This document discusses various types of red blood cell disorders and anemias. It defines anemia as a deficiency in total red blood cell count or hemoglobin content. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by poor diet, increased demand, malabsorption, or blood loss and is treated with oral or injected iron supplements. Megaloblastic anemia occurs from lack of folic acid or vitamin B12 and is characterized by larger red blood cells. Other types discussed include thalassemia, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhagic anemia, and polycythemia. The effects of anemia include decreased blood viscosity, increased cardiac output and workload, and reduced oxygen delivery to tissues.
3. ANEMIA
definition :
1.A deficiency in the total number of RBC
(average 5million/cmm)
1.Decrease in the HB content (concentration of Hb)
Male< 13.6 mg/dl Female < 12.0mg/dl
4.
5.
6.
7. IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
• Causes:
1. Poor diet, Increased demand.
2. Malabsorption
3. Blood loss
• Treatment
1) oral iron e.g. ferrous sulphate in the form of
tablets.
2)In the late pregnancy, parenteral iron
injection.
8. MEGALOBLASTIC
ANEMIA
Megaloblastic anemia mean: the larger red blood cells in
the circulation than normal blast cells or (megablastic) in
the bone marrow.
• Causes:
i. Lack of folic acid in the diet.
ii. Lack of vitamin B12
9. Pathology Hemoglobi n RBC
Count
MCV MCH MCHC
Iron deficiency decreased
Male< 13.6
Female < 12.0
Decreased
Male <4.3
Female 3.5
Less
< 75 μL
reduced
< 25 pG
reduced
< 27
reduced
B12 &folic
acid
deficiency
decreased decreased > 110 Normal/
reduced
Normal
11. APLASTIC ANEMIA
• bone marrow aplasia means lack of functioning
bone marrow i.e no blood cell production
• In CBC reticulocytes are decreased
12. HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
Hemolytic Anemia: means an accelerated destruction
of the peripheral RBC (i.e. accelerated hemolysis).
RBCs are fragile, rupture easily as they go through the
capillaries, life span is short.
In CBC reticulocytes are increased
14. EFFECTS OF ANEMIA
a) In severe anemia, the blood viscosity may fall
b)Increased cardiac output, as well as increased
pumping workload on the heart
c) Reduced oxygen delivery to tissues
15. POLYCYTHEMIA
Causes:
a. Secondary Polycythemia
b. Pathological condition known as polycythemia vera
• Effect of polycythemia on function of the circulatory
system
1. Greatly increased viscosity of the blood with extra load
on the heart
