1 Part I written exercises.1. Using the Red-Black Tre.docx

1
Part I: written exercises.
1. Using the Red-Black Tree applet, you input the following
numbers into the Red-Black tree, keep all red-black rules ( see
the red-black rule on the bottom of the exercise ) either using
color changes or rotation. The result graph should be height
balance and red-black correct.
You need to follow the rules, randomly color change and
rotation will result in zero credit even the result could be red-
black correct.
Attach your results of screen shots for every question.
a. Insert 50, 70, 20, 90
b. Insert 50, 70, 20, 90, 99
c. Insert 50, 70, 20, 90, 80
d. Insert 50, 70, 20, 80, 60, 90, 75, 95
e. Insert 50, 70, 20, 90, 60, 55, 65, 68
Red-Black Rules
When inserting (or deleting) a new node, certain rules, which
we call the red-black rules, must be followed. If they’re
followed, the tree will be balanced. Let’s lookbriefly at these
rules:
1. Every node is either red or black.

2. The root is always black.
3. If a node is red, its children must be black (although the
converse isn’t necessarily true).
4. Every path from the root to a leaf, or to a null child, must
contain the same
number of black nodes.
2. Given input {4371, 1323, 6173, 4199, 4344, 9679, 1989} and
a hash function h(x) = x %10 (table size is 10), showing the
resulting
a. Separate chaining hash table
b. Open addressing hash table using linear probing.
c. Open addressing hash table using quadratic probing.
d. Open addressing hash table with second hash function h2(x)
= 7- (x %7)
3. Draw the figures to show steps how to convert the binary tree
to a heap using the Heapify algorithm.
(
4
5
2
6
7
3
1

)
4. Using the diagrams (see the attached example of heap sort) to
trace the action of heapsort on the list of 1, 7, 2, 6, 3, 5, 4, give
every state of your tree such as finishing a heapify or removing
the root.
Part II: programming exercise
Implement the PriorityQ class in the priorityQ.java program
(Listing 4.6) using
a heap instead of an array. You should be able to use the Heap
class in the
heap.java program (Listing 12.1) without modification. Make it
a descending
queue (largest item is removed).
Listing 4.6
The priorityQ.java Program
// priorityQ.java
// demonstrates priority queue
// to run this program: C>java PriorityQApp
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class PriorityQ
{

// array in sorted order, from max at 0 to min at size-1
private int maxSize;
private long[] queArray;
private int nItems;
//-------------------------------------------------------------
public PriorityQ(int s) // constructor
{
maxSize = s;
queArray = new long[maxSize];
nItems = 0;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------
public void insert(long item) // insert item
{
int j;
if(nItems==0) // if no items,
queArray[nItems++] = item; // insert at 0
else // if items,
{
for(j=nItems-1; j>=0; j--) // start at end,
{
if( item > queArray[j] ) // if new item larger,
queArray[j+1] = queArray[j]; // shift upward
else // if smaller,
break; // done shifting
} // end for
queArray[j+1] = item; // insert it
nItems++;
} // end else (nItems > 0)
} // end insert()
//-------------------------------------------------------------
public long remove() // remove minimum item
{ return queArray[--nItems]; }
//-------------------------------------------------------------
public long peekMin() // peek at minimum item
{ return queArray[nItems-1]; }

//-------------------------------------------------------------
public boolean isEmpty() // true if queue is empty
{ return (nItems==0); }
//-------------------------------------------------------------
public boolean isFull() // true if queue is full
{ return (nItems == maxSize); }
//-------------------------------------------------------------
} // end class PriorityQ
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class PriorityQApp
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{
PriorityQ thePQ = new PriorityQ(5);
thePQ.insert(30);
thePQ.insert(50);
thePQ.insert(10);
thePQ.insert(40);
thePQ.insert(20);
while( !thePQ.isEmpty() )
{
long item = thePQ.remove();
System.out.print(item + “ “); // 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
} // end while
System.out.println(“”);
} // end main()
//-------------------------------------------------------------
} // end class PriorityQApp
Listing 12.1

// heap.java
// demonstrates heaps
// to run this program: C>java HeapApp
import java.io.*;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class Node
{
private int iData; // data item (key)
// -------------------------------------------------------------
public Node(int key) // constructor
{ iData = key; }
// -------------------------------------------------------------
public int getKey()
{ return iData; }
// -------------------------------------------------------------
public void setKey(int id)
{ iData = id; }
// -------------------------------------------------------------
} // end class Node
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class Heap
{
private Node[] heapArray;
private int maxSize; // size of array
private int currentSize; // number of nodes in array
// -------------------------------------------------------------
public Heap(int mx) // constructor
{
maxSize = mx;
currentSize = 0;
heapArray = new Node[maxSize]; // create array
}
// -------------------------------------------------------------
public boolean isEmpty()
{ return currentSize==0; }

// -------------------------------------------------------------
public boolean insert(int key)
{
if(currentSize==maxSize)
return false;
Node newNode = new Node(key);
heapArray[currentSize] = newNode;
trickleUp(currentSize++);
return true;
} // end insert()
// -------------------------------------------------------------
public void trickleUp(int index)
{
int parent = (index-1) / 2;
Node bottom = heapArray[index];
while( index > 0 &&
heapArray[parent].getKey() < bottom.getKey() )
{
heapArray[index] = heapArray[parent]; // move it down
index = parent;
parent = (parent-1) / 2;
} // end while
heapArray[index] = bottom;
} // end trickleUp()
// -------------------------------------------------------------
public Node remove() // delete item with max key
{ // (assumes non-empty list)
Node root = heapArray[0];
heapArray[0] = heapArray[--currentSize];
trickleDown(0);
return root;
} // end remove()
// -------------------------------------------------------------
public void trickleDown(int index)
{
int largerChild;

Node top = heapArray[index]; // save root
while(index < currentSize/2) // while node has at
{ // least one child,
int leftChild = 2*index+1;
int rightChild = leftChild+1;
// find larger child
if(rightChild < currentSize && // (rightChild exists?)
heapArray[leftChild].getKey() <
heapArray[rightChild].getKey())
largerChild = rightChild;
else
largerChild = leftChild;
// top >= largerChild?
if( top.getKey() >= heapArray[largerChild].getKey() )
break;
// shift child up
heapArray[index] = heapArray[largerChild];
index = largerChild; // go down
} // end while
heapArray[index] = top; // root to index
} // end trickleDown()
// -------------------------------------------------------------
public boolean change(int index, int newValue)
{
if(index<0 || index>=currentSize)
return false;
int oldValue = heapArray[index].getKey(); // remember old
heapArray[index].setKey(newValue); // change to new
if(oldValue < newValue) // if raised,
trickleUp(index); // trickle it up
else // if lowered,
trickleDown(index); // trickle it down
return true;
} // end change()
// -------------------------------------------------------------
public void displayHeap()

{
System.out.print(“heapArray: “); // array format
for(int m=0; m<currentSize; m++)
if(heapArray[m] != null)
System.out.print( heapArray[m].getKey() + “ “);
else
System.out.print( “-- “);
System.out.println();
// heap format
int nBlanks = 32;
int itemsPerRow = 1;
int column = 0;
int j = 0; // current item
String dots = “...............................”;
System.out.println(dots+dots); // dotted top line
while(currentSize > 0) // for each heap item
{
if(column == 0) // first item in row?
for(int k=0; k<nBlanks; k++) // preceding blanks
System.out.print(‘ ‘);
// display item
System.out.print(heapArray[j].getKey());
if(++j == currentSize) // done?
break;
if(++column==itemsPerRow) // end of row?
{
nBlanks /= 2; // half the blanks
itemsPerRow *= 2; // twice the items
column = 0; // start over on
System.out.println(); // new row
}
else // next item on row
for(int k=0; k<nBlanks*2-2; k++)
System.out.print(‘ ‘); // interim blanks
} // end for
System.out.println(“n”+dots+dots); // dotted bottom line

} // end displayHeap()
// -------------------------------------------------------------
} // end class Heap
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class HeapApp
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{
int value, value2;
Heap theHeap = new Heap(31); // make a Heap; max size 31
boolean success;
theHeap.insert(70); // insert 10 items
theHeap.insert(40);
theHeap.insert(50);
theHeap.insert(20);
theHeap.insert(60);
theHeap.insert(100);
theHeap.insert(80);
theHeap.insert(30);
theHeap.insert(10);
theHeap.insert(90);
while(true) // until [Ctrl]-[C]
{
System.out.print(“Enter first letter of “);
System.out.print(“show, insert, remove, change: “);
int choice = getChar();
switch(choice)
{
case ‘s’: // show
theHeap.displayHeap();
break;
case ‘i’: // insert
System.out.print(“Enter value to insert: “);
value = getInt();
success = theHeap.insert(value);
if( !success )

System.out.println(“Can’t insert; heap full”);
break;
case ‘r’: // remove
if( !theHeap.isEmpty() )
theHeap.remove();
else
System.out.println(“Can’t remove; heap empty”);
break;
case ‘c’: // change
System.out.print(“Enter current index of item: “);
value = getInt();
System.out.print(“Enter new key: “);
value2 = getInt();
success = theHeap.change(value, value2);
if( !success )
System.out.println(“Invalid index”);
break;
default:
System.out.println(“Invalid entryn”);
} // end switch
} // end while
} // end main()
//-------------------------------------------------------------
public static String getString() throws IOException
{
InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(System.in);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
String s = br.readLine();
return s;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------
public static char getChar() throws IOException
{
String s = getString();
return s.charAt(0);
}

//-------------------------------------------------------------
public static int getInt() throws IOException
{
String s = getString();
return Integer.parseInt(s);
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------
} // end class HeapApp
Brazil has long been known as a country of soccer, Carnival and
beautiful beaches, a tropical paradise where people go to get
away from it all and enjoy the sights and sounds of Rio or
Salvador. However, Brazil has recently come into the global
spotlight as a member of the BRIC which is a group of countries
projected to grow economically and become some of the most
economically powerful global agents. Brazil has seen this
economic growth over the past few decades with its tourism
industry and oil reserves. As technological advancements in
Brazil are on the rise, the country's natural resources are
quickly becoming a source of wealth which is putting this
country on the map for more reasons than one. With this rise in

popularity, the country has been offered two of the most
prestigious international events in the world: the 2014 World
Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics, two events which are both
very costly, but would also bring a lot of attention to the
country and be a chance to let Brazil flex its new global
muscles. But just how much does an event like the world cup or
the Olympics really cost? Between a complete overhaul of
transportation systems, construction of new airports, renovation
and construction of stadiums and any number of other
necessities, the current price tag is running around one trillion
dollars at the moment according to Zimbalist (2013). But is it
really worth it? After all, what is the social cost of these
sporting events?
In June 2013, there was an uprising of Brazilians against the
outrageous government spending for these events. Brazilians
took to the streets in protest of what was being sacrificed in
order to host these events. Much as has been the global trend,
this taking to the streets has been widely televised and
criticized. Powerful images of the widening income gap in
Brazil have been everywhere and the people are demanding that
the government reconsider what it is prioritizing. Overall,
Brazilians are asking the government to think most importantly
about education, corruption and the costs of living and how all
of these are suffering at the hands of a single sporting event.
In Brazil, the literacy rate sits comfortably around 97 percent.
Education is free all the way up through university and many
students are even offered the chance to study abroad in the USA
through government partnerships. Although this may seem
idyllic, the reality is much more grim. While is is no secret that
private schools are the most prestigious schools to attend this is
because many public schools in Brazil are beyond run down,
sometimes not even having enough resources to put a floor in

the school according to the Economist (2009). Roofs leak,
students use old books and technological education falls by the
wayside. Students who attend these schools almost never get
the opportunity to attend a federal college (the most
prestigious) due to their lack of competitive edge. In an effort
to quell these tensions, the board of education has implemented
enrollment quotas for federal universities but these two are very
controversial and seem to be a temporary bandage for a very
large and serious problem. While fixing this problem is
possible, it would be very expensive. This begs the question; is
it more important to have an educated and stable population or a
very nice soccer stadium? I think the answer is obvious.
Education should always be a top priority in every country.
Brazil has also been known for its vast network of corruption.
From ex-president da Silva to the more recent Mensalão
scandal, corruption has been a constant issue in the Brazilian
government and the citizens' perception of it. Even in looking
at the enormous price tag for the current projects, Brazilians
and those watching the developments from around the world can
never be completely sure of what money is going to productive
causes and what money is lining the pockets of greedy
politicians and business men. But how can corruption be
stopped? Through legislation. And how can legislation be
passed? Through political action. And at the root of all
political action is money, the driving force. In considering this,
would it not be in the best interest of the country and the people
to invest in stopping corruption so that money might be used
more efficiently? This might even save them a significant
amount of money in the long run and even short term when it
comes to expenses for the World Cup and Olympic Games.
Finally, Brazilians are protesting the increase in the cost of
living. As the wealth of Brazil increases, so widens the income

gap. According to the Associated Press (2013)The rich are
getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. One of the main
reasons the current protests began in the first place was due to a
proposed increase to the cost of public transportation, the main
source of transportation for more than half of the population.
But the more serious problem at hand is why this disparity
exists in the first place. In fact, the reason can be found back in
education and government spending. The poor stay poor for the
same that the rich stay rich: access to education and
infrastructure. By paying more attention to and investing more
in these things the country would be setting itself up for a
country which is successful beyond the closing ceremony of the
2016 Olympic Games.
With the costs of hosting the 2014 World Cup and the 2016
Olympic Games sitting around one trillion dollars, Brazilians
are asking their government to consider their spending and how
it is affecting the people, particularly in the realms of
education, corruption and standard of living. By investing more
in these basic necessities and less in an event which will
become obsolete in 3 years, the Brazilian government can be
true to its people and invest in their futures by overhauling
these systems and making them not only more efficient, but also
more practical, Brazil will be setting its people up for a life
which promises a bright future instead of an increasing income
gap and more of the same corruption the people have been
fighting for years.
Works Cited
Associated Press."Brazil's income gap continues wide in
Brazil."Bloomberg Business Week. N.p., 16
Nov. 2011. Web. 1 July 2013.
<http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9R1VHPO0.
htm>.

"Brazil's poor schools: Still a lot to learn."The Economist. N.p.,
4 June 2009. Web. 1 July 2013.
<http://www.economist.com/node/13782570>.
Zimbalist, Andrew. "Can Brazil build the massive infrastructure
it needs to host the Olympics and the
World Cup?."Americas Quarterly. N.p., 2013. Web. 1 July 2013.
<http://www.americasquarterly.org/zimbalist>.
Outline for a persuasive paper
Title: Avoiding car accidents
Speaker:
Specific Purpose: To inform the audience on the dangers of
irresponsible driving and persuade them not to.
I. Introduction
A. Attention getter: What is happening in this photograph?
Answer: Wedding. Most couples have big plans for the future,
including establishing a family and investing.
B. Establishment of Ethos (credibility): Hi, my name is
………., and the couple in this photo was my friends Mike
Drauch and Laura Stevens who I grew up with. Three years ago,
in their second year of marriage, the couple was involved in a
greasy road accident. The couple was hit by an over speeding
car as it was crossing an intersection on foot.
C. Thematic Statement: So today I want to tell you about the
dangers of irresponsible driving and persuade you not to do it. I
will tell you how you can prevent what happened to Mike and
Laura from happening to you.
(Translation- I will tell you how responsible driving can save
your life just like Mike and Laura’s lives could have been
saved)
II. Need
A. About 1.24 million people die each year as a result of road

traffic crashes with road traffic injuries being the leading cause
of death among young people, aged 15–29 years.
B. According to the American Tracking Association, 2013, in
about 9 out of 10 clashes, the primary failure is a driver error.
Indeed, as observed from the above data, the overwhelming
majority of car accidents are caused by only human driver
factors.
C. In America, the top three causes of car accidents and car
accident deaths are impaired driving, speeding and distracted
driving.
D. Speeding is a serious offense when it comes to accidents and
deaths related to cars. The US Department of Transportation
has speculated that almost 1 in 3 car accidents has some factor
of speeding involved.
E. In 2011, the National Safety Council released a study stating
that 1.6 million crashes involved a driver distracted on a cell
phone each and every year.
F. According to World Health Organization, road traffic injuries
cause considerable economic losses to victims, their families,
and to nations as a whole. These losses arise from the cost of as
well as reduced/lost productivity for those killed or disabled by
their injuries, and for family members who need to take time off
work to care for the injured.
(Internal summary- all these show that road accidents are a
reality and if no action is taken, our economy will be headed for
a downfall)
(Transition-Now that we have explored the problem, it is
important that we provide a solution)
III. Satisfaction
A. The US needs strategies to cab the ever rising rates of road

accidents.
B. Intoxicated driving can be avoided by choosing a designated
driver or calling a taxi when it becomes apparent to you or the
people around you that driving could make you put the lives of
some people in danger.
C. Laws that establish blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of
0.05g/dl or below are effective at reducing the number of
alcohol-related crashes. The world Health Organization
contends that enforcing sobriety checkpoints and random breath
testing can lead to reductions in alcohol-related crashes of about
20% and have shown to be very cost-effective.
D. There are speed limits posted on the American roads. Proper
rules and regulations should be designed and implemented to
ensure that the speeds are followed to the latter. By observing
the speed limits we can make the roads a safer place, especially
since the faster you go, the greater the force of impact and the
more destructive or deadly power your vehicle will have.
E. While there is little concrete evidence yet on how to reduce
distractions from mobile phone use while driving, the
government needs to be proactive. Actions that can be taken
include adopting legislative measures, launching public
awareness campaigns, and regularly collecting data on
distracted driving to better understand the nature of this
problem.
F. The increased accident rates are enough motivation as to why
these solutions should be adopted with immediate effect.
(Internal summary- all these are potential solutions to road
accidents. This means that in deed we can avoid unnecessary
deaths and injuries if we really wanted to)
(Transition-Having established that there is a solution to road
accidents, the almost immediate question is, Why should we as

Americans get involved? And what is our role as individuals?)
IV. Visualization
A. Of course we don’t want to lose any more lives in our roads.
Moreover the economic losses resulting from road accidents are
too much to bear.
B. Each one of us has a role to play. Together, we can
significantly reduce these accidents.
C. Some rules that can be implemented to cab road accidents
may seem harsh in the beginning. However, if we could
perceive the value of human life, only then can we embrace
these measures whole heartedly.
(Internal summary-It is now evident that road accidents can
actually be prevented. However, that is only if we could join
hands and work together and in corporation with all relevant
stakeholders)
(Transition to conclusion- How do we as Americans maintain a
culture of safety?)
V. Action
A. Road accidents are a reality. Every day, it continues to take
innocent lives. Unless something is done, road accidents will
continue to claim lives, our economy will continue being
adversely impacted and worse still our individual ambitions and
goals like the ones Mike and Laura had will be crashed.
B. The good thing is that there is hope. Something can be done
to end the situation. But that is only if we will embrace the
solutions explored above. By doing this, we will save lives as
well as our economy.
C. Here is Mike and Laura’s photo again. A young and happily
married couple, about to embark on the journey of a married life
and full of great adventure. Think about it

D. As drivers, let’s not compromise anybody else’s bright
future. Let’s drive responsibly.
References
American Tracking Associations, 2013. Relative
Contribution/Fault in Car-Truck Crashes.
Kostyniuk LP, Streff FM, Zakrajsek J., 2002. Identifying
Unsafe Driver Actions that Lead to Fatal Car-Truck Crashes.
Washington DC: AAA Foundation for TrafficSafety.
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs358/en/
Screenshot 2014-06-24 at 11.58.57 PM.png
Brazil Protests
Introduction
· Brazil is well known as a country for fun and tourism
· Brazil has been growing economically and is part of the BRIC
· Brazil has been offered the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Summer
Olympics

· These programs have cost the country about one trillion
dollars
Protests
· June 2013 saw protests against government spending
· Brazilians think the sacrifice is to great for the small benefit
of the games
· Brazilians want the government to reconsider what they find
to be important
· “Overall, Brazilians are asking the government to think most
importantly about education, corruption and the costs of living
and how all of these are suffering at the hands of a single
sporting event.”
Education
· Brazil has a 97 percent literacy rate
· Education is free in Brazil
· There is a huge divide between public and private schools
· Many schools in Brazil are very run down and are not able to
provide students with adequate education
· This is a very serious problem and there is no solution as of
yet
· The solution will require a lot of money to fix
· Education should be a priority in every country

Corruption
· Brazil has a long history of corruption
· This has been an ongoing issue
· The money being invested in the games probably has some
deal of corruption associated with it
· by fighting this corruption more money can go back to the
people
· Corruption can be stopped through legislation
· Legislation can be passed by money
· Doing this in a timely manner can decrease further corruption
in spending for games
Cost of Living
· Income gap is huge and increasing
· Brazil should be concerned with setting itself up for success
even after the games
Conclusion
· Government needs to consider how this spending is affecting
the people and what they are giving up to have these games
· Investing in people is a better long term strategy
Works Cited

Associated Press."Brazil's income gap continues wide in
Brazil."Bloomberg Business Week. N.p., 16
Nov. 2011. Web. 1 July 2013.
<http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9R1VHPO0.
htm>.
"Brazil's poor schools: Still a lot to learn."The Economist. N.p.,
4 June 2009. Web. 1 July 2013.
<http://www.economist.com/node/13782570>.
Zimbalist, Andrew. "Can Brazil build the massive infrastructure
it needs to host the Olympics and the
World Cup?."Americas Quarterly. N.p., 2013. Web. 1 July 2013.
<http://www.americasquarterly.org/zimbalist>.

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