Higher Education and Indian Women (1947-2007)

1. Poulami Aich Mukherjee
mepoulami@gmail.com
2009

2.  The University Grants Commission: Annual Reports
 The Ministry of Human Resource Developments : Selected
Educational Statistics
 National Sample Survey Organization
 Census of India

3.  Selected Educational Statistics (SES):
 Includes distant education enrolment
 National Sample Survey (NSS):
 Includes non-formal, private and diploma and certificate courses.
 Census of India:
 Includes non-formal, private and diploma and certificate courses.
 University Grants Commission (UGC):
 Includes directly collected data from colleges.

4. Province
Female
Population(in
millions)
Per capita
expenditure
per annum
(in rupee)
% of girls
under
instruction
Bengal 34.9 0.006 0.10
Assam 2.38 0.003 0.04
Punjab 8.64 0.012 0.07
Table-I
Expenditure on Female Education (1881-1882)
per annum per capita in Bengal, Assam and Punjab

5. Province 1881-82 1886-87 1891-92 1896-97
Bengal 6 4 24 33
Assam - - - -
Punjab - - 2 5
India 6 5 44 87
Table II
Total Number of Female Students in Colleges (1881-1896)

6. Province 1901-02 1906-07 1911-12 1915-16
Bengal 55 24 81 126
Assam - - - 20
Punjab - - - 1
India 169 128 257 457
Table III
Total Number of Female Students in Colleges (1901-1916)

7. Provinces
1881-
882
1886-
1887
1891-
1892
1896-
1897
1901-
1902
1906-
1907
1911-
1912
1915-
1916
Bengal 6 4 24 33 55 24 81 126
Assam - - - - - - - 1
Punjab - - - - - - - 20
India 6 5 44 87 177 160 279 489
Table IV
Girls in Public Arts Colleges (1881-1916)

8. Table V
State Wise/Level Wise Women’s Enrolment (2000-2001)
STATE UG PG MPHIL PHD D/C TOTAL
West
Bengal
214990
(38.9%)
12665
(47.2%)
254
(59.8%)
653
(37.5%)
603
(33.1%)
229165
(39.3%)
Assam 73252
(41.1%)
3676
(42.4%)
56
(37.1%)
146
(32.8%)
118
(29.6%)
77248
(41.1%)
Punjab 105410
(52.1%)
11325
(64.7%)
44
(72.1%)
146
(40.1%)
1874
(41.6%)
118799
(52.9%)
India 2943807
(39.3%)
315236
(40.7%)
5359
(44.8%)
15277
(33.6%)
26731
(34.3%)
3306410
(39.4%)

9. State UG PG MPHIL PHD D/C TOTAL
West
Bengal
151168
(50.3%)
8184
(59.1%)
224
(60.9%)
215
(48.6%)
231
(51.4%)
160022
(50.7%)
Assam 60534
(45.5%)
2524
(51.6%)
32
(45.7%)
71
(34.8%)
56
(35.2%)
63217
(45.7%)
Punjab 72386
(55.2%)
7143
(73.4%)
38
(73.1%)
33
(70.2%)
237
(47.5%)
79837
(56.4%)
India 1527089
(44.2%)
167753
(44.7%)
3200
(45.2%)
6268
(38.6%)
7700
(32.9%)
1712010
(44.2%)
Table VI
State Wise/Level Wise Women’s Enrolment
Faculty of Arts (2000-2001)

10. State UG PG MPHIL PHD D/C TOTAL
West
Bengal
30062
(32.1%)
2315
(39.9%)
12
(44.4%)
353
(42.8%)
100
(27.9%)
32842
(32.6%)
Assam 6140
(29.4%)
732
(32.8%)
23
(33.8%)
58
(33.3%)
48
(32.4%)
6992
(29.8%)
Punjab 11873
(53.8%)
2141
(65.9%)
6
(66.7%)
54
(66.7%)
1019
(55.3%)
15093
(55.4%)
India 562151
(39.0%)
84673
(42.5%)
1493
(46.5%)
6056
(37.2%)
4396
(42.9%)
658769
(39.4%)
Table VII
State Wise/Level Wise Women’s Enrolment
Faculty of Science (2000-2001)

11. States UG PG MPHIL PHD D/C TOTAL
West
Bengal
24155
(19.3%)
978
(26.8%)
18
(69.2%)
0 23
(37.1%)
25174
(19.5%)
Assam 2365
(21.4%)
189
(26.1%)
1
(10.0%)
7
(33.3%)
0 2562
(21.7%)
Punjab 11214
(48.4%)
980
(52.9%)
0 14
(38.9%)
153
(64.0%)
12361
(48.9%)
India 505999
(36.8%)
38846
(33.3%)
227
(38.4%)
419
(23.4%)
1851
(24.0%)
547342
(36.5%)
Table VIII
State Wise/Level Wise Women’s Enrolment
Faculty of Commerce (2000-2001)

12. States UG PG MPHIL PHD D/C TOTAL
West
Bengal
3271
(47.7%)
14
(30.4%)
0 4
(80.0%)
0 3289
(47.5%)
Assam 1016
(46.1%)
38
(54.3%)
0 0 0 1054
(46.3%)
Punjab 2577
(70.5%)
156
(86.2%)
0 1
(100.0%)
0 2734
(71.2%)
India 52763
(51.4%)
2110
(47.3%)
84
(38.7%)
461
(47.7%)
505
(56.7%)
55923
(51.2%)
Table IX
State Wise/Level Wise Women’s Enrolment
Faculty of Education (2000-2001)

13. States UG PG MPHIL PHD D/C TOTAL
West
Bengal
1137
(9.9%)
52
(7.3%)
0 23
(14.6%)
0 1212
(9.8%)
Assam 337
(11.3%)
7
(3.0%)
0 3
(21.4%)
11
(23.9%)
358
(10.9%)
Punjab 2513
(19.4%)
102
(23.7%)
0 7
(14.0%)
193
(14.6%)
2815
(19.1%)
India 118234
(21.8%)
3543
(15.8%)
44
(31.0%)
594
(16.5%)
1577
(17.4%)
123992
(21.5%)
Table X
State Wise/Level Wise Women’s Enrolment
Faculty of Engineering and Technology (2000-2001)

14. States UG PG MPHIL PHD D/C TOTAL
West
Bengal
1365
(27.9%)
88
(15.9%)
0 0 119
( 21.8%)
1572
(26.2%)
Assam 809
(36.4%)
62
(35.6%)
0 0 2
(10.0%)
873
(36.1%)
Punjab 4312
(60.1%)
445
(39.3%)
0 2
(12.5%)
116
(29.7%)
4875
(56.0%)
India 102960
(45.5%)
7846
(34.4%)
73
(56.2%)
348
(29.3%)
4330
(34.8%)
115557
(44.0%)
Table XI
State Wise/Level Wise Women’s Enrolment
Faculty of Medicine (2000-2001)

15. States UG PG MPHIL PHD D/C TOTAL
West
Bengal
112
(14.6%)
88
(18.0%)
0 37
(16.6%)
0 237
(15.9%)
Assam 216
(40.8%)
45
(27.6%)
0 5
(17.9%)
0 266
(36.9%)
Punjab 152
(26.4%)
104
(27.8%)
0 29
(30.5%)
23
(100.0%)
308
(28.8%)
India 6408
(17.2%)
1749
(18.8%)
4
(40.0%)
473
(14.6%)
139
(26.0%)
8773
(17.4%)
Table XII
State Wise/Level Wise Women’s Enrolment
Faculty of Agriculture (2000-2001)

16. States UG PG MPHIL PHD D/C TOTAL
West
Bengal
16
(12.1%)
20
(18.5%)
0 3
(6.0%)
0 39
(13.4%)
Assam 178
(25.8%)
12
(33.3%)
0 1 0 191
(26.2%)
Punjab 76
(22.9%)
34
(21.5%)
0 5
(16.1%)
0 115
(22.1%)
India 2286
(21.6%)
419
(18.6%)
0 93
(14.5%)
40
(31.7%)
2838
(20.9%)
Table XIII
State Wise/Level Wise Women’s Enrolment
Faculty of Veterinary Science

17. States UG PG MPHIL PHD D/C TOTAL
West
Bengal
1729
(35.4%)
25
(28.1%)
0 0 0 1754
(35.3%)
Assam 1560
(35.6%)
4
(9.3%)
0 0 0 1564
(35.3%)
Punjab 193
(24.7%)
19
(42.2%)
0 0 0 212
(25.6%)
India 50511
(19.7%)
1833
(28.8%)
3
(14.3%)
110
(22.6%)
880
(21.7%)
53337
(20.0%)
Table XIV
State Wise/Level Wise Women’s Enrolment
Faculty of Law (2000-2001)

18. States UG PG MPHIL PHD D/C TOTAL
West
Bengal
1975
(47.0%)
901
(59.2%)
0 18
(43.9%)
130
(34.2%)
3024
(49.2%)
Assam 97
(48.7%)
72
(50.3%)
0 1
(50.0%)
1
(4.0%)
171
(46.0%)
Punjab 114
(41.2%)
201
(58.4%)
0 1
(25.0%)
133
(71.5%)
449
(55.4%)
India 15406
(33.0%)
6464
(39.9%)
231
(40.5%)
455
(45.0%)
5313
(55.8%)
27869
(37.7%)
Table XV
State Wise/Level Wise Women’s Enrolment
Other Faculties (2000-2001)

19.  Article 14: Men and women to have equal rights and
opportunities in the political, economic and
social spheres.
 Article 15(1): Prohibits discrimination against any citizen
on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex etc.
 Article 15(3): Special provision enabling the State to
make affirmative discriminations in
favour of women.
 Article 16: Equality of opportunities in matter of
public appointments for all citizens.

20.  Article 39(a): The State shall direct its policy towards securing
all citizens men and women, equally, the right
to means of livelihood.
 Article 39(d): Equal pay for equal work for both men and
women.
 Article 42: The State to make provision for ensuring just and
humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
 Article 51 (A) (e): To renounce the practices derogatory to the
dignity of women.

21.  Regional
Inter-State disparities
Rural-urban
 Inequalities between Social Groups
Caste
Religion
Gender
 Inequalities between Economic Groups

22.  West Bengal, Assam and Punjab were the worst victims of partition and
migration with the Independence of India in 1947. All of these states had to
experience a severe political, social, cultural and emotional crisis.
 West Bengal, Assam and Punjab falls in the exceptionally high-density
Gangetic population zone that runs from the hills of Punjab to the Bay of
Bengal.
 West Bengal, Assam and Punjab has a strong historical legacy from the
ancient to modern period. All of these states were the most fertile zones of
Indian subcontinent.

23.  Mortality Inequality
 Natality Inequality
 Basic Facility Inequality
 Special Opportunity Inequality
 Professional Inequality
 Ownership Inequality
 Household Inequality