). Moreover, Plato states that forms
cannot have their opposites. For instance, something that is Hot cannot be Cold at the same time.
Hot snow cannot exist because once the snow is changed from being Cold to Hot, it will melt and its
property will be destroyed in the real world. Similarly, the soul is associated with Life, which is the
opposite of Death. Something cannot be alive and dead at the

Compare And Contrast Descartes And Plato
Compare and Contrast Essay (Descartes/Plato)
The philosophical thought is that the mind and body are two separate things; with one being able to
exist without the other has caused much discussion and debate among philosophers and theologians
over the years. René Descartes and Plato, two well–known philosophers, argue that people have a
mind or soul, which is somehow connected with the body, but the mind or soul can exist
independently from our body. Descartes introduces the mind–body argument while Plato presents
the soul–body argument. Although the arguments differ in some ways, Descartes and Plato also have
similar opinions on the issue. As a person of faith, there is some difficulty in explaining to a non–
believer that when a person dies, the soul does not perish with the body. While siding with Descartes
and his belief in a perfect God, this essay seeks to review the issues of dualism and meditation,
through the eyes of Descartes and Plato.
Rene Descartes was a complex man who had questions about God and the human soul, and
preferred to work through problems by eliminating all doubt with a particular issue. He works to
prove that God exists and develops arguments to point out the limits between the mind or soul and
the body, as well as, corporeal (physical) and incorporeal (mental) properties. When Descartes refers
to mental properties, he is alluding to thoughts and emotions. When mentioning physical properties,
he is talking about the brain. Hence, mind–body

The Human Soul And The Soul 's Salvation
In his letter to the priest, Sixtus, Augustine claims that "...when [humans] suppose that free choice is
taken away if they agree that a human being cannot have a good will without the help of God, they
do not understand that they do not strengthen human choice..." he establishes one of the most
debated concepts of the Reformation period: The human soul cannot save its self. This idea of
Soteriology, expressed in his "Letter 194" presents only one side of the argument. On the other side
of the spectrum of soteriological ideology was Pelagius's argument that "to be just in God's sight, a
person must be pure in both body and heart." Through the use of Augustine's "Letter 194" as well as
Pelagius's "Letter to Demetrias" I will first summarize each author's argument on how much of a
role human free will can contribute to the immortal soul's salvation. Then I will explain why both
sides of the argument appealed to large groups, and why each view point remained debated all the
way into the Reformation period. Before either argument can be dissected however, some issues
with the sources must be addressed. Firstly, Pelagius's text "Letter to Demetrias" has been translated
from its original language into English. Pelagius was very learned in both Latin and Greek, meaning
that the original text was probably written in one of these languages. The translation into English
means that there was an opportunity for error, and for details to get lost. It is also known that
Pelagius was an

The Embodied Human Soul In The Book IV Of Plato's Republic
In Book IV of Plato's Republic, Socrates reasons that the embodied human soul is a tripartite
plurality consisting of a rational part, an appetitive part, and a spirited part. An individual, or a
society, thrives when these three parts strike a balance. In a just and perfect society, people from
each of the three groups must maintain a delicate position compromised of control and influence
relative to the other groups. An important feature of Socrates' ideal city is its lack of
intersectionality. Each person in the various classes must complete their specific job requirements,
without meddling in outside affairs, in order to maximize the city's efficiency. The ideal city is made
up of the craftsperson, the auxiliary and the guardian ruler classes. The three classes directly parallel
the three parts of the soul. The craftsperson represents the appetitive part of the soul, while the
auxiliaries parallel the spirited soul and lastly, the guardian rulers embody the rational soul.
Socrates's idea of tripartite plurality is guided by the principle of opposites which suggests that one
single thing is never characterized by two opposites in the same part of itself, in relation to the same
thing and at the same time. For example, a child cannot be both older and younger than his sibling
because the principle of opposites dictates that one thing cannot partake in two opposite experiences
simultaneously. Therefore, Child B cannot both be older and younger than Child A, however, if

Socrates Reflection Paper
In 470 B.C.E Greek Philosopher, Socrates developed a theory that is supposed to clarify how
humans obtained knowledge through the soul. Through the "Recollection theory," Socrates tells and
shows how human were supposedly born with non–empirical knowledge by stating how humans
remembered what they past knew from re–living the experience. Therefore he claims that the soul
existed before birth, proving that the human soul is immortal.
Socrates began to describe how humans don't obtain knowledge by learning instead, he stated that
we humans simply recollect what we already know. Our idea of a triangle, for instance, didn't derive
from sitting in a geometry class and learning about different shapes, we simply were already born
with this knowledge. He believes that humans were already so familiar with many things/aspects of
life because we already knew about them and thus seen them, through the world of forms. He states
that we recollect by experiencing. So if we live life and experience, our knowledge will slowly come
back to us. Socrates believes that humans know what we know now because of our souls'
engagement in the world of forums. Socrates then states that when the soul connects to a body, we
then depend on the body to help us " recollect" that obtained and given knowledge to us by our
souls. How does this process work exactly? How do we " recollect" our knowledge? Well according
to Socrates by simply living life. Socrates states that there are " three principal means

Spirit World Research Paper
the spirit world. Well, first they would have to pass on in their human lifetime in order for their soul
to be released out of their body. Although many humans would not like to experience death, but it is
required in order to be saved from this sinful world. So once the soul has been released from one's
body, an angel will come and pick those souls up and deliver them to a place where a soul can settle
in. This place is part of a spirit world yet the only difference is that there will be room and a
boundary where one cannot escape. This place is very similar to school yet it is required in order to
understand the spirit world. Once a soul has reached here, they cannot move or maybe talk as if a
baby trying to walk for the first time. The way the spirit world work is entirely different ... Show
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Each of these angels will teach the souls about the spirit world and how to interact with the spirit
world. The approximate time is around 5 years, I believed, of education is required in order to
graduate from this place. One of the thing that you should know is that there are time differences in
each dimension. For example, spirit world can see the earth spinning faster than it should be. This
shows that spirit world has a faster time rate than Earth. In order the explain this, I must say that the
time difference on the spirit world is dramatically in contrast to the place where all the new soul
dwell in to be teach. As I said it before, the time it takes for the soul to graduate is approximately 5
years, but in the spirit world, it will take about 1 second. Yes, that is a huge time difference between
these two places. Once the soul has graduated from this place, they will embark on a journey to
freely do as they please in the spirit world. Let discuss about the soul. A soul does not have any
appearance, which means that one cannot identify another

Contradictions and Paradoxes in the Human Soul in “the...
Contradictions and paradoxes in the human soul in "The Human Abstract", by William Blake Before
being good or bad, human beings are just humans who have to live with their own nature, which
they sometimes cannot control. Man can do good or evil but he always makes it with a unique
purpose, his personal satisfaction, because it is simply in his nature. Thus, human beings aware of
good and evil are confronted with conflicting choices but they never act against their will. The
poem, "The Human Abstract", written by William Blake reflects on these characteristics of human
beings and demonstrates how they are unconsciously corrupted by their own nature in a selfish way.
The poem "The Human Abstract" contains several contradictions ... Show more content on
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One is real and the other one is more conceptual but both represent nature as a tree of life and
knowledge which influences the decisions of people. Furthermore, the tree of knowledge of good
and evil makes reference to the decay of humanity, in the Book of Genesis, because of Adam and
Eve. The fifth stanza makes clearly the link between "the fruit of Deceit" in the poem and the
forbidden fruit eaten by Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. The first two lines of the paragraph
contain a contradiction between terms which are commonly not compatible: "And it bears the fruit
of Deceit / Ruddy and sweet to eat". Indeed, "the fruit of Deceit" reveals the decadence of humanity,
the sins of human beings and also the end of innocence. Besides, only because of his appellation,
this fruit is supposed to be bad and bearer of misfortune. Nonetheless, "the fruit of Deceit" is
described as "ruddy and sweet to eat" which gives the urge to eat it. Thus, despite the contradictions,
men are corrupted by their selfish desires because "Of the Mystery over his head". Moreover, the
tree of knowledge gives birth to the nest of raven which symbolizes death: "And the raven his nest
has made / In its thickest shade". Effectively, the paradox is that the tree carries the fruit of Deceit
and the nest of the raven which both signify mortality and darkness. However, near these two
symbols of death stands a gorgeous and

Transcendentalism In La Ley Innata
In La ley Innata, or the Inborn Law by the Spanish rock band, Extremoduro, vocalist Roberto Iniesta
takes us on a journey of chaos, the external and internal aspects of ourselves, and ultimately forms a
poetic and musical masterpiece. Many of the songs on the album are difficult to interpret, which, as
a whole, ends up becoming a series of beautiful words that no one understands. However, because of
its mysterious nature, we look at it from all sorts of angles in an attempt to decode as if it were some
sort of puzzle. In one of the songs, Iniesta says he is "looking for [his] destiny, living a deferred life,
without being, without hearing, without giving." I personally think that these lines not only resonate
with Thoreau's transcendentalism, and that humans thrive from within, but also helps us look deep
into what it means to be human and the kind of struggles that we face because we often find
ourselves clinging to our physicality, rather than our spirituality. Furthermore, the fact that Iniesta is
looking for a destiny even though he is living life "without being" explains that it is his non–
physical aspect that is doing the work, not his actual physical body. That being said, Mary Oliver, in
"Humpbacks" helps us determine how and why our non–physical self gives us more answers to the
bigger questions we encounter on a day–to–day basis and why our physicality gets in the way.
As he looks down on society's structure, Thoreau mentions that the things which corrupt humans

The Connection Between The Human Soul And Soul In Dante's...
The connection between the human soul and the human body, specifically in their relationship to sin
is evidenced in the work of St Bernard of Clairvaux. St. Bernard's work "On Loving God"
emphasizes the value of human relationships with God, as well as the virtues that accompany these
relationships, or lack thereof. Similarly, Dante's journey from Heaven to Hell in The Divine Comedy
concerns the importance of virtue and the consequences of acting immorally. The influence of St.
Bernard of Clairvaux's theological thought on sin and its connection to the human body is shown in
Dante's Inferno and Purgatory through Dante's emphasis on the physical representations of sin and
its redeeming act.
In his work "On Loving God", St. Bernard of Clairvaux ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bernard highlights, and that is reflected in Dante's illustration of sin, especially envy as constant,
exhaustive movement. St. Bernard describes an individual who is consumed with greed as one who
all the gold in the world "could never give a moment of rest to one of these exhausted souls". By
describing souls who are greedy as "exhausted", St. Bernard references the physical toll on the body
that envy incites and also establishes a connection between the soul and the physical body. Dante's
illustration of the envious souls strongly coincides with St. Bernard's statement that envious
individuals as being in "vain travail" and experiencing constant "exhaustion". These statements of
physical labor and fatigue associated with envy strongly correlate that sins are associated with the
souls inhabiting an earthly body. Exhaustion is a feeling that is closely tied to earthly feelings and
the demands of a human body. By describing the souls in Hell as exhausted demonstrates that they
will forever be confided to their sinful body and the negative feelings that accompany it. Dante's
emphasis on the souls that experience earthly feelings in Hell connect to St. Bernard's fourth degree
of love and how the oneness with God cannot be attained with a human

Aristotle And Heidegger 's Views On What A Human Or Beings...
Aristotle and Heidegger have conflicting views on what a human or beings are. Although, there are
some similarities to each of their set of ideas. Aristotle has a clear hierarchical framework
classifying the differences between humans, animals, and plants. Heidegger opposes this strict
definitions by discussing this idea of "Dasein" which states of being there. Although, their
approaches to this topic are different with the types of question one asks and how they theorize
about what is a being. There is key similarities that they discuss almost two thousand years apart.
Aristotle and Heidegger are two philosophers that have tackled the enormous question, what is it to
be a being? This paper discusses the two different approaches to defining this long standing
question. Aristotle asks many what questions when talking about what is a living being. He
discusses us as a specific type of animals and how it relates to animals, plants and nonliving things.
There is an hierarchy when discussing the differences between these things. For instance, all living
things can ensouled destructible mobile substances. This means, all living substances can die and
their body can disintegrate when no soul is in them. The essential features of "being an animal" is
that it has a soul but not a rational soul compared to a human being. As stated in Arwin and Fine
(1996), "An animal is a living item that has perception." (413b1–5) These perceptions state that the
animals have wants, desires,

Why Did Plato Believe In The Immortality Of The Human Soul
What led to the greek philosophers of antiquity to believe in the immortality of the human "soul"?
What were the causes that Plato adopted the philosophical belief in the inherent immortality of the
human soul?
Let us focus on Plato, one of the three most important philosophers of ancient Greece and perhaps
the maximum exponent of the immortality of the soul, of the 4th century CE. In his description of
the death of their Master, Socrates, are very similar to the convictions that housed the zealots of
Masada centuries later. As the scholar Oscar Cullmann, "Plato Socrates shows us how, with a calm
and absolute serenity, goes to his death. The Death of Socrates is a death beautiful. The horror is
entirely absent from it. Socrates could not to fear death, because it frees us from the body. [...] Death
is the friend of the soul. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To what extent Plato was imbued with the belief in the immortality of the human soul and the degree
to which it was confirmed that belief with the singular death of Socrates?
The booklet WHAT HAPPENS TO US WHEN WE DIE?, printed in 2006 by the Watchtower Bible
and Tract Society, on page 5, that "
A scholar and teacher of 70 years of age is accused of impiety and of attempting to corrupt the
young minds with his teaching. Although it is a great defense before the jury, this conviction and
death sentence, because it is biased against him. Just a few hours before his execution, the old
master presented to the students gathered around a series of arguments to corroborate that the soul is
immortal and that there is no need to be afraid of death.
The convicted person is nothing less than Socrates, renowned greek philosopher of the 5th century
CE. Plato, one of his disciples, recorded these incidents in his writings "Apology" and "Phaedo". It
is considered that Socrates and Plato were among the first to propose the idea of the immortality of
the soul. But they did not invent

Symbolism In Dante's Inferno
"Its shoulders glowed already with the sweet rays of that planet/ whose virtue leads men straight on
every road,. (I 16–18) The Inferno is one–third of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy. This fictional
poem is a narrative. In the poem Alighieri made his own character symbolic to the Human soul and
his idol, Virgil, symbolic to human reason. Together they journey through the Nine Circles of hell.
Dante is able to complete his journey through hell because Virgil helps him through.
In the beginning of his journey through hell Dante is sympathetic and compassionate. Virgil names
every soul that inhabits the Carnal to Dante. "I stood there while my Teacher one by one/ named the
great knights and ladies of dim time/ and I was swept by pity and confusion" (V 70–72). Dante feels
such pity and sympathy for the souls in the Carnal and their eternal suffering. He goes further to
explain that you cannot control what you love, and questions how you could find fault with them.
Dante then calls ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now in Circle Nine, Virgil points out the face of Satan to which Dante cowers behind Virgil in
numbing fear. "Do not ask, Reader, how my blood ran cold/ and my voice choked up with fear. I
cannot write it: / this is a terror that cannot be told."(XXXIV 22–24). In striking fear Dante looks to
Virgil to quell his emotions and protect him. Virgil simply goes on to explain who the 3 souls that
Satan chews on are, unfathomed. The only way to get out of hell is to climb Lucifer, Virgil puts
Dante on his back and begins climbing. "Then, as he bade, I clasped his neck, and he, / watching for
a moment when the wings/ were opened wide, reached over dexterously/ and seized the shaggy coat
of the king demon;."(XXXIV 70–73). Dante's own blood runs cold at the sight of Satan's 3
horrifying faces. With the presence and reason of his guide he is able to battle his own fear through
the last part of their Journey

Aristotle's Hylomorphism Vs. Dualism
Aristotle's Hylomorphism revolves around the idea that soul and body are connected, and both
equally important for the existence of human beings. Hylomorphism believes that the immaterial
soul and the material body are interdependent of each other, and that both are required to be
acknowledged as an actual human being. In a way, Hylomorphism can be thought of as the
conjunction of materialism and dualism. Hylomorphism shares the same relevance of soul with
Dualism, and body with Materialism. There are many factors that distinguish Hylomorphism
however, and one of the most important is that Hylomorphism requires both soul and body for
human existence. This important characteristic is why Hylomorphism is superior to Dualism,
because Dualism revolves around ideas that have been scientifically disproven.
Aristotle's Hylomorphism is constructed of the belief that what makes a human being, is the
conjunction of soul and body. Human bodies become actual human ... Show more content on
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An issue with the Dualism is that it believes an immaterial object is able to control a material object.
Dualism believes the soul to be immaterial, yet able to control the actions and movements of an
unrelated material object. This simply is not possible, and has been disproved by research–backed
science. If it were possible, the soul would be able to control the movements of other miscellaneous
objects and people, which it obviously is not able to do. This proves that the soul is directly
connected to the body, and that body and soul are both needed in the creation, existence, and
function of human beings. This evidence is why Hylomorphism is superior to Dualism.
Hylomorphism believes that soul and body are connected and equally important in the existence and
creation of human

Essay about A Review of Saint Augustine’s Virtue and the...
A Review of Saint Augustine's Virtue and the Human Soul In Augustine's article "Virtue and the
Human Soul," happiness is discussed in great detail. What makes a man happy? How do we obtain
this happiness and where does happiness reside? Can this happiness be lost? Augustine answers
these questions by the notion of one's "chief good." He explains that a man's chief good is the reason
behind all happiness. If one is not happy, it is because they have not found their chief good, and
therefore cannot be happy until they find it (Augustine 264–267). "Happiness is in the enjoyment of
man's chief good. Two conditions of the chief good: 1st, Nothing is better than it; 2nd, it cannot be
lost against the will" (Augustine 264–267). As human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"For no one can feel confident regarding a good which he knows can be taken from him, although
he wishes to keep and cherish it. But if a man feels no confidence regarding the good which he
enjoys, how can he be happy while in such fear of losing it?" (Augustine 264–267). For example,
when you go to a pet shop and see all the cute puppies. You want to hold them and pet them, and it
makes you so happy for that brief period. However, you know that the happiness can be taken away
from you, because you don't own the puppies, you don't get to take them home. Ultimately, you
walk away sad, and wishing you could hold on to that happiness just a little longer. It is hard to be
confident in a happiness that you know can be taken away from you at any time, and it's equally as
hard to have no confidence in your happiness because you live in fear of never being happy.
Augustine continues his discussion of what makes a man. The question lies in the discussion
between man being of the body only, of the soul only, or both. He talks about this to determine
where man's chief good resides, and from where it is discovered. "Man's chief good is not the chief
good of the body only, but the chief good of the soul" (Augustine 264–267). Augustine states that a
person's chief good is found in the soul and that the soul gives life to the body. The soul provides
bodily pleasure, pain, strength, beauty, swiftness, etc. Without the soul, there would be no

Transcending Evolution: The Human Consciousness, or The Soul
The Human Consciousness, or The Soul
In 1838 Charles Darwin wrote in his journal "Man in his arrogance thinks himself a great work
worthy the interposition of a deity. More humble and I think truer to consider him created from
animals". (Rachels, 1990) Daniel C. Dennett refers to Darwin's theory of evolution as a universal
acid, a theory so powerful it seeps through every traditional concept and leaves behind a
revolutionized world–view, resulting not only in a fundamental shift in the way in which we
perceive ourselves as human beings, but more importantly, in the death of God. (Dennett, 1996) The
moral implications of evolution are devastating: to reduce man to a by–product of an algorithmic
process is to say that man is nothing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Mayr, 2001) Ernst Mayr, in his book What Evolution Is, argues that evolution of consciousness
began in the Australopithecus species. These populations survived by using their intellect to invent
successful defense mechanisms against predators for they were no longer capable of climbing up
trees to escape being hunted. Subsequently, H. erectus inherited this need to rely on their
inventiveness to cope with their defenseless position in the highly predatory environment. (Mayr,
2001) It is unknown how the basic necessity of self defense transformed itself into a highly
developed intellect as seen in Homo sapiens today. The only thing that is known is that the H.
sapiens species was better adapted to the environment than the other Homo subspecies since they
are the surviving species. However if we are to believe that the basic necessity of self defense has
the potential to develop into a highly complex intellect, then why is it that other species, such as
deer and rabbits who are forced to rely on their wits to invent successful defense mechanisms, since
they too can not climb up trees, do not develop a highly complex intellect?
Mayr argues that it is the brain that makes us different from other animals, that it is the brain that
makes us human. The brain contains 30 billion nerve cells, and while the electrophysiology of
neurons is mostly understood,

Summary Of Phaedo By Plato
In the book, Phaedo by Plato, he discusses the immortality and divinity of the soul, and uses the
philosophical theoria to prove that such a thing exists. Plato spends a lot of time trying to prove the
idea to his fellow philosophers the divinity of the soul. Yet, in the book In Defense of Philosophy by
Josef Pieper, he talks about how philosophy is not about finding an exact truth, but merely seeking
to get close enough to it. This shows a clear contradiction between Plato's belief that a soul is divine
and continues to live on and Pieper's thoughts on what true philosophy is, because he creates
dialogue that clearly shows influence of his religious background that takes away from the
philosophical discourse. It is due to this, Pieper would not agree with Plato in his interpretation on
the divinity of the human soul.
Plato uses Socrates' Argument from Opposites to show that a living being cycles from being dead to
being alive, but this falls flat because we must rely on the idea that there is another realm for were
the dead souls must reside. "Let's consider it, perhaps, in this way: do the souls of human beings
exist in Hades when they have died, or do they not?" (Plato 17) This shows that their belief in an
immortal soul requires that one believe that there is the existence of a place called Hades, without
any other interpretation from either Socrates or Cebes. Piper would disagree with this idea because it
relies on a religious belief, which can be related to the idea of the modern Christian Philosopher.
"The following reflections will nonetheless consider–third–only those situations in which the
philosopher is also explicitly a believer who openly accepts the truth of a sacred tradition and
consciously accepts the truth of a sacred tradition and consciously tries to be aware of it in his
reasoning." (Pieper 112) Here Pieper talks about how a philosopher must be careful of his faith and
make sure it does not affect his reasoning, which is what is happening to Socrates and Cebes as they
reason their way through the existence of the soul. They attribute a piece of their reasoning to a
potentially mythical place that the current Greek religion believes in, without considering if there
are alternatives to such

Simmias Argument Analysis
Simmias compares the soul to a sort of harmony and the body to a lyre and its strings because both
of soul and harmony are invisible, beautiful, and divine, whereas both of the body and the lyre and
its strings are visible, bodily, and mortal. The existence of the lyre and the tension of its strings
produce the harmony. Likewise, the soul is a result of a mixture of bodily elements in a state of
tension. It is true that harmony will be destroyed if the lyre is broken or its strings are cut. Similarly,
if the soul is kind of harmony, when the body is destroyed the soul will be destroyed too.
Consequently, Simmias objects Socrates' argument that soul is immortal.
Socrates' Response 1:
Socrates convinces Simmias that the harmony theory is inconsistent ... Show more content on
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If a soul is sort of harmony, one harmony will be neither more fully or less fully a soul than another.
Accordingly, Harmonies cannot be harmonized in different degree but equally. All soul can be
harmonized to the same degree. If that is true, all soul are either harmonies or disharmonies. He also
confirms that virtue is harmony and wickedness is disharmony. If a soul is a harmony, the rest of
souls should also be harmonies. This implies that all souls are equally good. However, the degree of
harmonies could be different, so the harmony analogy must be invalid.
This argument is convincing due to the fact that the soul and the harmony are different things, so
this comparison is invalid. Although the harmony is destroyed before the lyres and its strings, this
quality cannot be applied to the soul because they are totally different. For example, we can
compare the sea to the sky due to their color, but we cannot say sea is the sky and the sky is sea.
Socrates' Response

The Soul Is An Essential Aspect Of Being A Human Being
In Philosophy, the soul is an essential aspect of being a human being. Not only is it an defining
essence of human beings but also animals, plants, and all living things. The soul, also referred to as
the psyche, has been the topic of philosophical, scientific, and religious inquiries for thousands of
years. Through their texts, three influential philosophers, Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine, shared
their views on the soul and what they perceive it to be. Throughout this examination of their
findings, the reader will better understand what the soul is, in respect to these philosophers
perspectives. In Classical Greece, Plato was a philosopher and mathematician. He was an prominent
figure in the progress of philosophy, as we still revert to his ideas today. His ideas were expressed
through his writings, as he used dialogue to teach a variety of subjects. According to Plato, the soul
was immortal. In Phaedo, Plato expresses his thoughts on the soul through dialogues between three
characters: Socrates and two Pythagorean Philosophers, Simmers and Cebes. This dialogue was
narrated through Phaedo's account of the death of Socrates. In Phaedo's report, he first expresses that
Socrates believed that a philosopher should look forward to death, as the whole purpose of life was
to set the soul free from the body. He explains that "other people do not realize that the one aim of
those who practice philosophy in the proper manner is to practice for dying and death". In the
opinion of

What Does The Term Soul Mean?
Afterlife
Where do souls go after death? But to actually understand that question we need to understand what
does the term soul mean? Soul is the principle of life, feeling and thought and action in humans, the
spiritual part of humans distinct from the physical part. Science doesn't have an answer really for
this question, this concept is based on beliefs, and each religion has different beliefs. In the creation
story God makes human beings out of the dust of the ground, into which God breathes the breath of
life (Gen. 2:7). While Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have traditionally seen the soul as a
substantive individual, enduring over time, Hindu and Buddhist literature have cast the individuality
of the soul in more conditional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many prophets actually began talking how people who worship god and who worship other false
gods have different fates, like Jeremiah as he said "a ravine outside Jerusalem, the dead lie unburied
their bones exposed to the sun and the stars whom they wrongly worshiped (7:30–8:2, 19:7). "The
essence of Hebrew religion was that the Lord had made a covenant (contract) with his chosen
people, Israel. Only Israelites could participate in that covenant, and only those who were faithful to
the covenant as expressed in Torah (the first five books of the Bible) could enter the Kingdom of
God" (heaven).
For Christians just like Jewish, heaven meant the presence of eternal god where Jesus Christ
descends with all his glory upon us ad judges each one according to what they did. According to
Christians death is more of a moral matter more than a natural one, for the physical death at the end
of one's present life meant almost nothing in comparison to the second death of those who are
rejected by the lord. The new testament of the Christian bible promises "the faithful eternal life, the
kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world" (Matt 25:41), also saint Paul talks

Analyzing Socrates Arguments Of Phaedo By Plato
Hunter Smith
Phil 111
Professor Yong
24 February 2017
Essay 1 Plato expresses his personal convictions and beliefs through the dialogues of his teacher,
Socrates. In the Phaedo dialogue, Plato presents four arguments to support his idea that the soul is
immortal, and will live on after the body no longer exists. The four arguments presented in Phaedo
are the argument of Opposites, Recollection, Affinity, and the final argument of The Forms. These
arguments have been analyzed throughout the ages receiving not only praise, but at times, criticism
for seeming insufficient and weak. On the contrary, the strongest of the arguments for the
immortality of the soul presented by Plato are the arguments of Affinity and The Forms. They both
aim to show ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Life and death are opposites, simply because death comes from life, and if something could have
come into existence it must first have been dead, or not alive. "The living never come from any
other source than from the dead," (70d) The first argument is flawed because of its inability to show
the soul's initial state of being. For the Argument of Opposites to be true, there also has to be an
initial being to begin the process of opposition. The Argument suggests the soul's existence is a
cycle going through life and death. It can be seen as a simple formula that one state of being moves
on to the next. In the example of hot and cold opposites, there is always a starting point. For
something to become cool, it must of a some point been hot, and then the process of cooling makes
it cold again. For the soul, there also has to be an initial being to begin the process of opposition.
Plato does not provide this type of information for the soul's initial state of being. Never explaining
the souls initial state of existence or how it got there. For this reason, the argument of Opposites is
not strong enough to uphold Plato's claim of an immortal

Aristotle 's Rhetorical Rhetoric On The Human Soul
Aristotle's Rhetorical Rhetoric Aristotle, a famous philosopher, is one of the most renowned Greek
scholars, and was an influential force in ancient Greece and in modern society. He was the head of
the Macedon royal academy, where he taught Alexander the Great, his most famous pupil. He
founded the famous Lyceum in Athens later in his life, which is portrayed in Raphael's painting
"School of Athens." Aristotle is known for his interest in nature and science, and his emphasis on
empirical evidence to prove his points has become the keystone of modern scientific research. As a
result, one of the topics he studied is the cause of human difference. He discusses in Book I of his
series Politics the nature of the human soul and how different ... Show more content on
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Such an egotistical belief is expressed when Aristotle describes how "the soul rules the body with a
despotical rule, whereas the intellect rules the appetites with a constitutional and royal rule"
(Aristotle, 5). By drawing a relationship between the intellect and fair rule, Aristotle appeals to the
Greeks: if their form of government is truly the best, then Aristotle's vision of the model citizen
must be as well. Similarly, Aristotle's descriptions of the superiority and inferiority of certain groups
are also dependent on his familiarity with each group. Since Plato's Academy, which preached an
"elitist" philosophy (Welch, Marshall and Billig, 10), was mostly male (Reeve), Aristotle ranks
males over females, fathers over mothers, and husbands over wives. Similarly, Aristotle places
masters over slaves as he was a free citizen living among other free citizens; by corollary of such an
authority–based dynamic, he also ranks natural rulers above subjects. Finally, as Aristotle had only
lived in Greece before Politics was published, he had no personal exposure to the "barbarian"
Persians, and thus stated that Hellenes, a term describing all Greeks unified together, were superior
to the Persians (Biography.com). These explanations are not grounded in any sort of empirical
evidence; rather, Aristotle classifies groups' statuses

Nirvana And Hindu Moksha And The Hindu Religion
Nirvana is used in Buddhism with varied meanings; nonetheless, it is a state of retracting from
certain detractors in life. This means extinguishing or dispelling oneself from certain iniquitous
characters. It is characterized by peace of mind and it saves man from the sufferings, the cycles of
rebirth, and death. Nirvana could only be achieved by individuals who observed the laid down rules
and detached themselves from sin. Moksha is a common belief in the Hindu religion and it describes
a state where one's soul connects with god's soul. In the Hindu religion, achieving moksha removes
one from the cycle of life and death, which is the state of reincarnation as one moves from one life
to the next. In essence, moksha is a state of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, nirvana is a state that is not achieved by many persons, only few individuals who through
obedience of the laid down rules and detachment from sins of the world can acquire this state, which
also cannot be described in ordinary terms. Hence, one can escape from the cycle of reincarnation as
an individual acquires anatman, which means absence of soul.
This is quite distinct from nirvana which is a state that is acquired even as an individual lives. In the
Hindu religion, achieving moksha removes one from the cycle of life and death which is the state of
reincarnation as one moves from one life to the next. In essence, moksha is a state of unification of
one's soul with that of the creator, therefore achieving oneness of atman and Brahman. However,
this unity is described in two different ways according in Hinduism; the first descriptions which is
referred to as the adveitaVedanta is understood to mean that one's own soul is part of the creator's
own soul. An example is given of a single leaf of grass which is part of a wide field of green field
hence the small individual leaves on the field constitute part of the field which in this case would be
god's soul. This approach is also known as the non–dualism; hence the two souls exist as one.
The second thought is referred to as

Examples Of Moral Compass
Moral Compass
Navigation helps individuals arrive to a given destination, but the human life also requires of such
navigation. Some individuals unconsciously seek directions when challenged with a given issue and
know which way to steer because of their moral compass. Furthermore, the moral compass is the
soul that guides the personal self, but it is also the non–material aspect of a human being that is
immortal. Although, the soul's existence is in question, there is evidence that validates that the soul
is real. Such evidence includes Plato's theory of the tripartite soul and Sigmund Freud's
psychodynamic theory, which reevaluates Plato's theory. Both address that the soul's existence is the
personality of a human being.
On the other hand, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Subsequently, greater evidence validates the soul's existence through Plato's theory of the tripartite
soul. Plato's theory is broken down into three separate parts: reason, spirit, and body appetites. Plato
defines reason to be the ability to use logic and language, while spirit is the emotional drives
humans feel such as anger or love. And, he defines body appetites as essentials that the body
requires to survive like food, water, and sex. Additionally, Plato states that together these parts
create a living organism or a human soul whose purpose is to be in a healthy state. To attain the
soul's healthy state all of the three parts must be balance and such balance is only achieved when the
element of reason leads spirit and body appetites. Otherwise the soul will come across a
dysfunction, which can cause further effects. For example, let's say individual X's soul is not lead by
reason, but instead by spirit; and one day X discovers that his girlfriend cheated. X is not going to
act reasonably instead he is going to act upon his emotional drives like anger and frustration. Those
emotional drives then cause his reason to be set aside reasonable thought leaving a large possibility
to become unstable. At an unstable state it can cause X's soul or personality to be insecure or
damaged. This is an example that shows what can occur when

Spellbinding Metaphors In Plato's Phaedo
Mafädee 1
Qusai Mafädee
Intro to Philosophical Thkg 8:00
30 September, 2017
Test 1
One of the most spellbinding metaphors in Plato's Phaedo that shows the struggle between the body
and the soul is a description of the body as a prison for the soul, so the soul is a prisoner that stuck
within the material body. (Plato Phaedo 82e) The Imprisoned soul associates with the body, because
of its' incomprehension to get–out from the prison. Therefore, the materiality intrudes more and
more to contaminate the soul within the body. In which Plato's divided line steps play the role of
gradually freeing the soul from its' own imprison. Despite Plato's complex theory, It's philosophy
that can lead the human to extract much to tell about how the humans can look at the world from
wiser angles than from those of the body. Plato builds his fundamental idea about this theory that
what humans see or what they used to see may not be the reality or truth but mere deceptive
shadows of truth, and therefore the senses for him are deceiving and unreliable. The soul is
immortal, and the body is the mortal part, in which both exist in the living human. According to
Plato, when the soul dissociates from the body, the soul leaves the world of becoming and enter the
world of being. However, the soul has separate ability away from the body, and this independent
existence reflects the most purity state away from the body. (Plato Phaedo 114d)
Mafädee 2
Plato showed the struggle within the soul using

Plato's Belief that the Human Soul is Immortal
The Nicene Creed appointed the roles of trinity by using the familiar triad set forth by Plato. God
maintains His position as the Father and most important; Jesus becomes a divine human – born of
the Father and the Holy Spirit; and the Holy Spirit brings knowledge and truths which are set forth
by both the Father and Son. "The true foundation upon which the doctrine rests is God himself... it is
God as he acted in history, entering our world as a Jewish carpenter named Jesus, dying and rising
again to save. It is God as he acted in history at Pentecost, descending as the Spirit to share life with
the Christian church." Thus the Trinity Doctrine was born out of Plato's triad. The Goodness is God;
the ideas are Jesus; and the World–Spirit is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The good souls were directed to heaven; the others to the underworld. Plato describes this place of
heaven as one of joyous reunions that contained "beautiful sights." The underworld, on the other
hand, is quite the opposite. Plato describes the souls whom are sent here are in constant punishment.
He writes, "For each in turn of the unjust things they had done and for each in turn of the people
they had wronged, they paid the penalty ten times over, once in every century of their journey. Since
a century is roughly the length of a human life, this means that they paid a tenfold penalty for each
injustice." This reward/penalty system is why Plato stressed the idea that every human should live
their lives in according to what the Good and the Forms dictated. By adhering to the truths that these
Forms revealed, the immortal soul will be rewarded by being sent to paradise. Unjust souls are
forced to repent their deeds for an indeterminate amount of time. This is the ultimate philosophy in
order to enforce social order – a philosophy that Christianity adopts into its doctrine.
Again, in the Old Testament there is little mention of the soul going to either Heaven or Hell. The
Old Testament refers to Heaven as the dwelling of God. In Psalms 11:4, it states, "The Lord is in his
holy temple; the Lord's throne is in heaven." The Old Testament describes Heaven as the realm of
God, which is in a separate world than which humans dwell. Nowhere

I Am A Strange Loop, By Douglas R. Hofstadter Essay
The question of the self is one that appears throughout history and has been debated in myriad ways.
Many people assert their claim as the correct one, though some are content to contemplate the self
for the rest of their lives rather than remain at one conclusion. Humans are their own enigma, unable
to understand the complexity of themselves. It is important to have some theory of consciousness in
order to understand the actions of ourselves and others, therefore it is irresponsible to consider the
matter a moot point. After consideration of works describing the physical processes of the brain, it
seems that there is nothing more simple or wonderful than consciousness existing within the
physical brain. Moreover, the concept of self is a construct of the mind rather than something that
truly exists. In Douglas R. Hofstadter's book, I Am a Strange Loop, the idea of the self as
phenomena arising from the physically existing brain is explored. As Hofstadter describes the self,
"...for each of us, the strange loop of our unique 'I'–ness resides inside our own brain. There is one
such loop lurking inside the cranium of each normal human being." (180) Throughout the book,
Hofstadter explains that the elusiveness of the self lies in the way people conceptualize abstract
ideas and how humans characterize themselves. Essentially, despite much discussion about the
general ideas about the self, the truth is that the self is best described by neural functions and
mathematical

Exploring The Soul In Sir Walter Raleigh's The Lie
In Sir Walter Raleigh's "The Lie", the speaker tells the soul "to go upon a thankless errand" and go
accuse the world of lying. The speaker states that the soul has the truth as its warrant, which gives
the soul no reason to fear telling authorities or those with power. The second stanza starts with the
speaker telling the soul to accuse the church and the court of their wrongdoings. In the third stanza,
he tells the soul what to say about the potentates, and the speaker says their greedy people only
doing favors for money. The fourth and fifth stanzas describe men of high status as greedy only
interested in advancing their own agenda. The next three stanzas have the speaker telling the soul
about human qualities, such as love, age, beauty, wisdom, and wit, of their wrongdoings. The next
four stanzas are similar, and the speaker tells the soul to accuse charity, law, nature, justice, schools
and more about how they do nothing good for society. Then, after the speaker list all the people and
virtues that need to improve, he tells the soul that it may face opposition but should not worry since
"no stab thy soul can kill" (Raleigh 78). The theme of this poem is that people can and should not be
afraid to change the way the corrupt social norms.
The poem starts with the speaker saying that the errand that the soul is about to embark on will
make people angry but should do his best since the truth will guide him. Almost every stanza
mentions how one institution or human virtue

John Aquinas 's The Body And Soul
Aquinas holds that the body and soul are one united as one in his hylomorphic view of the Human
person. This paper will breakdown his three main points of interest, that the soul is the immaterial
form of the body, that it is substantial and that it is subsistent while providing an objection and
rebuttal to reaffirm the Hylomorphic view on the soul. Thorough breakdown and analysis of these
claims will give a better understanding of the connection between body and soul, and what it means
to be human. Part 1:
Aquinas moves to claim the soul as the first principle of life. The soul is what distinguishes life from
the non–living. A vital operation may be material such as the principle of hearing is the ear but it is
not the principle of all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He does so by claiming that the soul is capable of knowing all corporeal things. First Aquinas
identifies the soul as being the principle of intellectual operations in all humans. Through
perceptions we are able to form cognitions of all material things. For this to be true the human soul
cannot have in it the nature of any material body in particular because the presence of such body
would not allow for cognition or understanding of that specific material thing. Aquinas supports the
thesis in our bodily states can change our view on the world from scenario to scenario. After this
Aquinas argues that the intellectual understanding cannot be gained through a bodily organ. By this
he means that if the human soul were understood through some material substance or organ, then
that organ would somehow interfere with the souls perception and the soul's being. "Now every
body has a determinant nature (ST Q.75 Art. I p.63)." Much like a person with "Rosy" glasses might
perceive the world as a Rosy color the glasses are an example of the medium that would impact the
perception of the wearer if the soul was indeed a bodily organ. If this soul wasn't subsistent then our
perception of things would be constrained by that medium. For example if we only

The Human Soul And Dying
Note: This series discusses very sensitive yet important subjects. It 's purpose is to gain an accurate
understanding of what the Scriptures actually say about the soul, death, and the afterlife. It does not
cover the numerous traditions that have been passed on and are taught and accepted by many as
truth. Its basis is the Scriptures. With this in mind, this study should be read with much prayer,
analyzing each Scripture reference for your own understanding and edification.
The subject of the human soul and dying comes up in many different conversations and in a variety
of situations. For most people, their understaning of the process of dying follows teachings set forth
many millennia ago. Basically, it goes something like this: When you die, your soul leaves your
body, and goes to either rejoice in Heaven or be tortured in Hell, with perhaps a stop in–between,
depending on your religious beliefs. Meanwhile, your physical body returns to dust. Then,
somewhere in time, there is a resurrection of each soul to either eternal life or eternal damnation.
But if that 's true –– your soul goes straight to Heaven or Hell upon death –– why would it need to
be resurrected at a later time? Perhaps that concept has always troubled you but you weren 't able to
assemble the facts according to Scripture. Would you be surprised to learn that the teaching of the
soul going to Heaven or Hell at the time of death is not taught anywhere in the Scriptures?
Understanding What You Are Reading

Speech On Life After Death
The living body and the mind of human can't get through the concept of death because no human
can explain it through their concepts unless they already experienced death itself and came back to
life and explain everything if there would be immortality of the soul, the theory of reincarnation to
other bodies, where does the spirit of human's go, if death would be the true end of human, if death
is real or not, or if there would be life after death. What would be the next after death? All humans
know just the limit that all of us are curious which is an about the nature of life that entailed by the
ending of life which is the death.
There could be no one that can explain life after death, not even those who study the death process.
All human knowledge or thinking about death are all just the same and equal. The concept of death
is it is only a part of human nature. There are so many possibilities like, it could be a termination of
human body or it could be a portal to another life. Death could be a process wherein our life is
continuing to extinguish until it would be gone or it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why? Because only dead people can answer those questions because they are the only one who had
experienced death. No human can be dead and came back to life and explain their experience and
the concept of death in the time they were dead. Human's thought cannot have the idea and answers
in the question related after death because we don't know what is behind the death, we do not know
what would happen next after death, we do not know what comes after death, and we do not know
what happens in death because none of us living humans had experienced death, but in the end
human body have an end, human thought about death could be answerable already when they reach
this end and the answers would just be within

Plato 's Theory Of The Human Soul
Many ancient philosophers were influenced by the idea of Greek works, especially in the Islamic
world. Ibn Sina referenced Aristotle many times in his works and sometimes Plato, using them as an
authority when it suited his purpose. Even though Ibn Sina used Plato in some of his individual
texts, he failed to mention him in his theory of the human soul because they have two different
points to argue when it comes to this topic. One of Plato's main point is that the soul is not a part of
the body, and that it is imprisoned here on earth. He also argues that the soul has three main parts.
On the contrary, Ibn Sina believed that we are all sharing one soul.
Plato was born in 429?–347 B.C.E. and was the founder of the Athenin Academy. It is said that his
theory of the soul was the starting point for psychology. Plato's theory seeks not only to explain
inner conflict but also to present the rational part of the soul as superior. In Plato's The Republic
Socrates begin his exploration of the soul because he was seeking for understanding of justice. In his
opinion, the best way to analyze the soul is to compare it to a city. He believed that the function of
the city was comparable to that of an individual's soul.
Socrates explains the three parts of the soul in the following quotation:
The Guardians/Philosopher Kings is the reason, the Auxiliaries/Soldiers is will/spirit and Workers is
the appetite. The reason is the part of the soul that seeks and loves wisdom, knowledge,

Compare And Contrast Aristotle And Descartes

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