• Science and its Classification • Definition and Limitations • Classification By: Maria Ysabel Angelica Beronilla

1. SCIENCE AND ITS
CLASSIFICATION

2. WHAT IS
SCIENCE?

3. “Science (from the Latin Scientia, meaning
knowledge or knowing) is the effort to
discover, and increase human understanding
of how the physical world works.”
“Any system of knowledge that is concerned
with the physical world and its phenomena
and that entails unbiased observations and
systematic experimentation.”

4. “Science is the knowledge
gained from using observations
and experiments to describe
and explain the world around
us.”

5. All scientists observe things, try to explain their
observations and then conduct experiments to
test their ideas. This process is known as the
scientific method.

6. Scientific Method
- it is way to solve a problem.
Make an observation and
develop an idea about why it
happens Modify ideas if
predictions were wrong
Observe what actually happens
Think of experiments to test the
ideas Predict what will happen
in the experiments

7. Steps of the Scientific Method:
1.Ask a Question
2.Do Background Research
3.Construct a Hypothesis
4.Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment
5.Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion
6.Communicate Your Results

8. Clearly, the scientific method is a powerful tool,
but it does have its limitations.

9. There are some kinds of questions for which scientific
problem solving is unsuited.
There are some areas for which science can't help us
answer our questions. The questions they present
don't have testable answers. Since testability is so vital
to the scientific process, these questions simply falls
outside the venue of science.

10. Science doesn't make
moral judgments

11. When is euthanasia the right thing to do?
What universal rights should humans have?
Should other animals have rights?
Questions like these are important, but scientific research will
not answer them. Science can help us learn about terminal
illnesses and the history of human and animal rights — and that
knowledge can inform our opinions and decisions. But
ultimately, individual people must make moral judgments.
Science helps us describe how the world is, but it cannot make
any judgments about whether that situation is right, wrong,
good, or bad.

12. Science doesn't make
aesthetic judgments

13. Science can reveal the frequency of a G-flat and how
our eyes relay information about color to our brains,
but science cannot tell us whether a Beethoven
symphony, a Kabuki performance, or a Jackson
Pollock painting is beautiful or dreadful. Individuals
make those decisions for themselves based on their
own aesthetic criteria.

14. Science doesn't draw conclusions
about supernatural explanations

15. Do gods exist? Do supernatural entities intervene in
human affairs? These questions may be important,
but science won't help you answer them. Questions
that deal with supernatural explanations are, by
definition, beyond the realm of nature — and hence,
also beyond the realm of what can be studied by
science. For many, such questions are matters of
personal faith and spirituality.

16. Moral judgments, aesthetic judgments, decisions about
applications of science, and conclusions about the
supernatural are outside the realm of science, but that
doesn't mean that these realms are unimportant. In
fact, domains such as ethics, aesthetics, and religion
fundamentally influence human societies and how those
societies interact with science.

17. Classifying Organisms

18. Why do scientists classify
living organisms into groups?

19. • Classification-The process of grouping things
based on their similarities.
• Scientists use classification to organize living
things into groups so that they are easier to
study.
• Taxonomy-The scientific study of how living
organisms are classified.

20. • What are the Values of Classification?
• It aids in the identification of species
• Shows links between organisms,
• Predicts characteristics shared by similar species
Example:
If I tell you there is a newly discovered animal that
looked like an alligator, what would that animal
look like?

21. Describe these three animals:

22. Early Classification Systems
• Aristotle was the first scientist to develop a classification
system for organisms.
• He divided animals into three groups: Those that fly,
those that swim, and those that walk, crawl or run. • He
then further divided these groups into subgroups such as
by where they live.
• Which groups would the previous three animals fall
under?
• What is the problem with this system?

23. As you could see that even though all the
organisms in a group moved in a similar way,
they were different in many other ways.
Aristotle then used their differences to
further divide each group into subgroups.
Smaller groups of organisms that shared
other similarities.

24. Early Classification Systems continued.
• Carolus Linnaeus was a Swedish scientist who
expanded on Aristotle’s idea of classification. • He
placed them in groups based on their observable
features.
• He devised a naming system called Binomial
nomenclature where each organism is given a two-
part name.

25. Binomial Nomenclature
(by NOH mee ul NOH men klay chur)
• This two-part naming system is made up of the
genus and species name.
• The genus name is always capitalized, and the
species name is either written in italics or
underlined. • EX: Felis domesticus
• Most scientific names are Latin. Why do you think
they are written this way?

26. What are the Seven Levels of Classification?
The seven levels of classification are:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

27. First an organism is placed in a broad group (Kingdom is
the broadest level), which in turn is divided into more
specific groups.
The more classification levels that two organisms share;
the more characteristics they have in common.
We are going to classify a brown squirrel.

28. Kingdom
• Kingdom (Animalia, or “animal”).
• Largest groups that living things are sorted into.
• Kingdom Animalia is composed of all animals. The animal
kingdom is the largest kingdom among the five kingdoms.
Animals are multicellular eukaryotes. But they don't have a
cell wall or chlorophyll like plants. Hence, members of the
animal kingdom have a heterotrophic mode of nutrition.

30. Phylum
• Phylum (Chordata, or “has a backbone”)
• Second largest group classification.
• is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below
kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the
term division has been used instead of phylum, although
the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi,
and plants accepts the terms as equivalent.

32. Class
• Class (Mammalia, or “has a backbone and nurses its
young”)
• As you can see, the more levels of classification we use
the more pictures (or organisms) that are eliminated.
• Animals belonging to class Mammalia are referred to as
mammals. Mammals are one of the most evolved
species in the animal kingdom categorized under
vertebrata.

34. Order
• Order (Rodentia, or “has a backbone, nurses its
young, and has long, sharp front teeth)
• Small gnawing animals: porcupines; rats; mice;
squirrels; marmots; beavers; gophers; voles;
hamsters; guinea pigs; agoutis

36. Family
• Family (Scuridae, or “has a backbone, nurses its
young, has long, sharp front teeth, and has a
bushy tail)
• The family Sciuridae includes tree squirrels,
ground squirrels, and flying squirrels. Tree
squirrels have long, bushy tails, sharp claws and
large ears.
The family Sciuridae includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels, and flying squirrels. Tree squirrels have long, bushy tails, sharp claws and large ears.
The family Sciuridae includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels, and flying squirrels. Tree squirrels have long, bushy tails, sharp claws and large ears.

38. Genus
• Genus (Tamiasciurus, or “has a backbone, nurses its
young, has long, sharp front teeth, has a bushy tail,
and climbs trees)
• Tamiasciurus - American red squirrels. genus
Tamiasciurus. mammal genus - a genus of mammals.
family Sciuridae, Sciuridae - a mammal family of true
squirrels including: ground squirrels; marmots;
chipmunks; flying squirrels; spermophiles.

40. Species
Species (Hudsonicus, or “has a backbone, nurses its
young, has long, sharp front teeth, has a bushy tail,
and has brown fur on its back and white fur on its
underparts)

42. How can you remember all
of the levels?
A mnemonic phrase is a
creative phrase used to aid
memory.
Have you ever used a
mnemonic device such as
ROYGBIV (Red, Orange,
Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo,
Violet)?
To remember the seven
kingdoms, I could create the
sentence King Phillip Calls
Out, “Fried Great
Swordfish.”
The first letter in each word
represents a different
kingdom. Don’t like this
sentence? Create you own.
Create your own mnemonic
device at the bottom of your
paper. When everyone is
finished we will share your
ideas. Kingdom , Phylum,
Class, Order, Family, Genus,
Species

43. Taxonomic and dichotomous keys
A taxonomic key is a series of paired statements used to describe
the physical characteristics of unfamiliar organisms.
A dichotomous key is a detailed key for determining the identity of
something (like the name of a bird, a plant, or a fish) by going
through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name
of the item.