Final project report on evm 16.04.2019

JAHANGIRABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BBK B.TECH(ECE)
i
A Project Report on
Electronic Voting Machine
By
Mr. Mukbul Hossain Mr. Ziyaul Haq
Ms. Umra Khan Ms. Billkis Begam
Guide
Mr. Mohd. Ummaruddin
Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering
Jahangirabad Institute of Technology
[2018-19]

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Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. ZIYAUL HAQ has successfully completed the
Project entitled ―Electronic Voting Machine‖ under my supervision, in the
partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Technology – Electronics and Communication
Engineering of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh. It is carried out by student themselves and the content does not form
the basis of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else.
Date:
Place:
Guide’s Name
Mr. Mohd Ummaruddin
Mr. Mohd Ummaruddin
Head of the Department
Internal Examiner
External Examiner
Seal

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Declaration
I hereby declare that the project work titled “Project Title” submitted to
“DR. A.P.J ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY” is a record of
original work done by me under the guidance of “Mr. Mohd Ummaruddin
(Assistant Professor Department of ECE)”.I also declare that I have adhered to all
principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or
falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the
above will cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penalty action
from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed.
(1) Mukbul Hossain (1554531011)
(2) Ziyaul Haq (1554531020)
(3) Umra Khan (1654531901)
(4) Billkis Begam (1554531004)

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Acknowledgement
It gives me a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech project undertaken
during B .Tech final year. I own special debt of gratitude to Mr. Imran Ahmad (Assistant
professor Department of ECE), Jahangirabad Educational Trust Group of Institution,
Jahangirabad Institute of Technology, Barabankifor his guidance throughout.
I would also like to say special thanks to Mr. Mohd Ummaruddin (Assistant Professor,
department of ECE), Jahangirabad Educational Trust Group of Institution, Jahangirabad
Institute of Technology Barabanki for his support in making inverter.
I have the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Mr. Mohammad Zaid (Lab
Instructor) for his full support and assistant during the development of the project.
I also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of faculty members
of the departments for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development of my
project.
Last but not the least, I acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the completion of
the project.
(1) Mukbul Hossain (1554531011)
(2) Ziyaul Haq (1554531020)
(3) Umra Khan (1654531901)
(4) Billkis Begam (1554531004)

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Abstract
Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) is a simple electronic device used to record vote in place
of ballot papers and boxes which were used earlier in conventional voting system.
Fundamental right to vote or simply voting in electronics forms the basis of democracy. All
earlier elections be it state elections or center elections a voter used to cast his/her favorite
candidate by putting the stamp against his/her name and then folding the ballot paper as per a
prescribed method before putting it in the ballot box. This is the long time consuming process
and very much prone to errors. This situation continued election scene was complete changed
by electronic voting machine. No more ballot paper, ballot boxes, stamping, etc. all this
condensed into a simple box called ballot unit of the electronic voting machine. Because
biometric identifier cannot be easily misplaced, forged, or shared, they are considered more
reliable for person recognition than traditional token or knowledge based methods. So the
Electronic Voting system has to be improved based on the current technology, biometric
system. This article discusses complete review about voting devises, Issues and comparison
among the voting method and biometric EVM.

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Table of Contents
Page No‘s.
Certificate…………………………………………………………………………….…….ii
Declaration………………………………………………………………………………...iii
Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………iv
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………..v
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………….....vi
List of Figures………………………………………………………………………….....vii
List of Symbols……………………………………………………………….………….viii
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….…..…01
1.1 The Electronic Voting Machine – An Electronic Marvel…………………………
1.2 Description…………………………………………………………………………
2. Literature Review……………………………………………………………………..02
2.1 Literature Review………………………………………………………………….
2.2 Learning from Literature……………………………………………………………..
3. Circuit Details…………………………………………………………………………05
3.1 8051 Microcontroller……………………………………………………………….....05
3.2 16x2 LCD…………………………………………………………………………......06
3.3 Diode, LED, Capacitor, Resistor ..................................................................................08
3.4 Step Down Transformer…………………………………………………………….....11
3.5 IC 7805………………………………………………………………………………..14
3.6 Bridge Rectifier ……………………………………………………………..………..15
3.7 Circuit Diagram…………………………………………………………..…………...17
4. Tools Used……………………………………………………………………….…....20
4.1 Software Tools
5. Advantages/Disadvantages…………………………………………………..………..21
6. Conclusion Future Scope………………………………………………………..……24
References………………………………………………………………………...25
Appendix A

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List of Figures
Figure Title Page
3.1 Architecture of 8051 05
3.2 Pin Diagram 8051 06
3.3 LCD Pin diagram 08
3.4 LED 10
3.5 Capacitor 12
3.6 IC 7805 15
3.7 Half Wave Rectifier 17
3.8 Full Wave Rectifier 18
3.9 Bridge Wave Rectifier 18
3.10 Circuit Diagram 20

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List of Symbols
Symbol Description
EVM Electronic Voting Machine
ECI Election Commission of India
VVPAT Voter-Verifiable Paper Audit
AES Advance Encryption Standard

ix
List of Tables
Table Title page
1.0 LCD Pin Discription 9
2.0 Diode Pin Configuration 12
3.0 IC 7805 Pin Description 16

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Electronic Voting Machine – An Electronic Marvel.
Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) retains all the characteristics of voting by ballot papers,
while making polling a lot more expedient. Being fast and absolutely reliable, the EVM saves
considerable time, money and manpower. And, of course, helps maintain total voting secrecy
without the use of ballot papers. T1the EVM is 100 per cent tamper proof. And, at the end of
the polling, just press a button and there you have the results.
1.2 Description:
Electronic voting machine has now days become an effective tool for voting. It ensures
flawless voting and thus has become more widespread. It ensures people about their vote
being secured. It avoids any kind of malpractice and invalid votes. Also such kind of system
becomes more economical as consequent expenditure incurred on manpower is saved. It is
also convenient on the part of voter, as he has to just press one key whichever belongs to his
candidates.
Voting machines are the total combination of mechanical, electromechanical , or electronic
equipment (including software ,firmware, and documentation required to program control ,
and support equipment), that is used to define ballots; to cast and count votes to reporter
display election results; and to maintain and produce any audit trail information. The first
voting machines were mechanical but it is increasingly more common to use electronic
voting machines.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Literature Review
In April 2018, According to the paper [1] publish named ―Authentication of Electronic
Voting Machine‖ and its related research and works, several voting system, voter
identification, and authentication techniques were introduced to secure voting platforms and
overcome fake voting.
According to this First of all, voter gets its RFID tag scanned RFID scanner. The ID number
obtained by RFID reader is checked with the database. If a match found then face recognition
is done else the voter declared not eligible to vote anyone. If ID is just cleared the voter
proceeds to GUI voting interface, wherein the voter can cast the vote for desired from the
given choices.
This work is done on the face recognition of the voter and make the voting secure.In Aug
2016, paper named [2] ―Introduction Design of an Electronic Voting Machine to Ensure
Proper Voting Process, Minimizing Rigging, Using Radio Frequency Identification
Technology‖ If we talk about EVM‘s literature then according to another paper publish
work is done with NIT Durgapur and this was for Ensure proper voting process, minimizing
rigging, using radio frequency identification technology. This project was also on the secure
voting by voting machine. This project was done by using RFID reader to read the Id of the
person at gate to ensure the voter is legal or not.
In Mar 2012 paper [3] was published with ―Electronics Voting Machine a Review‖ the main
work of that paper was to calculate the uses possibilities in future. And this paper suggest that
the EVM has to be further studied and innovated to reach all level of community, so that the
voter confidence will increase and election officials will make more involvement in
purchasing the innovated EVM‘s for conduct smooth, secure, tamper-resistant elections.
In Apr 2010, from the literature there is another paper [4] was published with the
collaboration of the ―Net India, (P) Ltd. Hyderabad‖ and with the ―The University of
Michigan‖ with the name of the paper ―Security Analysis of India‘s Electronic Voting
Machines‖.

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According to this paper they just conclude that dishonest insiders and criminals with physical
access to machines can insert malicious hardware that can steal votes for the life time of the
machines. And our project is inspired from this work actually. This paper says that we should
carefully reconsider how to achieve a secure and transparent voting system that is suitable to
its national values and requirements.
One option is given in this paper as an advice to use ―Voter-Verifiable paper audit trail‖
(VVPAT), which combines and electronic record in a DRE with a paper vote record that can
be audit by hand. And the another option was given in this Precinct-Count Optical Scan
(PCOS) voting, where voters fill out ballot papers that are scanned by voting machine at the
polling station before being placed in a ballot box but this is too much costly and also result
will take time to declare.
From another and from last paper [5] ―A Preview on Microcontroller Based Electronic
Voting Machine‖ published on Mar 2013. This was an microcontroller based testing
methodology, developed new tools that are specifically tailored to the security analysis of
these systems, and learned a number of lessons, all of which should be of use to other user. In
both of systems that we analysed, found major security vulnerabilities that could compromise
the confidentiality and availability of the voting process.
2.2 Learning from Literature
And finally we are just putting and effort in the area of security of the EVM. And developed
―Electronic Voting Machine using 8051 microcontroller‖ this gives an impact on physicals.
In this project we worked on different areas like counting with polling at the centre.
In this project we just inspired from the paper which I discussed at last this having more
advantages and improvements from the papers as I discussed above.
The major issue of the EVM is the security of the machine and make a trust on the people of
India. So we in this just worked on 8051 microcontroller because it was easy for work for us,
so we choose. And on using this we can vote first of vote for desired candidate and the major
thing is that our vote will be counted, and on clicking on buttons are placed inside the
machine then we can display the votes given for each candidate.

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This will also announce the result of the polling, and also on voting time it will sure that your
vote is counted.
There are some drawbacks also which we can resolve it with time like program could be
hacked, so for security reasons this affect the problem.

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3. CIRCUIT DETAILS
3.1 MICROCONTROLLER (8051):
A microcontroller is an economical computer-on-a-chip built for dealing with specific tasks,
such as displaying or receiving information through LEDs or remote controlled devices. The
most commonly used set of microcontrollers belong to 8051 Family. 8051 Microcontrollers
continue to remain a preferred choice for a vast community of hobbyists and professionals.
Through 8051, the world became witness to the most revolutionary set of microcontrollers
Fig3.1 Block Diagram of 8051
In 1981,Intel Corporation introduced an 8-bit microcontroller called 8051.This
microcontroller had 128 bytes of RAM,4K bytes of on-chip ROM, two timers, one serial port
and four ports(each 8-bits wide) all on a single chip. At that time it was also referred to as a
―system on a chip‖. The 8051 is an 8-bit processor meaning that the CPU can work on only

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8-bits of data at a time. Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8 bits pieces to be
Fig 3.2 Pin Diagram of Microcontroller 8051
processed by the CPU. The 8051 has a total of four I/O ports, each 8 bits wide. The 8051 can
have a maximum of 64K bytes of on-chip ROM.

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8051 microcontrollers use two different kinds of memory such as UV- EPROM, Flash and
NV-RAM. Hence 8051 will not be seen in the part number even though it is the most popular
member of the 8051 family.
>> AT89C51 from Atmel Corporation – Atmel fabricated the flash ROM version of
8051 which is popularly known as AT89C51 (‗C‘ in the part number indicates CMOS). The
flash memory can erase the contents within seconds which is best for fast growth. Therefore,
8751 is replaced by AT89C51 to eradicate the waiting time required to erase the contents and
hence expedite the development time. To build up a microcontroller based system using
AT89C51, it is essential to have ROM burner that supports flash memory. Note that in Flash
memory, entire contents must be erased to program it again. The contents are erased by the
ROM burner. Atmel is working on a newer version of AT89C51 that can be programmed
using the serial COM port of IBM PC in order to get rid of the ROM burner
Features of 8051
The main features of 8051 microcontroller are:
i. RAM – 128 Bytes (Data memory)
ii. ROM – 4Kbytes (ROM signify the on – chip program space)
iii. Serial Port – Using UART makes it simpler to interface for serial
communication.
iv. Two 16 bit Timer/ Counter
v. Input/output Pins – 4 Ports of 8 bits each on a single chip.
vi. 6 Interrupt Sources
vii. 8 – bit ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
3.2 LCD:
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in
various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other
multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have
no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven
segments),animations and so on.

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A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting
the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed
on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.
Fig 3.3 Pin Diagram LCD

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Pin Description:
Pin
No
Function Name
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high Register Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7
8-bit data pins
DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
3.3.1 LED:
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor light sources. The light emitted
from LEDs varies from visible to infrared and ultraviolet regions. They operate on low
voltage and power. LEDs are one of the most common electronic components and are mostly
used as indicators in circuits. They are also used for luminance and optoelectronic
applications.

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Based on semiconductor diode, LEDs emit photons when electrons recombine with holes on
forward biasing. The two terminals of LEDs are anode (+) and cathode (-) and can be
identified by their size. The longer leg is the positive terminal or anode and shorter one is
negative terminal.
Fig 3.4 LED
The forward voltage of LED (1.7V-2.2V) is lower than the voltage supplied (5V) to drive it
in a circuit. Using an LED as such would burn it because a high current would destroy its p-n
gate. Therefore a current limiting resistor is used in series with LED. Without this resistor,
either low input voltage (equal to forward voltage) or PWM (pulse width modulation) is used
to drive the LED. Get details about internal structure of a LED.

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3.3.2 RESISTOR:
Resistor is a passive component used to control current in a circuit. Its resistance is given by
the ratio of voltage applied across its terminals to the current passing through it. Thus a
particular value of resistor, for fixed voltage, limits the current through it. They are
omnipresent in electronic circuits.
The different value of resistances are used to limit the currents or get the desired voltage drop
according to the current-voltage rating of the device to be connected in the circuit. For
example, if an LED of rating 2.3V and 6mA is to be connected with a supply of 5V, a voltage
drop of 2.7V (5V-2.3V) and limiting current of 6mA is required. This can be achieved by
providing a resistor of 450 connected in series with the LED.
Resistors can be either fixed or variable. The low power resistors are comparatively smaller
in size than high power resistors. The resistance of a resistor can be estimated by their colour
codes or can be measured by a multi-meter. There are some non linear resistors also whose
resistance changes with temperature or light. Negative temperature coefficient (NTC),
positive temperature coefficient (PTC) and light dependent resistor (LDR) are some such
resistors. These special resistors are commonly used as sensors. Read and learn about internal
structure and working of a resistor.
3.3.3 CAPACITOR
Capacitor is a passive component used to store charge. The charge (q) stored in a capacitor is
the product of its capacitance (C) value and the voltage (V) applied to it. Capacitors offer
infinite reactance to zero frequency so they are used for blocking DC components or
bypassing the AC signals. The capacitor undergoes through a recursive cycle of charging and
discharging in AC circuits where the voltage and current across it depends on the RC time
constant. For this reason, capacitors are used for smoothing power supply variations. Other
uses include, coupling the various stages of audio system, tuning in radio circuits etc. These
are used to store energy like in a camera flash.

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Fig 3.5 capacitor
Capacitors may be non-polarized/polarized and fixed/variable. Electrolytic capacitors are
polarized while ceramic and paper capacitors are examples of non polarized capacitors. Since
capacitors store charge, they must be carefully discharged before troubleshooting the circuits.
The maximum voltage rating of the capacitors used must always be greater than the supply
voltage. Click to learn more about working of a capacitor along with its internal structure.
3.3.4 DIODE:
Pin Configuration:
Pin No. Pin Name Description
1 Anode Current always enters through anode
2 Cathode Current always exits through cathode

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Features:
 Average forward current is 1A
 Non-repetitive Peak current is 30A
 Reverse current is 5uA.
 Peak repetitive Reverse voltage is 1000V
 Power dissipation 3W
 Available in DO-41 Package
IN4007 Equivalent Diodes:
1N4148, 1N4733A, 1N5408, 1N5822, Zener Diodes
Description:
A diode is a device which allows current flow through only one direction. That is the current
should always flow from the Anode to cathode. The cathode terminal can be identified by
using a grey bar as shown in the picture above.
For 1N4007 Diode, the maximum current carrying capacity is 1A it withstand peaks up to
30A. Hence we can use this in circuits that are designed for less than 1A. The reverse current
is 5uA which is negligible. The power dissipation of this diode is 3W.
Applications of Diode:
 Can be used to prevent reverse polarity problem
 Half Wave and Full Wave rectifiers
 Used as a protection device
 Current flow regulators
3.4 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER:
3.4.1 Introduction
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or
primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying

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magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF), or "voltage", in the secondary winding. This effect is called
mutual induction.
A transformer makes use of Faraday's law and the ferromagnetic properties of an iron core to
efficiently raise or lower AC voltages. It of course cannot increase power so that if the
voltage is raised, the current is proportionally lowered and vice versa.
3.4.2 Types of Transformer
There are basically two types of Transformers:
1) Step up Transformers
2) Step down Transformers.
Step Down Transformer:
Step-Down Transformers are very close to the construction of Step-Up Transformers, except
that the windings on the primary side are always more numerous than those on the secondary
side. In fact, if you are already thinking it, yes, either type of transformer could be wired in
backwards and therefore achieve the opposite application. The one caveat in this is that one
has to assure that the resultant voltage is equivalent to what is desirable as it is possible to
arrive at an output in a range not at all desirable for one's needs, depending on the
proportionate number of windings on primary and secondary sides. To be safe and effective,
the output of a transformer must be within a few percent of the voltage needed.
3.4.3 Detailed Operation:
The simplified description above neglects several practical factors, in particular the primary
current required to establish a magnetic field in the core, and the contribution to the field due
to current in the secondary circuit.
Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible reluctance with two
windings of zero resistance. When a voltage is applied to the primary winding, a small
current flows, driving flux around the magnetic circuit of the core. The current required to
create the flux is termed the magnetizing current; since the ideal core has been assumed to

15
have near-zero reluctance, the magnetizing current is negligible, although still required to
create the magnetic field.
The changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) across each winding.
Since the ideal windings have no impedance, they have no associated voltage drop, and so the
voltages VP and VS measured at the terminals of the transformer, are equal to the
corresponding EMFs. The primary EMF, acting as it does in opposition to the primary
voltage, is sometimes termed the "back EMF".[33] This is due to Lenz's law which states that
the induction of EMF would always be such that it will oppose development of any such
change in magnetic field.
3.5 IC 7805 (Voltage Regulator IC):
7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear
voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not
give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a
constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide.
7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at
input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.
Fig 3.6 IC 7805

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Pin Description:
Pin No Function Name
1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input
2 Ground (0V) Ground
3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Output
Voltage Regulator - 5V
Description: This is the basic L7805 voltage regulator, a three-terminal positive regulator
with a 5V fixed output voltage. This fixed regulator provides a local regulation, internal
current limiting, thermal shut-down control, and safe area protection for your project. Each
one of these voltage regulators can output a max current of 1.5A.
Features:
 Output Voltage: 5V
 Output Current: 1.5A
 Thermal Overload Protection
 Short Circuit Protection/Output Transition SOA Protection
3.6 Bridge Rectifier:
Bridge rectifier definition
A bridge rectifier is a type of full wave rectifier which uses four or more diodes in a bridge
circuit configuration to efficiently convert the Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current
(DC).
Evolution of rectifiers
Rectifiers are mainly classified into three types: Half-wave rectifier, Centre tapped full-wave
rectifier and Bridge rectifier. All these three rectifiers have a common aim that is to convert
Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC).
Not all these three rectifiers efficiently convert the Alternating Current (AC) into Direct
Current (DC), only the centre tapped full-wave rectifier and bridge rectifier efficiently
convert the Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC).

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In half wave rectifier, only 1 half cycle is allowed and the remaining half cycle is blocked. As
a result, nearly half of the applied power is wasted in half wave rectifier. In addition to this,
the output current or voltage produced by half wave rectifier is not a pure DC but a pulsating
DC which is not much useful.
Fig 3.7 Half wave rectifier
In order to overcome this problem, scientists developed a new type of rectifier known as
centre tapped full wave rectifier.
The main advantage of centre tapped full wave rectifier is that it allows electric current
during both positive and negative half cycles of the input AC signal. As a result, the DC
output of the centre tapped full wave rectifier is double of that of a half-wave rectifier. In
addition to this, the DC output of centre tapped full wave rectifier contains very fewer
ripples. As a result, the DC output of the centre tapped full wave rectifier is smoother than the
half wave rectifier.

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Fig 3.8 Full Wave Rectifier
However, the centre tapped full wave rectifier has one drawback that is the centre-tapped
transformer used in it is very expensive and occupies large space.
To cut this extra cost, scientists developed a new type of rectifier known as a bridge rectifier.
In bridge rectifier, centre tap is not required. If stepping down or stepping up of voltage is not
required, then even the transformer can be eliminated in the bridge rectifier.
Fig 3.9

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The rectifier efficiency of a bridge rectifier is almost equal to the centre tapped full wave
rectifier. The only advantage of bridge rectifier over centre tapped full wave rectifier is the
reduction in cost.
In bridge rectifier, instead of using the centre-tapped transformer, four diodes are used.
Now we get an idea about the three types of rectifiers. The half wave rectifier and the centre
tapped full wave rectifier (full wave rectifier) are already discussed in the previous tutorials.
This tutorial is mainly focused on the bridge rectifier.
Let‘s take a look at the bridge rectifier …

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3.7 COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 3.10 Circuit Diagram

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4. SOFTWARE TOOLS
4.1 KEIL SOFTWARE:
Keil 8051 Development Tools are designed to solve the complex problems facing embedded
software developers.
When starting a new project, simply select the microcontroller you use from the Device
Database and the μ Vision IDE sets all compiler, assembler, linker, and memory options for
you.
Numerous example programs are included to help you get started with the most popular
embedded 8051 devices.
The Keil μ Vision Debugger accurately simulates on-chip peripherals (I²C, CAN, UART,
SPI, Interrupts, I/O Ports, A/D Converter, D/A Converter, and PWM Modules) of your
8051device. Simulation helps you understand hardware configurations and avoids time
wasted on setup problems. Additionally, with simulation, you can write and test applications
before target hardware is available.
4.2 PROTEUS SOFTWARE:
Proteus 7.0 is a Virtual System Modelling (VSM) that combines circuit simulation, animated
components and microprocessor models to co-simulate the complete microcontroller based
designs. This is the perfect tool for engineers to test their microcontroller designs before
constructing a physical prototype in real time.
This program allows users to interact with the design using on-screen indicators and/or LED
and LCD displays and, I attached to the PC, switches and buttons. One of the main
components of Proteus 7.0 is the Circuit Simulation -- a product that uses a
SPICE3f5analoguesimulator kernel combined with an event-driven digital simulator that
allow users to utilize any SPICE model by any manufacturer. Proteus VSM comes with
extensive debugging features, including breakpoints, single stepping and variable display for
a neat design prior to hardware proto typing. In summary, Proteus 7.0 is the program to use
when you want to simulate the interaction between software running on a microcontroller and
any analog or digital electronic device connected to it.
Advantages:
Real time simulation. Time and money savin

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5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
6.1 ADVANTAGES:
Electronic voting machines are mostly used by the developed countries to count the votes
during the general elections. However, there are several controversies associated with these
electronic voting machines. Earlier, vote counting was done by paper ballot but with the
advancement in technology, electronic voting machines came into the picture. There are
several merits and demerits associated with the Electronic voting machines.
We have listed out top ten merits and demerits of this technologically advanced vote counting
machines as follows:
1. In most of the advanced version of electronic voting machines, there are no external
communication paths which make it difficult for the hackers to hack the machine and tamper
the count numbers.
2 .Electronic voting machines with touch base screen are proven to be advantageous for the
physically challenged people. In a paper ballot, these physically challenged people were not
able to cast their votes in private. However, with the new EVM in place, even handicapped
people can use their right to vote in private.
3. Electronic voting machines are cost effective and economical. In the paper ballot, the
amount of raw material used is higher. It directly impacts the environment as paper ballot
uses papers to cast votes. However, the cost associated with holding elections with EVMs is
considered to be negligible.
4. The best thing about electronic voting machines is that they are real time savers. With
electronic voting machines in place, one can count the votes in few minutes which makes life
easier for the election officers on duty. In a paper ballot, the vote counting process is quite
tedious and time-consuming.
5. Electronic voting machines are quite effective against the bogus votes. Electronic voting
machines are programmed to capture a maximum of five votes in a minute. Due to which a
single vote cannot cast fake votes. Also in few advanced electronic voting machines, a sound

23
of beep comes after one casts their vote which lets the officer on duty know that the vote has
been cast by an individual.
6. Electronic voting machines are designed in a way that they keep a track of number and
details of votes recorded. The election commission can even save the data for a longer period
of time which might be helpful for referencing in future.
7. In a largely populous country where millions of people come out to cast their votes, the
electronic voting machine works as a wonder. In a paper ballot, it takes a huge amount of
time for everyone to cast votes.
8 .Electronic voting machines are easier to carry and transport from one place to another
without any hassle. One single machine can record several votes captured through that
machine.
9. Few electronic voting machines also come with a voice support to assist the visually
impaired voter. In such cases, the visually challenged person can cast their vote without any
problem.
10. In electronic voting machines one can see all the symbols and names of the candidates
together which makes it easier for the voter to choose among the many and cast their votes.
6.2 DISADVANTAGES:
Along with the advantages, electronic voting machines are also notorious for its misuse.
There have been cases when people have accused a particular part of EVM tampering. We
have jotted down top ten disadvantages of using electronic voting machines.
1. With recent elections in the United States, many software programmers have claimed that
the electronic voting machines are vulnerable to malicious programming and if it gets
affected then any hacker can hack the machine and can tamper the vote counts easily.
2. Many physically challenged people have complained that the touch base screen is not
efficient enough to capture the vote accurately. Sometimes it leads to the voter ending up
voting for someone else unintentionally.

24
3.Although it takes the time to count votes that were captured using paper ballot but people
fully trust the process as high technology are also vulnerable to hackers attack.
4.The biggest change with technology is that no matter how much data it records but a single
virus can destroy the entire data storage. The electronic voting machines which were used
during the elections are susceptible to damage which will result in loss of data.
5. The highly humid area and those areas which receive frequent rainfall are not suitable for
casting votes using electronic voting machines. As machines are prone to damage due to high
humidity level thus usage of electronic voting machines are not advisable in such areas.
6. Most of the electronic voting machines used in the country were foreign manufactured,
which means the secret codes that control the electronic voting machines are in foreign hands
and they can be used to influence the election results.
7. Fake display units could be installed in the electronic voting machines which would show
manipulated numbers but originally fake votes could be generated from the back end. This
process does not need any hacker to hack the software. Such fake display units are easily
available in the market.
8.Most of the electronic voting machines used in the country do not have any mechanism by
which the voter can verify their identity before casting the vote due to which fake voters can
cast numerous fake votes.
9.The electronic voting machines also do not generate a slip confirm the candidate one voted
post pressing the button. In these cases, it is very easy for a criminal or a hacker to
manipulate the votes. If the machines would generate such slips, then people could verify if
the number of votes captured via EVMs was in line with the details on slips received by the
voter.
10. Electronic voting machines can be tampered during its manufacturing and in such cases, it
does not even require any hacker or malware to manipulate the actual voting.
Now going through the pros and cons one can decide whether electronic voting machines are
useful or disadvantageou

25
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
In this paper, we have described the specification and architecture of the ELECTRONIC
VOTINGMACHINE .Various fault-tolerance and security issues are delegated to the
platform itself,therefore relieving the application designer from accommodating these
features in the applicationdesign itself. This approach allows for the easy development and
deployment of applications.For quite some time, voting equipment vendors have maintained
that their systems are secure,and that the closed-source nature makes them even more secure.
Our glimpse into the code ofsuch a system reveals that there is little difference in the way
code is developed for votingmachines relative to other commercial endeavours. In fact, we
believe that an open process wouldresult in more careful development, as more scientists,
software engineers, political activists, andothers who value their democracy would be paying
attention to the quality of the software that isused for their elections. (Of course, open source
would not solve all of the problems withelectronic elections. It is still important to verify
somehow that the binary program imagesrunning in the machine correspond to the source
code and that the compilers used on the sourcecode are non-malicious. However, open source
is a good start.) Such open design processes have proven successful in projects ranging from
focused efforts, such as specifying the AdvancedEncryption Standard (AES) through very
large and complex systems such as maintainingthe Linux operating System. Australia is
currently using an open source votingsystem10Alternatively, security models such as the
voter verified audit trail allow for electronicvoting systems that produce a paper trail that can
be seen and verified by a voter. In such asystem, the correctness burden on the voting
terminal‘s code is significantly less as voters cansee and verify a physical object that
describes their vote. Even if, for whatever reason, statements that they would support such
features if their customers required it. The EVM projection ambitious attempt to create an
open-source voting system with a voter-verifiable audit trail —a laudable goal The model
where individual vendors write proprietary code to run our electionsappears to be unreliable,
and if we do not change the process of designing our voting systems,we will have no
confidence that our election results will reflect the will of the electorate. We ourselves and to
our future to have robust, well-designed election systems to preserve the bedrock of our
democracy.

26
References:
[1] Mihir Shah, Prof. Rajakumar K.; Authentication of Electronic Voting Machine
(EVM); Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
[2] Sudip Dogra1* (IEEE Member), Pratik Bhattacharjee2 and Suman Chatterjee;
Introduction Design of an Electronic Voting Machine to Ensure Proper Voting
Process, Minimizing Rigging, Using Radio Frequency Identification
Technology; Department of ECE, Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology, Kolkata,
India
2 Idea Cellular Limited, Kolkata, India
3 Dept. of ECE, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Durgapur, India
[3] D. Ashok Kumar, T. Ummal Sariba Begum; Electronic Voting Machine – A Review;
Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College, Trichy -22. Tamilnadu,
India.
[4] Hari K. Prasad_ J. Alex Halderman† Rop Gonggrijp Scott Wolchok† Eric Wustrow†
Arun Kankipati_ Sai Krishna Sakhamuri_ Vasavya Yagati; Security Analysis of
India‘s Electronic Voting Machines; Netindia, (P) Ltd., Hyderabad † The University
of Michigan
[5] Diponkar Paul and Sobuj Kumar Ray; A Preview on Microcontroller Based
Electronic Voting Machine;IACSIT and department of Electrical and Electronic
engineering at World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
1. https://www.google.com/search?q=ic+7805+symbol&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X
&ved=0ahUKEwj-
2N6u_b3hAhXM73MBHeDDBl8Q_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=607#imgrc=vCslu30
dtXJQ_M:
2. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/diode/diode_6.html
3. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/diode/diode_62.html
Circuit Details
4. https://www.google.com/search?q=step+down+transformer+symbol&tbm=isch&sour
ce=iu&ictx=1&fir=t2seUdJXHaVnyM%253A%252Cbq9BoSVdsfK6oM%252C_&v
et=1&usg=AI4_-
kRky97dGK_WUDrLK9hbfa357GHJ1A&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6gLfE-

27
b3hAhWY73MBHSFcCv0Q9QEwAHoECA0QBg#imgrc=pDUfCVmCOAzbsM:&v
et=1
5. https://www.google.com/search?q=step+down+transformer&source=lnms&tbm=isch
&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi63IOM9b3hAhURXHwKHWWSAEoQ_AUIDigB&biw=1
366&bih=607#imgrc=AU2SGD3ovc0ScM:
6. https://www.google.com/search?q=capacitor+symbol&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1
&fir=H1hdNYYU_Nc5rM%253A%252CV2DDb98hPQh3JM%252C_&vet=1&usg=
AI4_-
kRr1SjsViAxaHytfkbwzVJFbAcboQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ1r7F_L3hAhVm7H
MBHdXZDdgQ9QEwAHoECA0QBg#imgrc=H1hdNYYU_Nc5rM:
7. https://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com/electronic-devices-and-
circuits/rectifier/bridgerectifier.html
Program writing
1. https://www.google.com/search?q=capacitor+symbol&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1
&fir=H1hdNYYU_Nc5rM%253A%252CV2DDb98hPQh3JM%252C_&vet=1&usg=
AI4_-
kRr1SjsViAxaHytfkbwzVJFbAcboQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ1r7F_L3hAhVm7H
MBHdXZDdgQ9QEwAHoECA0QBg#imgrc=H1hdNYYU_Nc5rM:
2. www.kitsguru.org/evm#program+circuit+deatils
3. www.keil.com
Pictures Download
1. www.google.com/engineersgarage

28
Appendix A
// LCD based voting machine using LCD
#include<reg51.h>
#define msec 50
#define lcd_data_str_pin P0
sbitrs = P2^7; //Register select (RS) pin
sbitrw = P2^6; //Read write(RW) pin
sbit en = P2^5; //Enable(EN) pin
sbitini_pin = P1^0; // Start voting pin
sbitstop_pin = P1^5; // Stop voting pin
sbit candidate_1=P1^1; //Candidate1
int max = 0;
int carry = 0;
intarr[4];
intvote_amt[3],j;
unsignedint vote_1,vote_2,vote_3,vote_4;

29
void delay(intdelay_time) // Time delay function
{
intj,k;
for(j=0;j<=delay_time;j++)
for(k=0;k<=1000;k++);
}
voidlcd_cmd(unsigned char cmd_addr) //Function to send command to LCD
{
lcd_data_str_pin = cmd_addr;
en = 1;
rs = 0;
rw = 0;
delay(1);
en = 0;
return;
}
voidlcd_data_str(char str[50]) //Function to send string
{
int p;
for (p=0;str[p]!='0';p++)
{

30
lcd_data_str_pin = str[p];
rw = 0;
rs = 1;
en = 1;
delay(1);
en = 0;
}
return;
}
voidlcd_data_int(unsigned int vote) //Function to send 0-9 character values
{
chardig_ctrl_var;
int p;
for (j=2;j>=0;j--)
{
vote_amt[j]=vote%10;
vote=vote/10;
}
for (p=0;p<=2;p++)
{
dig_ctrl_var = vote_amt[p]+48;

31
lcd_data_str_pin = dig_ctrl_var;
rw = 0;
rs = 1;
en = 1;
delay(1);
en = 0;
}
return;
}
voidvote_count() // Function to count votes
{
while (candidate_1==0 && candidate_2==0 && candidate_3==0 && candidate_4==0);
if (candidate_1==1)
{
while (candidate_1 == 1);
{
vote_1 = vote_1 + 1;
}
}
if (candidate_2==1)
{

32
{
}
}
if (candidate_3==1)
{
{
}
}
if (candidate_4==1)
{
{
}
}
}

33
voidlcd_ini()
{
lcd_cmd(0x38);
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x0E);
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x01);
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x81);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("Welcome!!!");
delay(100);
lcd_cmd(0x01);
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x80);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str( "Press" );
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x14);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("button");
delay(msec);

34
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0xC0);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("to");
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x14);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("vote");
delay(100);
lcd_cmd(0x01);
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x80);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("P1");
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x84);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("P2");
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x88);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("P3");
delay(msec);

35
lcd_cmd(0x8C);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("P4");
delay(msec);
vote_count();
lcd_cmd(0x01);
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x85);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("Thank");
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x14);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("You!!");
delay(100);
}
void results() // Function to show results
{
int i;
carry = 0;
lcd_cmd(0x01);

36
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x80);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("Results");
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x14);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("Are");
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x14);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("Out");
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x01);
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x80);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("P1");
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x84);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("P2");

37
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x88);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("P3");
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x8C);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("P4");
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0xC0);
delay(100);
lcd_data_int(vote_1);
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0xC4);
delay(msec);
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0xC8);
delay(msec);

38
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0xCC);
delay(msec);
delay(300);
arr[0] = vote_1;
arr[1] = vote_2;
arr[2] = vote_3;
arr[3] = vote_4;
for( i=0; i<4; i++)
{
if(arr[i]>=max)
max = arr[i];
}
if ( (vote_1 == max) && ( vote_2 != max) && (vote_3 != max)&& (vote_4 != max) )
{
carry = 1;
lcd_cmd(0x01);
delay(msec);

39
lcd_cmd(0x82);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("Hurray!!!");
delay(50);
lcd_cmd(0xC4);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("P1");
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x14);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("wins");
delay(msec);
}
{
carry = 1;
lcd_cmd(0x01);
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x82);
delay(msec);
delay(50);

40
lcd_cmd(0xC4);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("P2");
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x14);
delay(msec);
delay(msec);
}
{
carry = 1;
lcd_cmd(0x01);
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x82);
delay(msec);
delay(50);
lcd_cmd(0xC4);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("P3");
delay(msec);

41
lcd_cmd(0x14);
delay(msec);
delay(msec);
}
{
carry = 1;
lcd_cmd(0x01);
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x82);
delay(msec);
delay(50);
lcd_cmd(0xC4);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("P4");
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x14);
delay(msec);
delay(msec);

42
}
if (carry==0)
{
lcd_cmd(0x01);
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x82);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("clash");
delay(50);
lcd_cmd(0x14);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("between!!!");
delay(50);
if(vote_2 == max)
{
lcd_cmd(0xC5);
lcd_data_str("P2");
delay(50);
}
if(vote_3 == max)
{
lcd_cmd(0xC9);

43
lcd_data_str("P3");
delay(50);
}
if(vote_4 == max)
{
lcd_cmd(0xCD);
lcd_data_str("P4");
delay(50);
}
}
}
void main()
{
ini_pin = stop_pin = 1;
vote_1 = vote_2 = vote_3 = vote_4 = 0;
candidate_1 = candidate_2 = candidate_3 = candidate_4 = 0;
lcd_cmd(0x38);
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x0E);
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x01);
delay(msec);

44
lcd_cmd(0x80);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str( "Press" );
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x14);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("init");
delay(msec);
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0xC0);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("to");
delay(msec);
lcd_cmd(0x14);
delay(msec);
lcd_data_str("begin");
delay(100);
while(1)
{
while(ini_pin != 0)
{
if (stop_pin == 0)

45
break;
}
if (stop_pin == 0)
{
break;
}
lcd_ini();
}
while(1)
{
results();
}
}

Final project report on evm 16.04.2019

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