+Please see attached paper for full comments. Thank you for submitting your u2a1 Revision 2. You still did not address all of the questions in the directions as follows: Find a peer-reviewed research study that addresses the theory or treatment of phobias that was published after 1990. Summarize the methods used and the conclusions made, and describe the key aspects of the research that reflect behaviorist principles You need to include a clear introduction as well. Remember, the introductory paragraph should introduce the problem and tell readers what you plan to present in the body of your paper. Subsequent paragraphs should follow the same form, introductory statement, evidence to support a logical flow of ideas related to that statement leading to a concluding statement that provides a segue into the next main idea. Before presenting recommendations, you must summarize the evidence, tying it to facts presented in your report with citations of sources. Conclusions should follow so that you make it absolutely clear to readers what important evidence and main ideas you want them to carry with them into your recommendations. Without a clear summary and conclusion, readers will have no clear idea what you are talking about and will be left to their own imagination. Turnitin indicated that your paper has a 5% match for plagiarism – nice job! You do need to be sure to answer all questions clearly and completely. Be sure to only use proper sources, like those found in our online databases and peer reviewed journals. This assignment asked to “find a peer-reviewed research study that addresses the theory or treatment of phobias that was published after 1990. Summarize the methods used and the conclusions made, and describe the key aspects of the research that reflect behaviorist principles.” You did not include any peer reviewed study. You had some errors in APA formatting. I recommend that you contact your coach and your tutor to help you as you edit your paper and locate proper sources. You will want to use all of our resources, Smarthinking, the writing center and iGuide APA resources. I look forward to reading your future papers! Dr. Gilston Apply knowledge of theory and research in learning and cognition to inform personal behavior, professional goals, and values in order to understand social pCRITERION: Apply behaviorist theory and research to personal learning experiences. DISTINGUISHED PROFICIENT BASIC NON-PERFORMANCE Basic Attempts to apply behaviorist theory and research to personal learning experiences but the application is incomplete or inappropriate to the situation. Faculty Comments: “You did apply behaviorist theory and research to personal learning experiences. Please see attached paper for full comments.” oleicCRITERION: Describe aspects of a scholarly research article that reflects behaviorist principles. DISTINGUISHED PROFICIENT BASIC NON-PERFORMANCE Non-Performance Does not identify aspects of a scholarly research article ...

1. +Please see attached paper for full comments.
Thank you for submitting your u2a1 Revision 2. You still did
not address all of the questions in the directions as follows:
Find a peer-reviewed research study that addresses the theory or
treatment of phobias that was published after 1990. Summarize
the methods used and the conclusions made, and describe the
key aspects of the research that reflect behaviorist principles
You need to include a clear introduction as well. Remember, the
introductory paragraph should introduce the problem and tell
readers what you plan to present in the body of your paper.
Subsequent paragraphs should follow the same form,
introductory statement, evidence to support a logical flow of
ideas related to that statement leading to a concluding statement
that provides a segue into the next main idea. Before presenting
recommendations, you must summarize the evidence, tying it to
facts presented in your report with citations of sources.
Conclusions should follow so that you make it absolutely clear
to readers what important evidence and main ideas you want
them to carry with them into your recommendations. Without a
clear summary and conclusion, readers will have no clear idea
what you are talking about and will be left to their own
imagination.
Turnitin indicated that your paper has a 5% match for
plagiarism – nice job! You do need to be sure to answer all
questions clearly and completely.
Be sure to only use proper sources, like those found in our
online databases and peer reviewed journals. This assignment
asked to “find a peer-reviewed research study that addresses the
theory or treatment of phobias that was published after 1990.
Summarize the methods used and the conclusions made, and
describe the key aspects of the research that reflect behaviorist
principles.” You did not include any peer reviewed study.
You had some errors in APA formatting. I recommend that you
contact your coach and your tutor to help you as you edit your

2. paper and locate proper sources. You will want to use all of our
resources, Smarthinking, the writing center and iGuide APA
resources.
I look forward to reading your future papers!
Dr. Gilston
Apply knowledge of theory and research in learning and
cognition to inform personal behavior, professional goals, and
values in order to understand social pCRITERION:
Apply behaviorist theory and research to personal learning
experiences.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Basic
Attempts to apply behaviorist theory and research to personal
learning experiences but the application is incomplete or
inappropriate to the situation.
Faculty Comments:
“You did apply behaviorist theory and research to personal
learning experiences. Please see attached paper for full
comments.”
oleicCRITERION:
Describe aspects of a scholarly research article that reflects
behaviorist principles.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Non-Performance
Does not identify aspects of a scholarly research article that
reflects behaviorist principles.

3. Faculty Comments:
“You did not describe aspects of a scholarly research article
that reflects behaviorist principles and supports conclusions
with a strong rationale. Please see attached paper for full
comments.”
CRITERION:
Analyze how behaviorism is relevant today.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Basic
Describes how behaviorism is relevant today but provides little
or no analysis.
Faculty Comments:
“ You did describe how behaviorism is relevant today. Please
see attaché
describe aspects of a scholarly research article that reflects
behaviorist principles.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Non-Performance
Does not identify aspects of a scholarly research article that
reflects behaviorist principles.
Faculty Comments:
“You did not identify aspects of a scholarly research article that
reflects behaviorist principles and supports conclusions with a
strong rationale. Please see attached paper for full comments. ”d
paper for full comments. ”.

4. CONDITIONING THEORIES 1
CONDITIONING THEORIES 6
Beehavioral Change
Humans are unique and complex beings who have to keep up
with a number of things to survive and coexist with others
within a given environment. However, it is worth noting that
people are usually different and not all behaviors portrayed by
different individuals appeal to the society. Chunn (2002) argues
that the best factor about human behaviors is that they can be
changed and transformed to what the society considers as right.
(Youngberg, 2004). The best way to achieve behavioral
structuring and modeling is through defining the right paths of
action to be followed in order to adopt the acceptable code of
ethics. The best path could be self-driven or environmentally
dictated. Behavioral change is a topic that has attracted a lot of
attention from researchers and resulted into numerous
publications with different ideas about the matter. There are
countless theories about how one can achieve behavioral
change. The purpose of this paper is to explore behavioral
change and assess their effect and influence on my personal
attributes. Comment by DrG: Period is after citation
Comment by DrG: No first person Comment by DrG:
Yes!!!
Behavioral changes involve either starting something that never
existed before or dumping the old doings that have always been
part and parcel of one’s life. There are two theories of
behavioral change that are more established; classical and
operant conditioning. Hughes (1997) states that there are over
seven billion people in the world, each person is unique in a
way, and the key to transformation or significant changes is by
experimenting ethically accepted traits and adopting the ones
that best suit an individual. Hughes (1997) argues that one
feature may work pretty well for one individual but turn out to
be a total disaster for the next person There is no particular
method in human life that works well for everyone, and the fact

5. that a particular strategy does not work for you should be a
reason to try something else and not consider oneself a failure.
Diversity is the reason the world is accommodative to all
people. Comment by DrG: See previous comments - you did
not explain operant conditioning
Classical conditioning entails developing or conditioning a
particular reflexive behavior by associating a neutral stimulus
or agent with a naturally occurring one. With time and
frequency of occurrences, the neutral stimulus, on its own, will
be able to trigger a reflex. Ivan Pavlov’s carried out an
experiment to validate the authenticity of classical conditioning
Egger, Pfaffermayr & Schmidt (2007). A demonstration by the
Nobel Prize winner involved dogs, a bell, and food. Pavlov used
to ring a bell (neutral stimulus) whenever food was ready. The
dogs would salivate when they saw the food (reflex/ naturally
occurring stimulus). With time, this became a habit. Whenever
the food was ready the bell would ring and the dogs would
salivate because it had become a routine. One time Ivan rang
the bell without the food, and he observed that the dogs
salivated. The salivation was directly linked to the ringing of
the bell and not the presence of the food. Comment by
DrG: This is the landmark research on classical conditioning
The classical type of conditioning can be experienced in human
beings but from a different perspective. Egger, Pfaffermayr &
Schmidt (2007) believe that behavioral change can be attributed
to classical theory by finding positive pairings that can
influence change in the right direction. Classical conditioning
has played an important role in helping me quit gambling.
Whenever I went out or was hanging out with a certain group
that I considered members of my inner circle, we ended up
gambling and lost a lot of money. The addiction was getting
worse and I had to do something to help me find a way out.
Noticing that the only thing that facilitated my active
participation in gambling was being with my friends, I
considered changing the friends I frequently spent my time
with. Getting a new group that did not value gambling but

6. preferred playing video games and watching movies helped me
find a way out. Avoiding my friends killed my urge to getting
involved in gambling activities. The above illustration of
evading gambling is an example of getting rid of a potential
stimulus: the association between my friends and gambling.
Whenever I am around a certain group of friends, gambling
ideas come up. Avoiding such friends would play a part in
avoiding gambling. Comment by DrG: No I’s Comment by
DrG: No first person
Phobias are another appropriate example that involves the use
of classical conditioning. Various people have different phobias
that tend to affect them negatively. Pachana et al. (2007)
strongly believes that most of these phobias are psychological
and can be dealt with in one way or the other. Most phobias
develop from individuals associating various activities with
negative comments or thoughts. Some of the phobias emanate
from theories that people have developed or rumors that have
spread over time, from one generation to the other. Most people,
for instance, believe that when they fly on a plane, they will
feel dizzy, throw up and sometimes pass out. The fear of flying
has then developed among various individuals making them to
fear flying when indeed the information they have is a mere
rumor. Classical conditioning helps overcome phobia. In the
article Treatment of specific phobia in older adults, the authors
strongly believe that to overcome a particular phobia, one has to
associate the activity involved or the one that someone is scared
of with something more fun and friendly (Pachana et al., 2007).
For people with a fear of flying, they can try to associate flying
with a feeling of excitement and relaxation. The fear associated
with these activities is psychological and can only be overcome
by being psychologically strong and willing to fight the fear and
adopt brevity. Being brave and applying the principles of
classical conditioning is the best treatment for phobias.
Comment by DrG: Do most people feel this way?
Comment by DrG: What do you mean?
Operant conditioning, unlike classical conditioning, uses

7. reinforcement, also known as punishment, to shape the
acceptable code of ethics or desired behavior (Chunn, 2002).
Under this conditioning strategy, if something good occurs, a
prize or an award is issued to commend the individual for
portraying what the society believes is the best way of doing
things. The issuing of a reward entails positive reinforcement.
The members of that particular group will then strive to do the
best things to be a part of the reward and be recognized by the
society (Hughes, 1997). Continuous attempt to emerge the best
and be on one’s best behavior keeps the society riding on good
and moral values. To deviate from uncouth traits in the society,
punishment is always administered to help discourage certain
type of behavior within the society. Operant conditioning makes
sure that everyone is responsible for the decision made, both
good and bad. From the previous illustration, there is a thick
line separating classical and operant conditioning. Whereas
classical focuses on reflexive behavior, the operant has
everything to do with voluntary behavior. Comment by
DrG: Reinforcement can be positive, negative or punishment –
this is not correct Comment by DrG: You did not address this:
Find a peer-reviewed research study that addresses the theory or
treatment of phobias that was published after 1990. Summarize
the methods used and the conclusions made, and describe the
key aspects of the research that reflect behaviorist principles
Operant conditioning best suits pupils and students in schools.
Parents can also apply this strategy to ensure that their children
develop to be better citizens and leaders of tomorrow. The
conditioning has always played a significant role in nurturing
children’s behaviors and ensuring that all the wrong deeds are
punished to limit chances of recurrence. The biggest challenge
with employing the strategy is the relapse. Administering
punishment is not a guarantee that something that was
considered wrong or that is not encouraged by the society that
was once done by an individual will not be repeated by the same
person (Chunn, 2002). At the age of eleven, I used to access

8. explicit content on the Internet, a character that was instilled by
my elder sister. I was not smart enough at the time and did not
know that my browser was smart enough to keep track of
everything I did with my computer. My parents could then find
out and I would get the worst of punishments. Being grounded
was on top of the list and was never allowed to access any sort
of entertainment materials. With such treatment, I learned that
whatever I was doing was not right. What contributed to my not
repeating the mistake was not the idea that whatever I was
involved with was wrong, but rather the punishment involved
was severe. Punishment, in this strategy, is not efficient enough
to help one adapt the acceptable code of ethics. What happened
when I finally got an access to a computer away from home is
the best description of relapse. Punishment is not the way to go,
and this makes operant conditioning somewhat unworthy.
Behavioral change is significant as far as development and
peaceful coexistence in the society is concerned. Acquiring and
retaining healthy behavior may be a task too difficult to live up
to. Psychology experts believe that behavioral change needs
three habits, and anyone interested in making a change must
consider the steps. Having an epiphany is the first item in his
list, with changing one’s context being one of the most
important things. Chunn (2002) argues that it is pointless trying
to acquire new personalities and having them work while
staying with the same old company in the very environment that
led to the development of the traits one is trying to shake off.
Taking baby steps is the last item on the list. According to
Chunn (2002), Rome was not built in a day and he further states
that behavior is bigger than Rome and building it in a day is an
avenue for watching it crumble once it reaches the top.
Comment by DrG: How do you know?
Behavioral change is possible, and the world has experienced
significant changes that have modeled the globe into a friendly
environment to live in. Drug addicts, gamblers, and murderers
have been able to change their behaviors through psychiatric
guidance and counseling. A change in the way an individual

9. acts and conduct himself/ herself is entirely psychological and
it can be changed if the right tool or approach is used. All that
needs to be done is accepting the fact that an individual is in
need of help and working hard towards achieving the change
that one believes is desirable. The only way that people are
going to make a difference and leave the world a better place is
by being the change they want to see in the world. Changing
behavior for the best results is possible according to the
theories presented in this paper. There should be no excuse for
bad character or behavior as the brain is always willing to take
up information it is fed with. As such, the human species are
nothing other than what they make of themselves.
References
Chunn, J. C. (2002). The health behavioral change imperative:
Theory, education, and practice in diverse populations. New
York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Egger, P., Pfaffermayr, M., & Schmidt, R. (January 01, 2007).
Trade in Western and Eastern Europe in the aftermath of
COMECON: An assessment of behavioral change. Oxford
Economic Papers, 59, 1, 102-126.
Hughes, D. A. (1997). Facilitating developmental attachment:
The road to emotional recovery and behavioral change in
foster and adopted children. Northvale, N.J: J. Aronson.
Pachana, Nancy A, Woodward, Rana M, & Byrne, Gerard JA.
(2007). Treatment of specific phobia in older adults. Dove
Medical Press.
Hi Sandra,
Thank you for submitting your u2a1 Revision 2. You still did
not address all of the questions in the directions as follows:
Find a peer-reviewed research study that addresses the theory or
treatment of phobias that was published after 1990. Summarize
the methods used and the conclusions made, and describe the
key aspects of the research that reflect behaviorist principles
You need to include a clear introduction as well. Remember, the
introductory paragraph should introduce the problem and tell

10. readers what you plan to present in the body of your paper.
Subsequent paragraphs should follow the same form,
introductory statement, evidence to support a logical flow of
ideas related to that statement leading to a concluding statement
that provides a segue into the next main idea. Before presenting
recommendations, you must summarize the evidence, tying it to
facts presented in your report with citations of sources.
Conclusions should follow so that you make it absolutely clear
to readers what important evidence and main ideas you want
them to carry with them into your recommendations. Without a
clear summary and conclusion, readers will have no clear idea
what you are talking about and will be left to their own
imagination.
Turnitin indicated that your paper has a 5% match for
plagiarism – nice job! You do need to be sure to answer all
questions clearly and completely.
Be sure to only use proper sources, like those found in our
online databases and peer reviewed journals. This assignment
asked to “find a peer-reviewed research study that addresses the
theory or treatment of phobias that was published after 1990.
Summarize the methods used and the conclusions made, and
describe the key aspects of the research that reflect behaviorist
principles.” You did not include any peer reviewed study.
You had some errors in APA formatting. I recommend that you
contact your coach and your tutor to help you as you edit your
paper and locate proper sources. You will want to use all of our
resources, Smarthinking, the writing center and iGuide APA
resources.
I look forward to reading your future papers!
Dr. Gilston
CONDITIONING THEORIES SCORING GUIDE GRADING

11. RUBRIC
Criteria
Summarize a scholarly research article regarding the treatment
of phobias.
Non performance
Does not summarize a scholarly research article regarding the
treatment of phobias.
Basic
Partially summarizes a scholarly research article regarding the
treatment of phobias but the summary is incomplete.
Proficient
Summarizes a scholarly research article regarding the treatment
of phobias.
Distinguished
Summarizes the key points of a scholarly research article
regarding the treatment of phobias in a clear and concise
manner.
Criteria
Describe aspects of a scholarly research article that reflects
behaviorist principles.
Non performance
Does not identify aspects of a scholarly research article that
reflects behaviorist principles.
Basic
Identifies aspects of a scholarly research article that reflects
behaviorist principles but provides little or no description.
Proficient
Describes aspects of a scholarly research article that reflects
behaviorist principles.
Distinguished
Describes aspects of a scholarly research article that reflects
behaviorist principles and supports conclusions with a strong
rationale.
Criteria
Analyze how behaviorism is relevant today.
Non performance

12. Does not describe how behaviorism is relevant today.
Basic
Describes how behaviorism is relevant today but provides little
or no analysis.
Proficient
Analyzes how behaviorism is relevant today.
Distinguished
Evaluates how behaviorism is relevant today and supports
conclusions with examples.
Criteria
Apply behaviorist theory and research to personal learning
experiences.
Non performance
Does not apply behaviorist theory and research to personal
learning experiences.
Basic
Attempts to apply behaviorist theory and research to personal
learning experiences but the application is incomplete or
inappropriate to the situation.
Proficient
Applies behaviorist theory and research to personal learning
experiences.
Distinguished
Applies behaviorist theory and research to personal learning
experiences and supports conclusions with a strong rationale.
Criteria
Write coherently to support a central idea in appropriate APA
format with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected
of a psychology professional.
Non performance
Writing does not support a central idea in appropriate APA
format. Does not use correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as
expected of a psychology professional.
Basic
Writing supports an idea. APA format is inconsistent, and
writing contains major errors in grammar, usage, and

13. mechanics.
Proficient
Writing coherently supports a central idea in appropriate APA
format and with few errors of grammar, usage, and mechanics.
Distinguished
Writing is coherent, using evidence to support a central idea in
a consistently appropriate APA format with correct grammar,
usage, and mechanics as expected of a psychology professional.