Post-Colonialism And Postcolonialism

Post-Colonialism And Postcolonialism
The postcolonial era presents various issues for the decolonized nations, like the reconstruction of a government and the maintenance of an economy. In
addition to that, the individual identity of the colonized people is a complex issue that they must cope with as well, and it is an issue that is still
present today. Compared to the other issues of postcolonialism, the construction of one's identity might appear trivial; however, there are many
problems of postcolonial identity, including the obligation of one to perceive themselves as people do from the outside through stereotypes, and the
difficulty of unifying two conflicting identities: one that is created by outside sources, and one that is created through personal experiences.
Coinciding with the independence of colonized nations, stereotypes of the indigenous cultures were brought back with the colonizers to their mainland,
and were usually of a negative connotation. Words like "catastrophic" or "savages" were terms associated with these nations, and this was not
necessarily the truth. Consequently, literature was created with these stereotypical identities of colonized people. Since storytelling has a major impact
on the development of one's identity, many people from once colonized nations succumb to the dishonesty told about them in literature. A speech given
by Chris Abani stresses that, "What we know about how to be who we are comes from stories. It comes from the novels, the movies, the fashion
magazines. It comes from popular culture (Abani)." With that being said, a majority of the literature that is written about decolonized nations depicts
them in an inaccurate way, representing the nations as disastrous and in need of help. Since this narrative is repeated often, colonized people give into
it, and see themselves as the media does. The poem "How To Write the Great Indian American Novel," by Sherman Alexie, also addresses the issue of
stereotypes of marginalized groups in literature. Throughout the poem, Alexie uses a sardonic tone to implicitly explain that books are written in a
certain way that does not necessarily demonstrate truth, saying that in books about Indians, "All of the Indians must have tragic features: tragic noses,
eyes, and
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Effects Of Post Colonialism
Postcolonialism
The term 'postcolonialism' has become so diverse and unorganized that it is somehow impossible to define it clearly or describe what its study may
imply.
Postcolonialism often means anti–colonialism and is synonymous with post–independence. This word has variable implications and may refer to a
collection of studies which are always changing. Loomba (1998) said that "it is a vague condition for people anytime and anywhere all over the
world". The dependence of this theory on the literary, cultural and post structural theories makes it even vaguer (p. 17).
Post–colonialism may then refer in part to the period after colonialism, but the question arise: after whose colonialism? After the end of which colonial
empire? Isn't it unacceptably ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He claims that this implication covers the fact that this word belongs to the political theory and that it is also assigned to the period after
decolonization (16).
The implications of 'post' in postcolonialism have always been a matter of discussion. Most critics claim that the word postcolonialism concerns the
processes, effects of and reactions to colonialism from the sixteenth century up to the neo–colonialism of the present day.
Loomba (1998) believes that the 'post' in postcolonialism has two implications. The first one is temporal and indicates that post colonialism is the
aftermath of colonialism; the second one is a substitution for the first one and is a matter of discussion among critics. It somehow indicates that a
country can be both postcolonial which is formally independent and neo–colonial which is culturally and economically dependent (p. 7).
Childs & Williams (1997) declared that one meaning of post in post–colonialism can be related to those theories which are not chronological but
consider this word conceptually. In this sense it relates to every text which its concept transcends or goes beyond the colonialism (p.

What Is The Theme Of The Pickup
Concerning the writer of The Pickup , indeed, having chosen apartheid as her major concern throughout her writing career, Gordimer faced a puzzling
situation when this racist thought partially lost its mysterious trace in the early 1990s. Apparently, despite the expected loss of a thematic sound
background ,24 Gordimer's The Pickup shows that she is still flexible enough to look for new horizong the present 'New South Africa' as its point of
departure, The Pickup continues to deal with problems of race and class and the process of self–sketching, but it takes the story's setting from the
supposed liberal post–apartheid Johannesburg to a visibly unnamed Arab country25 in the second and longer part of the novel. The interracial love story
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Said, however, the academic Western conscience was granted a novel opportunity to gain insight into the area of postcolonial phenomenon and theory,
and thus, intimate details regarding "the other."30 As a result, I find that the motivations of "othering" are certainly not of a purely logical nature, but
rather influenced by powerful emotions and psychological reactions. Through his book Or i en t a li sm (1978), as well as later texts, Said describes
the ways in which political, cultural and social realities couple with elaborate imperial and colonial fantasies. Imperialism as an institution is associated
with the operations, theory and general persuasion of a national force, generating complex power structures.31The resulting colonialism, by means of
invasion and conquest, effectively realizes the agenda of imperialism, exercising dominating power over foreign territories.32Said further describes the
concept of Orientalism, portraying a binary opposition, consisting of powerful Western forces33which dominate weaker Eastern counterparts.
"[N]either the term Orient nor the concept of the W est has any ontological stability;" S aid concludes, "each is made up of human effort, partly
affirmation, partly identification of the Other."34 This situation was the result of quest, undertaken with the intention of generating a faulty
representation of the so–called "Orient", in order to enable

Nationalism And The Imagination Sparknotes
Nationalism and the Imagination by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak has being the hardest text I have read during my theory class at Sydney College
of the Arts in 2014. My task was to read and explain the text to my theory class and my lecturer Dr Adam Geczy in 8 minutes as a YouTube video.
This was an almost impossible task because Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination is a small book of 75 pages and at Sydney College of the
Arts's library we are only able to borrow the book for 2 hours. I later found the book online as a pdf file. I have decided to leave my video
presentation on YouTube to help some lost and desperate sole searching for the meaning of Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination, before
contemplating on killing your self... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the course of understanding Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination, I had to look at other texts to begin to comprehend the purpose of
Spivak's talk on nationalism, Indian sovereignty, marginalized women, subaltern, comparative literatures oral formulaic,postcolonialism, etc. One of the
best texts I came across was an e–book by Stephen Morton entitled Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. It was first published in 2003 by Routledge and you
can find it online as a pdf file.
Morton analysis several of Spivak's works and then he explains in an uncomplicated manner the reasons for Spivak's comments and her writing in
general. Although Morton does not directly comment on Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination you will be able to understand Nationalism and the
Imagination because Spivak draws from previous works that Morton includes in his e–book Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak.
Another way of understanding Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination is by reading the book reviews on the book. There are several book reviews
on Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination online or you can find it through your university's library. I was using ProQuest to find articles on
Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination.
Last but not least, I watched several videos by Dr Jason J Campbell, user drjasonjcampbell. He was great, easy to understand and he includes notes
with all his videos that you can download if you wish. What I liked the most about Dr

Analysis Of The Book ' The Dragon Can 't Dance ' Essay
Elinor Johnson, Brandi Cathey
World Literature
Amanda Bryan
November 24, 2015
The Aftermath of Colonial Rule in The Dragon Can't Dance
The effects of colonialism are ingrained into every facet of society in Trinidad. The novel The Dragon Can't Dance written by Earl Lovelace, has
many aspects of a postcolonial society, from the way people act on a day to day basis to the traditions upheld during Carnival. There is enough
evidence to argue that the town and all its residents are experiencing postcolonialism, or the aftermath of colonial rule. Three central time frames in
the novel will support this: before Carnival, during and after Carnival, and after Aldrick's six year term in prison. These scenes in the novel depict
this theme and demonstrate the postcolonial values that still dominate Calvary Hill. Postcolonialism also affects Pariag and is demonstrated by how
he is treated by his neighbors. Finally we will deconstruct the idea of the "Carnival" and figure out the relationship of this to the Postcolonial Theory
and how this is a reflection of colonial rule. Postcolonial theory focuses on the aftermath of colonial rule and the way former colonizers and colonized
people interact in society. In many instances of postcolonialism the original culture of the colonized is lost through cultural colonialism. Mimicry is an
effect of this in which the colonized people begin to take on the customs of the colonizers. Another is hybridity when the two cultures are are mixed
and a new

Analysis Of ' S Americanah Through A Post Colonial Prism
Faniyi 15
Kayode Faniyi
129013097
Dr. Solomon Azumurana
ENG 894
REFRACTING CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE'S AMERICANAH THROUGH A POST
–COLONIAL PRISM
1. Introduction
Respected Marxist critic Frederic Jameson once described every instance of "third world literature" as necessarily nationally allegorical (69), an
assertion spectacularly assailed by Aijaz Ahmad (77–82).
But it is possible to close our eyes to Ahmad's very valid misgivings and take a bird's eye view of Jameson's assertion: read in reaction to the
phenomenon of imperialism, perhaps the literature of dominated peoples is the literature of self–assertion, however blind to Jameson's national
allegorical (or anticolonial) imperative, and however "hybrid". That last expression might as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But first, I must situate Americanah in its post–colonial moment.
2. Situating Americanah in the Post–Colonial Moment
Since it is published in 2013, the material reality of Americanah is conditioned, however distantly it seems now, by the phenomenon ofcolonialism–it is
written in English, for instance. Although published in 2013, the temporality and spatiality of Americanah's narrative extends backwards to the late 70s
when its major protagonist, Ifemelu, was born. As a child, she witnesses the death by firing squad of that famous robbery kingpin, Lawrence Anini
(148), and lives through coups, coups attempts, strikes and the usual brand of public dysfunction that still haunts Nigeria, therefore linking its
post–coloniality with that decidedly African brand of introverted, introspective post–independence post–coloniality of disillusionment exemplified by
novels such as Ayi Kwei Armah's The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born, Chinua Achebe's No Longer at Ease and Anthills of the Savannah, and soon
enough with the post–coloniality of globalization (and the neoliberal ideology that has hijacked it). As we see in the novel, this disillusionment is the
animus of her exile. Ifemelu arrives America in 1997, the year in which Kudirat Abiola, activist wife of M.K.O Abiola, was killed (116). Here,
Americanah's post–coloniality takes a new turn. This new turn, inaugurated by Ifemelu's (voluntary

The Savannah : A Postcolonial Society Under African...
Chinua Achebe's Anthills of the Savannah depicts a Postcolonial society under African dictatorship. However, the dictator, known as his Excellency,
has far more fear in upholding colonial rule than first meets the eye. In wanting to up to, and even conform to previous colonial rule, his power as a
leader is repressed. This leads us to understand that post–colonialism is far beyond living in a society without colonial government. Instead, it can be
understood as living in a society that has its own form of governing, one that is not dependant or in want of satisfying previous colonisers. Like
Anthills of the Savannah, those with the most power, ironically suffer from the most repression of power, which is also a theme that will be
highlighted in Doris Lessing's The Grass is Singing. Lessing is writing in essentially a rural slave society, with masters and servants clearly knowing
their place within it. It is the social discourse, the voice of Rhodesia, which guides everyone in how they should, or should not behave. These
behaviours had to conform to the understanding that the white colonisers are superior to the black population. However, a character that was supposed
to be liberated and empowered by this social discourse is repressed by it. Mary cannot uphold the social discourse because she does not know how too.
Consequently, she becomes a threat to the myth of white cultural superiority. Thus, using these two novels, the term 'Postcolonial' will be explored
through the

Examples Of Colonialism In Midnight's Children
Midnight's Children (1981) is a novel linking India's transition from British colonialism to independence to its protagonist, Saleem Sinai – a boy with
telepathic powers who is able to organize the 1001 other children of special abilities born within an hour of Indian independence (which took place at
midnight on the 15th of August, 1947, hence the title). It is considered a seminal example of both postcolonial literature and magical realism. In fact, it
was used early on in postcolonial studies as a definitive piece of postcolonial literature – that is, Midnight's Children helped postcolonial theorists
create a definition of postcolonialism. Consequently, Midnight's Children – at least the postcolonial interpretation of it – has long been ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why is it important that Midnight's Children is interpreted in just this way – and what does this emphasis reveal? On the one hand, this is likely in
response to criticism that Rushdie is not representing India at all, because of his use of the English language or his assimilation into western culture.
This issue, which troubled Rushdie as well, continues to receive sensitive treatment. In Teverson's biography of Rushdie (according to Christopher
Rollason's review in the Atlantis

Colonialism And Postcolonialism
Postcolonialism and Feminism
Abstract
Colonialism/Postcolonialism is a remarkably comprehensive yet accessible guide to the historical and theoretical dimensions of colonial and
postcolonial studies. National fantasies, be they colonial, anti–colonial or postcolonial also play upon the connection between woman, land or nation.
Feminist theory and postcolonial theory are occupied with similar questions of representation, voice, marginalization, and the relation between politics
and literature. Given that both critical projections employ multidisciplinary perspectives, they are each attentive, at least in principle, to historical
context and the geopolitical co–ordinates the subject in question. The identification of women as national mother stems from a wider association of
nation with the family. The topic offeminism and postcolonialism is integrally tied to the project of literary postcoloniality and its concerns with the
critical reading and interpretation of colonial and postcolonial texts.
Introduction:
It is fair say that beginning postcolonialism is an especially challenging procedure because it is particularly difficult to answer those questions with
which we started. Such is the variety of activities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Spivak confesses in A Critique of Postcolonial Reason that contemplation of "this failure of communication" had "so unnerved" her that, in her initial
discussions of Bhaduri's suicide she had been let to write, "in the accent of passions lament the subaltern cannot

Difference Between Postcolonialism And Post-Colonialism
Introduction
In the 1990s, when other fields failed to predict some major events of the twentieth century, including the struggle to decolonise, post–colonialism
entered the field of International Relations. Postcolonialism can be surmised as the theory of International Relations which uses the effect of colonialism
to describe the conditions of countries today, with a focus on personal information from its peoples. 'Post–colonial' refers to the analysis of colonialism
and anti–colonialism. 'Postcolonial' is used to indicate the analysing of the current era of International Relations as the postcolonial era. The relevance
of postcolonial theory for the study of International Relations will be discussed and analysed.
The increasing relevance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its theories have been shaped through many academic disciplines, including literary studies, social history, French philosophy, and psychoanalysis.
Great powers held colonies, but those colonies were not studied unless they caused difficulties for individual great powers. The histories, peoples, and
cultures in Third World countries were ignored by International Relations until the 1980s. Post–colonial/postcolonial studies improved International
Relations knowledge. It has been joined by feminist analysis and movements of peoples that reverse the usual direction taken during the colonial

Discuss The Role Of Women In America
Colonialism is and has been a reality during previous centuries. As a political and economical reality it entailed significant consequences in the
colonized country's politics, geographical maps, and people's lives, fates and temperaments. As the consequences are hard to ignore the writers of the
formerly colonized countries never forgot to write about it and their people's lives before, during and after their country's colonization. As Emecheta
is one of these writer who is born and brought up in Nigeria, a colony of British Empire until 1960, postcolonial approach is one of the most
appropriate critical methods to deal with her narratives. Besides, since she is focusing on women in the colonial and postcolonial setting trying to...
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Spivak believes that the Western World's master world's master are catachreses, or improper words, because they claim to represent all women, all
workers and all of the proletariat, when there are no "true" examples of the "true workers", the "true women", the "true proletariat". Indeed, for Spivak,
the singularity of each of the disempowered people she engages with tests the limits of the dominant narratives. Among the disempowered Spivak's
analysis is basically directed at the subject–position of the female subaltern, whom she describes as doubly marginalized by virtue of relative
economic disadvantage and gender subordination. Further to deal with the social position of the Third World women Spivak also shifted the focus of
essentialist debate from a concern with sexual differences between men and women to focus on cultural differences between women in the "Third
World" and women in the "First World". She also proposes the idea of strategic essentialism and believes that for minority groups, in particular, the use
of essentialism as a short–term strategy to affirm political identity can be effective, as long as this identity does not get fixed as an essential category
by the dominant group. Chandra Talpade Mohanty in her key text Under Western Eyes deals with the issues of postcolonial feminism and

Posttructitalism And Postcolonialism
Although theory may have a reputation for being disconnected from reality, it is grounded in everyday thinking that helps us plan and understand the
actions we take in our everyday social lives (Sears, 2010, pp. 16–17). Accordingly, theories like poststructuralism attempt to explain these aspects of
human society. In this paper, after explaining the origins and major tenets of poststructuralism, I will argue that a poststructural lens is most conducive
to a critical analysis of the causes and effects of oppression. I will demonstrate this by discussing how discourses produce and maintain power relations,
how the effects of these oppressive relations are channeled through a complex network of power, and how deconstruction offers pathways for
challenging oppression. Poststructuralism Poststructuralism is derived from the theoretical work of Ferdinand de Saussure, a structural linguist who
argued that language does not simply reflect reality, but constructs the things it describes (Healy, 2005, p. 197). Poststructuralism differs from other
postmodernist theories in that it is primarily concerned with the influence of language on power, knowledge and identity (Healy, 2005, p. 197). In
contrast, postmodernism is moreover concerned with rejecting modernist "truths," such as rationality being the way to progress (Healy, 2005, p. 197).
Yet another post theory, postcolonialism is focused on interrogating and responding to the legacies of European colonization (Healy, 2005, p. 198).

The Importance Of Writing In The Colonial Language
Additionally, it can be used to communicate with other indigenous people who speak different languages, but understand the same issues of
colonialism. "In the specific case of some African states, such as Achebe's Nigeria, the English language became the lingua franca of the national
bourgeoisie representative of the various national ethnicities, on the one hand, and the forces of colonialism and transnational capital, on the other."
Indeed, postcolonial literature in the colonial language is a double–edged sword. Without its use, the writing may never reach a wide audience, as it is
impossible to translate every work into each different indigenous language. Furthermore, those who have experienced a diaspora after colonization,
such as the Africans who were transported to colonial lands, lost their indigenous language. Their ancestors grew up with the colonial language, and
unless they learn their indigenous language, they have no choice to write in the colonial language. Yet, writing in the colonial language furthermore
reflects the power that colonists still exert today, that their language must be used to describe the aftereffects of their subjugation of another country.
"The colonial language becomes culturally more powerful, devaluing the native language as it is brought into its domain, domesticated, and
accommodated." Ultimately, the writers must take into consideration the positives and negatives of each approach. They have the choice to write in
either language,

The Irish Poetry and Postcolonialism
Ireland was a British colony for more than seven centuries, for this time it was hidden their native identity, as well as their language. The British
colonizers imposed not only their language but also their culture. In 1922, it was signed the Treaty in which Ireland was considered a free state. As
and introduction to Heaney poems, I will use a poem of Yeats, who is the poet that starts to talk about postcolonial themes. Maybe Yeats was one the
most important figures in the reconstruction of the Irish identity. He represents the relationship between Ireland and Britain in his poem "Leda and the
Swan". The first publication of this poem was in the radical magazine "To–morrow" in 1923. Some years later it was republished in the... Show more
He also "declared his fascination with the peaty wetland that are a unique feature of the Irish landscape." Nevertheless, the most significant poem that
belongs to this group is "Punishment". It was published in 1975 in his collection "North". This poem is about a girl who was killed for seeing and
English soldier, this is showed in the poem in the line 23–24: "Little adulteress, Before they punished you" . At the end of this poem he shows his
feelings: " Who would convive in civilized outrage yet understand the exact and tribal, intimate revenge". The tone of this poem is sad because he
also recalls the death people in Ireland. The next poem that I am going to comment is "Strange Fruit". This poem continues talking about the Bogs.
Here we find the chronicle of a brutal murder. As we see in the first two stanzas; Here is the

Postcolonialism In Haunted Subaltern And The Mark Of The...
Introduction: Some topics that pertain to postcolonialism can oftentimes be somewhat difficult to grasp because of complexity that is required to
describe them. Rudyard Kipling makes understanding a topic a whole lot easier because of his ability to write short stories and connect them to any
postcolonial topics that he so chooses. For example, his short stories "Haunted Subalterns" and "The Mark of the Beast" have allowed me to better
get a hold on the idea of the postcolonial topic of the subaltern. Along with them, I have found a few scholarly articles that have also contributed to
improving my knowledge and understanding of what the subaltern really is. Ultimately, the question that I would like to grapple with is: Can the
subaltern theme in Mark of the Beast be compared to that in Haunted Subalterns? The postcolonial definition of the subaltern from a postcolonial lens
is the subordination of native people to the point where they are left powerless and without a voice. The subaltern in postcolonial studies is a very
interesting topic because it can be intriguing how a native person can be stripped of the credibility that their words have and the power that every
human being should be granted due to the way that colonizers can make them feel. Throughout the paper I will include an in depth description of what
the subaltern means and other ways that it can be interpreted. Also, as I previously stated, I will analyze two of Rudyard Kipling's short stories and
connect

The Post Colonialism Theory : Opinions And Opposing View...
The Post Colonialism Theory: Opinions & Opposing View Points The postcolonialism theory is a theory that has brought many controversies and
opposing viewpoints across the world of literature. In, –this theory, a set of lost identities, use of language in writing, and the questioning of the real
definition of this theory are some of the characteristics highlighted in this concept. On the other hand, conflicting opinions, multiple perspectives, and
authors not agreeing on the definition of this theory are some of the problems that bring powerful discussions and arguments in the world of literature.
To begin with, the theory of post colonialism has been a very complicated concept to define. Many authors and theorists that have responded and ...
Important European thinkers only wrote about their own identities and experiences setting other cultural backgrounds aside.
Another important example of a characteristic of post colonialism is the lost identities of women writers who others often look at as not being part of
the culture or country they choose to focus and write about. Carole Boyce Davis, author of "An Introduction to Post– Colonial Theory," pointed out that
women who contribute to African literature were very displeased to be considered only a woman writer instead of an African American Woman Writer
(Davis Boyce, Carole in Peter Childs and R.J Patrick William "An Introduction to Post– Colonial" 1997, p.15). With this example in mind, it is clear
that her identity as an African American woman was hidden and not well respected. Furthermore, this postcolonial theory leads to conflicting and
multiple ideas about identities which cause a problem and debate among writers and theory experts who choose to write representing the theory. One
of the biggest controversies that make post colonialism debatable is those writers who write negative texts about countries and cultures different from
their own. One example of this is Joseph Conrad's opinion towards African culture under Heart of Darkness. The words that Conrad used to describe
the culture of African Americans did not represent Africans well in his writing

Political Disaffection And Araby : The Case Study Of Qu '...
Political Disaffection and Postcolonialism in Contemporary France The Case Study of Qu'Allah bГ©nisse la France
In his 'Prisons et Asiles dans le MГ©canisme du Pouvoir ' (1974) M.Foucault offers a key insight into the methodology of his own work: "I would like
my books to be a kind of tool–box which others can rummage through to find a tool which they can use however they wish in their own area... I
would like the little volume that I want to write on disciplinary systems to be useful to an educator, a warden, a magistrate, a conscientious objector. I
don 't write for an audience, I write for users, not readers". In this essay, I aim at carrying out a parallel operation by deploying two critical theory terms,
postcolonialism and marxism, so as to shed light on the cultural production 'Qu'Allah bГ©nisse la France ' (2014).
In a nutshell, this film, itself an adaptation of the autobiographical book 'Qu 'Allah bГ©nisse La France ' (Abd Al Malik) revolves around the
introspective and creative journey of RГ©gis, a gifted young black born to immigrants and brought up by his Catholic mum alongside two brothers in
the city of Strasbourg.
The film opens in black and white, like all fairy tales: Once upon a time...Then it leads us through the devastating poverty, unemployment, wrath and
racism suffered in the Neuhof suburbs of the city of Strasbourg. Here, RГ©gis will rise through the vicissitudes of delinquency (petty crime), rap and
Islam to

Similarities Between Colonialism And Feminism
Postcolonialism and Feminism
Abstract
Colonialism/Postcolonialism is a remarkably comprehensive yet accessible guide to the historical and theoretical dimensions of colonial and
postcolonial studies. National fantasies are they colonial, anti–colonial or postcolonial also play upon the connection between woman, land or nation.
Feminist theory and postcolonial theory are occupied with similar questions of representation, voice, marginalization, and the relation between politics
and literature. Given that both critical projections employ multidisciplinary perspectives, they are each attentive, at least in principle, to historical
context and the geopolitical co–ordinates the subject in question. The identification of women as national mother stems from a wider association of
nation with the family. The topic offeminism and postcolonialism is integrally tied to the project of literary postcoloniality ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It analyses range across representations of women in once–colonized countries and in western locations. Some critics have concentrated on the
constructions of gender difference during the colonial period, in both colonial and anti–colonial discourses; while others have concerned themselves
with the representations of women in postcolonial discourses with particular reference to the work of women writers. At the level of theory,
postcolonial feminist critics have raised a number of conceptual, methodological and political problems involved in the study of representations of
gender. These problems are at once specific to feminist concerns, such as the possibility of finding and international, cross– culture sisterhood between '
First world' and 'Third world' women, as well as more general problems concerning who has the right to speak for whom, and the relationship between
the critic and their object of

Soyinka 's Ngugi Wa Thiong ' O : An Anthology Of Recent...
Mala Pandurang's Ngugi Wa Thiong 'o: An Anthology of Recent Criticism (2008) is a brilliant specimen of archival research on Ngugi criticism. She
wrote another important book on the postcolonial African fiction, entitled Post–colonial African Fiction: The Crisis of Consciousness (1997). Oliver
Lovesey in The Postcolonial Intellectual: Ngugi wa Thiong'o in Context (2016) has pointed out the multifarious cultural identities of Ngugi. The
biographical reading of Ngugi's life from a Marxist vantage point is the core theme of the text.
It is interesting to note that the spatial concerns in Ngugi's novels have often been undermined by critics. Geography plays an important role in the
postcolonial studies because postcolonialism is closely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These forms of both external and internal experience are based on man's pure intuition:
Space then is a necessary representation of a priori, which serves for the foundation of all external intuitions. We never can imagine or make a
representation to ourselves of the nonв€’existence of space, though we may easily enough think that no objects are found in it. It must, therefore, be
considered as the condition of the possibility of phenomena, and by no means as a determination dependent on them, and is a representation a priori,
which necessarily supplies the basis for external phenomena (Kant 26).
As a matter of fact, the period between Kant's work and the mid twentieth century, observes Upstone, space was cenceptualised as being subsumed by
time. The theorization of a 'linear narrative history' (Upstone 2) dominated the Western philosophy for more than two centuries till the postmodernist
theorists such as Michael Foucault, Edward Soja and Henri Lefebvre liberated space from the subservience to time: 'putting phenomena in a temporal
sequence ... somehow came to be seen as more significant and critically revealing than putting them beside or next to each other in a spatial
configuration' (Soja 168).
In the second half of the twentieth century the study of spatiality gained a prioritized status. In "Of Other Spaces" Foucault declared candidly that 'the
present epoch will perhaps be above all

Impact Of Colonialism On Society 's Role As A Colonizer
There have been many discussions and debate regarding the issues of colonialism. It is hard to argue that colonialism did not have any negative
impacts on people. Those affected by it are divided into two specific categories, that of the colonizers and the colonized. However, there exist people
who belong to neither category but who were just as affected by colonialism as the colonizers and colonized. Peter van Dommelen argues that the
stories of these people as well as an understanding that the simple categorization of colonizers and colonized does not always apply are both
necessary factors in properly understanding the history of a postcolonial era. The following essay aims to elaborate on van Dommelen's argument as
well as discuss pop ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This proved advantageous to the Europeans for it provided them with the moral justification needed to occupy the region as well as prevented the local
people from resisting their rule. (van Dommelen, 2013). It is no surprise that the colonizers would distort history like that. After all, history is written
by the winners and the winners do not want others to know about their flaws or mistakes.
Although it might seem like the colonized people do not have a say in how they are portrayed, it can be said that they at least have a voice. The
same is not true for other groups of people such as peasants and women who are denied an official voice. These people are just as much affected by
colonialism as the colonizers and colonized but their stories are never shared for they are not valued as much in their society. These are the people van
Dommelen refers to when he talks about the alternative histories from below. The people who were a part of the colonial history but who did not
belong in either one of the two categories. The stories of these people was first introduced by a group of students who decided they wanted to share the
history of the individuals whose stories were not shared throughout history. Called the histories of the subaltern groups, the students' goal was "to
highlight the subaltern classes and groups constituting the mass of the labouring population and the intermediate strata in town and country" (van

Rhetorical Analysis Of Jamaica Kincaid
Rhetorical Analysis Essay Jamaica kincaid: rough draft
Jamaica Kincaid successfully convinces her audience that post colonial impact still remains. Through the use of rhetorical appeals such as pathos,
logos and imagery she successfully explains her claim. Through this novel she gives an insightful explanation of what antigua is like from a person
who comes from that area. Kincaid being born in antigua, she gives us a view from her eyes on what antigua is really like while going through post
colonial impact. Kincaid incorporates historical background in text to convince her audience that this impact is holding back antigua from the good
and enjoyable place it can really be. She develops a connection with the audience when she makes them feel like the tourist that is figuring out what's
going on in the background of antigua. This connection serves as pathos as it makes the audience feel the emotion of anger and disappointment for not
knowing what mess is really going on in this small island. This demonstration shows how cultures everywhere are affected by postcolonialism and how
there is a negative global commonality between tourist and natives.
It was very impactful being put in the tourist seat while reading this novel. In the beginning of the story as the tourist i am being exposed to all this
negativity which i came here in the first place to avoid. Kincaid tells us that everyone has new cars here because it is really easy to get loans from the
bank. This left

Bewitched Accurateness In Midnight's Accouchement By...
Salman Rushdie is one of the biographer , who emerged in eighties with a new affectionate of announcement and abstruse innovation. His 'Booking
abettor Prize' win atypical Midnight 's Accouchement is generally associated with adapted categories of arcane allegory , which cover postmodern
fiction, postcolonial novel, absolute novel, and, a lot of importantly, bewitched accurateness . Assorted characters in the adventure are able with
bewitched big agent , and the a lot of important of them is the narrator Saleem Sinai. In this novel, both the bewitched and the astute humankind abide
accompanying and advance a allocation admixture angle of accurateness and annual apropos to the accessible , political, cultural, and armed casework
histories of India and Pakistan, and in this paying absorption bewitched accurateness helps to accomplish the amusing ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the starting of the novel, the access which deals with Saleem's grandfathering in Kashmir is a admirable archetype of aggregate the bewitched and
the complete elements. In one bounce of 1915, Saleem's grandfathering Aadam Aziz hits the arena while praying and three drops of claret abatement
from his adenoids and about–face into rubies; his tears become solid like diamonds. In a bewitched realist text, we acquisition the battle amid the apple
of fantasy and the reality, and anniversary apple works for creating a fabulous apple from the other; in Midnight's Accouchement through the magical,
the astute creates its articulation and makes it heard. Rushdie has acclimated bewitched realist elements by bond the complete and the fantastic, agee
time, and by including allegory and folklore. His abracadabra accurateness has its agent added in the close and cerebral worlds, close conflicts, moment
of uncertainty, the actualization of storytelling of the capricious narrator, and beneath in the beliefs, rituals and illusions of humans as a

Postcolonialism And Post Colonial India
2.1 Introduction
This chapter gives the meaning of postcolonialism and post–colonialism. It introduces the partition of India in order to make a clear understanding
about the subcontinent as independent state and how their leaders struggled to get freedom and independence as post–colonial India. It also displays
the main changes and strategies adopted by the Indian constitution in the economic field to challenge the agricultural difficulties.
Moreover, it sheds light on the Indian culture since independence as well as it concentrates on the following aspects such as education, women, social
structure and religion as important elements in India since the year of independence.
2.2 Understanding Postcolonialism (Post–colonialism)
The phenomenon of post–colonialism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We can see that this term is ambiguous and complex, because of its implications. It is a heterogeneous field where even its spelling provides several
meanings.
Postcolonialism refers to all characteristics of a society or a culture from the beginning of the colonization to the present. Historian Jane Hiddleston
suggested: "postcolonialism is an overly political movement, concerned above all with the empirical, material effects of colonialism and its aftermath."
He also added: "it can be agreed that postcolonialism names a set of political, philosophical or conceptual questions engendered the colonial power and
its aftermath." Whereas, the term "post–colonialism" marks the use of prefix "post" this means "after". Thus, it addresses a historical period meaning
"after colonialism", "after independence". The use of the hyphen in the term creates several

Post-colonialism in The Hunger Games
The success of the books, The Hunger Games trilogy by Suzanne Collins, is remarkable considering that the storyline is of a game in which
children kill each other. The books have reached iconic status in America and is an anomaly in the Young Adult Literature genre in that it has a
female protagonist yet is popular with male and female readers of all ages. Collins wrote the series in response to her fears of the blurred lines
between Reality Shows and televised news events (Blasingame 726). The dystopian world portrayed in the book is rife with Post–colonial themes.
There are many opinions about the proper definition of Post–colonialism even going so far as to argue about whether the prefix "post" should be added
to the word Colonialism. For the sake of clarity, I will use the term Post–colonialism as it is broadly defined in Post–colonial Studies: The Key
Concepts, "the effects of colonization on cultures and societies" (Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin 186). Many critics such as Bhaba, Spivak and Said
define this critical theory as predominately characterized by race; however there are other critics, such as Jessica Langer, who believe that "the
injustices perpetrated by colonialism, in all its forms" (152) should be considered in Post–colonial studies. I will argue that the Post–colonial concepts
of Hybridity, Othering and Imperialism go beyond racial barriers and reverberate throughout the The Hunger Games.
The novel tells the story of a future in which North America has

Analysis Of Postcolonial Politics Of Academic Writing
Politics of data collection and presentation being the topic for this week has readings covering Noxolo (2009), Jazeel & Colin (2009) and Nagar
(2012). What these authors have in common is that, they are all feminist geographers. Generally, Noxolo (1999) tries to answer a question posed in
her article titled my paper, my paper: reflections on the embodies production of postcolonial geographical responsibility in academic writing, what are
the responsibilities of as a postcolonial geographical writer? And in her attempt to answer that, Noxolo refers to three extracts from her texts in her
journey to becoming an academic. Jazeel & McFarlane (2009) in their article titled the limits of responsibility: a postcolonial politics of academic...
One remarkable observation from her first extract is when Noxolo (2009) opines that "Ghanaians make it very clear, though not in an unfriendly way,
that this is not your home, not permanently anyway... I have always taken the unity of all Black people as self–evident but I have found it disturbing
sometimes that on the whole Ghanaians do not" (p.58). Personally, I got amazed to read this because a Ghanaian myself, we as a country in Africa is
one of the few countries that has enviable track record of political stability with its attendant hospitality, sociability and free society. Noxolo being
black like Ghanaians themselves to depict Ghanaians in such light is worrisome because even whites are accorded the same hospitality and how much
same black colour as Noxolo. For me this brings back to multiple identities that a researcher has to struggle with, and coupled with the inherent power
relation between Noxolo and the community in which she found herself. Noxolo also examines materiality in her work. According to her and regarding
postcolonial geography, at least three distinguishable ways of understanding matter is identified. These she labels as the "lived realities of economic
inequality, in terms of the material production of power and in terms of tangible aspects of cultural and geographical practice" (Noxolo, 2009, 60).
Jazeel & McFarlane (2009) in their article titled – the limits of responsibility: a postcolonial politics of

Colonialism, By Lois Tyson Essay
Colonialism, the hunger to expand and conquer causes the world, becomes an endless arena for the fight for dominance and inevitable discrimination
that follows. Even once colonization ends, the natives are not immediately free because of the aftermath that remains in the dust colonization leaves
behind.
One inevitable result of colonization is the establishment of social hierarchy that continues into postcolonial society. In Using Colonialism/
Postcolonialism Critical Theory, Lois Tyson eloquently explains the consequences of colonialism and the different facets of Postcolonialism. First, in a
colonial social hierarchy, unquestionably, the "members of the colonizing culture occupy the top rungs of the ladder" (Tyson 248–9). Meanwhile, those
"who occupy the bottom rungs of the colonialist social ladder whether their inferior status is based on race... or any other cultural factor" are called
subalterns, who are then othered by the colonized, who believe their dominance and authority is validation for their discrimination (Tyson 249).
Through othering, "the savage is... therefore, not considered fully human" (Tyson 248). This mindset does not belong purely to the colonists, but
applies to the colonized as well. To elaborate, Tyson uses the term "colonized consciousness" to describe "subalterns who internalize... the colonialist
belief that those different from a society's dominant culture are inferior" (Tyson 249). Consequently, subalterns look to the dominant class's culture to

Moorish Bath: An Analysis
The concept of postcolonialism reveals an approach, in an effort to offer some closure, for individuals and cultures oppressed by the western white rule.
In an attempt to somehow reestablish the cultural diversity that involves both art and literature, the postcolonial theory of practice came into existence.
The underlying belief that is encompassed within these postcolonial ideals focuses on using very specific and detailed points of reference. These
references involve different factors, specifically including the culture and traditions of indigenous people and customs, practices, and areas of origin in
an effort to somehow give back their actual and true heritage in a way that can be truly understood and appreciated. This thought process ... Show more
This painting addresses two discussions by Marx in terms of feminism and postcolonialism. The Caucasian female is depicted to be nude as she sits
down in a pose that was as appropriately executed as possible. She has a glow about her, as her red hair beautifully contrasts her milky white skin.
During this time, it was a new concept that women were painted in the nude as the girl is in this painting. Caught in a moment of vulnerability, the
woman in the Moorish Bath was considered to be the object of desire to whoever owned this painting as it was essentially compared to the idea of
owning this woman, being able to admire her from afar and fantasize about her as they pleased. However, she was by no means indigenous of the
Moorish people, who were Muslim and from Northern Africa. The fantasy was further enhanced when the viewer notices that she is this Moorish,
exotic setting where she does not belong, giving her a goddess–like quality. As for the other woman, she is depicted as a servant. As she stands near the
shadow, her dark and muscular skin masks any softness about her, making her more of a supporting character in this painting than an object of

Cultural Effects On Colonization
How did the experience of colonization affect those who were colonized while also influencing the colonizers? Colonization requires the interaction
of two different groups and no matter how much one culture or group may be the more powerful both end up picking up traits of one another. How
were colonial powers able to gain control over so large a portion of the non–Western world? Colonial powers were assisted in gaining control over large
portions of the non–Western world through more advanced technologies, disease and other influences. What traces have been left by colonial
education, science and technology in postcolonial societies? Architectural influences, religions, alternative farming methods, language changes and
many other aspects left behind in a postcolonial society. How do these traces affect decisions about development and modernization in post–colonies?
The influences left behind in these societies often leads to entirely different leaders being left behind to rule the regions. What were the forms of
resistance against colonial control? Colonial control was resisted through force, political influence, social influence and attempts to hold onto original
cultural ideas. How did colonial education and language influence the culture and identity of the colonized? Colonizers prefer to bend the colonized to
their will and this will often lead to the colonizer introducing their language into the colonized culture. Many colonized countries will lose

What Is The Relationship Between Prospero And Caliban
Abstract: Samuel Selvon is one of the most popular and internationally acclaimed contemporary postcolonial Caribbean writers. He is placed apart
by the sheer range and variety of his published works, which include ten novels and a collection of short stories (Ways of Sunlight), a great number
of short stories, poems and essays to newspapers and magazines and several plays for radio and television. He is also renowned because he became
one of the founding fathers of the Caribbean literacy renaissance of the 1950s. As a postcolonial writer, Selvon seeks to illustrate the relationship
between the colonizer and the colonized. Homi K Bhabha, a contemporary postcolonial critic, employs some postcolonial notions like 'hybridity,'
'unhomeliness,' 'creolization,'... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From their writings and from the real experience of the 'New World' they created their own paradigms. Many writers from the region challenge
Shakespeare's depiction of Caliban as bestial and brutal, and reclaim his image as an icon of Caribbean self–assertion although Shakespeare did not
explicitly state that the setting of The Tempest is the Caribbean. The power relations between Prospero and Caliban are suggestive of the master–slave
relationship found on the plantation. In this context, the Caliban–Prospero relationship leads to the larger issue of language. Caliban is Prospero's
slave. Prospero also claims that Caliban did not know the use of language until he was taught by his master. Thus, the only way Caliban can
express himself is within the parameters of his master's tongue. Miranda obviously believes it to be a great honour and reminds Caliban how she
"took pains to make thee [him] speak" (The Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2, 16) and dismisses Caliban's previous way of speaking as sheer 'gabble'.
However, Caliban himself obviously takes a very different view and in a memorable quote that is often cited by anti–colonialist critics he tells them:
"You taught me language; and my profit on't is I know how to curse" (The Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2, 16). He goes on further to wish "the red plague
rid you for teaching me your language!" (The Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2, 16) clearly not sharing Miranda's view that she has done him a great
service. George Lamming, in his collection of essays The Pleasures of Exile (1960), argues for this reason that Caliban is imprisoned in Prospero's
language: "There is no escape from the prison of Prospero's gift. This is the first important achievement of the colonizing process" (The Pleasures of
Exile, 109). He

Imperialism: Colonialism And Postcolonialism
Postcolonialism foregrounds the issue of racial and cultural difference. The understanding of the term "postcolonialism" should not be limited to the
period of time after colonialism, despite the fact that most postcolonial theories have emerged after the end of colonization. It grounds on the
assumption that colonial writings are racialized. The work that marked the beginning of postcolonial studies is Edward Said's Orientalism, which
identifies the West's ideological perception of the East as the inferior Other. This approach challenges the colonial modes of knowing and
representation during the colonial era and addresses the necessity and possibility to oppose these mis–representation. It also highlights the possibility of
re–writing... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the literary context, postcolonial critics study texts that are produced by writers from countries with a history of colonialism and texts that are
produced by the writers that have migrated from countries with a history of colonialism and re–read texts that are produced during colonialism. Many
postcolonial writers from those once–colonized nations write in the language of their once–colonizer and attempt to appropriate the language by
deliberately playing with and remolding it in the way that it displays the style and features of their own languages. In this way, these texts claim their
"power" and agency over the colonizer's language which was once forced upon them. Attempting to write back to the centre and challenge colonial
discourses from the colonized margins, these literary texts also negotiate new ways of perception that contest colonial domination and give voice to the
colonized and once–colonized people. In their writings, postcolonial writers also employ detailed descriptions of the native people, places and
indigenous cultures in order to counteract the stereotypical depiction, inaccuracies and generalization enforced by the colonizers in their colonial

Colonial And Postcolonialism: Terminology, And Perspectives
Chapter 1
INTRODUCING POSTCOLONIAL THEORIES
There had been gradual shifts and developments taking place in the interpretation of bible. Postcolonial and other contextual readings were
developed to seek the liberation for the people who were in struggle. Postcolonial reading seeks the colonial and anticolonial policies in the bible. In
this thesis, the exilic prophet second Isaiah's monotheistic claims were read in in a postcolonial optic. As an exilic prophet, claims of Second Isaiah
were mainly from the colonial period and he was a victim of colonization. Postcolonialism and its theoretical frames were discussed in this chapter.
1.1.Postcolonialism: Terminology and theories
1.1.1.Terminology
Postcolonialism is an investigative disciplinary in literal and cultural studies. The term postcolonial suggests an optimistic stand point relative to the
project of political, military, economic, pedagogical and ideological domination over one culture or people by another. It also suggests that the colonial
period has ended ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Discourse is related with power. Discourses are more than ways of thinking and producing meaning. They constitute the nature of the body,
unconscious and conscious mind and emotional life of the subjects they seek to govern. We can thus refer colonial discourses as a system of
producing knowledge about the relationship between the colonizer, colonized and the colonizing process through power, language and other such
discursive practices. The perceptions of the colonists and the colonized are often encoded in colonial discourses and in other art forms. Postcolonial
studies therefore inevitably engage in a critical scrutiny of such discourses and art forms emanating from colonial relationships. Postcolonial discourses
enable interpreters to expose colonial realty and help to focus upon the imperializing practices involved in the creation of a

A Postcolonialist Analysis of the Tragedy of Othello
A Postcolonialist Analysis of the Tragedy of Othello
Syllabus
1. Introduction Different people have different opinions towards the tragedy of Othello. Personally, I am deeply impressed by the racial bias in this
tragedy; therefore I try to analyze it from the view of postcolonialism. As you know, the tragedy ofOthello has a close relation with Othello's blackness
identity. In the play, the viperous Iago makes full use of Othello's special Moor identity, which is different from the dominant society, to enrage
Desdemona's father, Brabantio. Then Iago also finds ways to make Othello himself more and more conscious of his blackness identity which result in
his self–humiliation. Consequently, love between Othello and Desdemona is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Shakespeare era Britain has a tight hegemonic control over black people. Black people are treated as inferior grades, without positions in all aspects
of the society, and they have been deprived of their freedom and dignity. We can see clearly that Othello lives in the society which is dominated by
the white people. He is severely discriminated by most of the people despite of his great contribution to the state. All kinds of bias that occurred to
him are really unfair yet unavoidable. Being a Moor, he is naturally regarded as a horrible devil or necromancer.
3) Othello: victim of the colonial society In the period from the late sixteenth through the middle of the seventeenth century, one finds the otherness of
the black persona increasingly transformed into a truth. It is true that Othello has strived for many years to squash into the upper–class; however, the
fact of being a Moor cannot be erased in any case. Though he falls in the pretty Desdemona, he dares not express his love to her because of his
special identity. It is Desdemona, who gives him the hint that he can win her love. His union with Desdemona seems that he has got paid to some
extent in this white society. Nevertheless, things will change as the play goes on. It is Iago who most adroitly pushes Othello towards the rediscovery
of his black origins. Iago began his revenge plan towards Othello with the distortion of Cassio's conversation with Desdemona. Involving in Iago's
elaborate

The Stereotypes Of Colonialism And Postcolonialism
Postcolonialism is an academic discipline featuring methods of intellectual discourse that analyze, explain, and respond to the cultural legacies of
colonialism and imperialism, to the human consequences of controlling a country and establishing settlers for the economic exploitation of the native
people and their land.
According to Edward said, Said's book Orientalism (1978) is considered the foundational work on which post–colonial theory developed. Said, then,
could be considered the 'father' of postcolonialism. His work, including Orientalism, focused on exploring and questioning the artificial boundaries, or
the stereotypical boundaries, that have been drawn between the East and West, specifically as they relate to the Middle East. In doing this, Said
focused specifically on our stereotypes of Middle Easterners, however, these same ideas can be extended to include ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Postcolonial is related to the colonize , and can be affected to the economic system , politic, and also the cultural the country it self, and it can't be
separated with the other aspects. Through the theories, the condition of the internal in the movie is full of despair and rudeless. And it can be applied
in this movie exactly.
Subaltern sub theory Subaltern is a part of the theory above, and can be define as a condition internal and external, and Gayati spivak assumed that, the
condition is between black people and white skin, they can't be unite as well, they make their own assumption, for instance, white skin is more better
than black skin. The level of strata is more determine than everything, but Spivak wants the condition is there is no marginality, and being normal . so
the movie also can be applied with this sub theory because the internal elements is full of slavery and torture of black people, with white

Theme Of The God Of Small Things
The Post–colonial experiences have made the relationships of families much more difficult due to the fragmentation throughout the country. Children
and adults lost their home and the struggles and troublesome difficulties they had in their homeland. The development of the colonizer's land, made
them to become confused with where their loyalties should lie. In Arundhati Roy's novel 'The God of Small Things', the Kochamma family is a family of
tragic people. It is their own cultural traditions that lead them to the tragedy. However, the theme within the novel is of the people oppressed by the
colonisation of India especially by England, and how a society is consumed with prejudices based on class or caste and color that begin to turn on
itself, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hybridity occurs as a result of movements of cultural suppression, as when the colonial power invades to over rule political and economic control,
or when settler disposed people and forced them to assimilate to new social patterns. The impression that Sophie left for herself is loved from the
beginning. The entire family's behavior is peculiar especially in Baby Kochamma's. In the novel there are different levels of meaning other than the
peripheral one. It means that people are forced into a unique pattern of thinking and practice which is enabled by the public school education
established by the colonial rulers. Roy herself is a representative of such a phenomenon. The post colonial mind is a fragmented post–war ground; a
war that's won and lost. As said by Post colonial writer Edward Said who argued that the West had always dominated the East for more than 2,000
years. Europe had dominated Asia politically and so completely that even the Western texts were based on the Eastern subjects and even most Western
scholars could not recognize that it is a fact that the characters in the novel have adopted the Western ways to suit their needs they remain centered on
the power structures and their

The Postcolonial Of Amitav Ghosh 's Novels Let Us Begin
To understand the postcolonial readings of Amitav Ghosh's novels let us begin by understanding what postcolonial literature is. In this chapter, I will
try to understand what the postcolonial literature does by theorizing the entire process of imperialization or colonization. In the following chapters I
will try to understand the postcolonial perspective in Amitav Ghosh's fictional works.
As Peter Barry observes in his Beginning Theory, postcolonial criticism emerged as a distinct category only in the 1990s. It has gained prominence
through the influential books like In Other Worlds (Gayatri Spivak, 1987), the Empire Writes Back (Bill Ashcroft, 1989), Nation and Narration (Homi
Bhabha, 1990) and Culture and Imperialism (Edward Said, 1993). A recurring feature of postcolonial writing is the attempt to identify the differential
cultural identity. As oppositional discourse, postcolonial literature seeks to undermine the European discursive tradition that has promoted the entire
process of imperialization. The postcolonial theory challenges system of conceptualizations and representation that justify and help maintain imperialist
power during and after the age of colonization. As a means to achieve this end, the postcolonial theory seeks to establish a differential identity in an
impulse to decolonize the mind. It challenges and resists the Western cultural hegemony. Over the last few decades postcolonial theory has evolved
through different stages to encompass a variety of

Theories Of Bumi Manusia
This chapter discusses the review of theories related to this study. It describes the explanation of literature, novel and literary theories. Moreover, it
explains briefly about Bumi Manusia (This Earth of Mankind) novel and the theoritical framework.
2.1 Review on Literature 2.1.1 Definition Literature has been defined in many ways by the experts from time to time. Klarer (2004: 1) stated that in
most cases, literature is referred to as the entirety of written expression, with the restriction that not every written document can be categorized as
literature in the more exact sense of the word. The definitions, therefore, usually include additional adjectives such as "aesthetic" or "artistic" to
distinguish literary works from texts of everyday use such as telephone books, newspapers, legal documents, and scholarly writings While Eagleton
(1996, p. 5) defined literature as an 'imaginative' writing in the sense of fiction – writing which is not literally true. But even the briefest reflection on
what people commonly include under the heading of literature suggests that this will not do. The criteria of what counted as literature, in other words,
were frankly ideological: writing which embodied thevalues and 'tastes' of a particular social class qualified as literature, whereas a street ... Show more
According to Roberts and Jacobs, prose are classified into two, fiction prose and nonfiction prose. Fiction, originally meant anything made up or shaped,
is prose stories based on the author's creation and imagination which includes myths, parables, novels, romances, and short stories. On the other hand,
nonfiction is literary works which describe or interpret facts, present judgments, and opinions. It consists of news reports, essays, newspapers,
encyclopedias, broadcast media, films, and many other forms of communication (1995,

Feminism And Postcolonialism In The Color Purple By Alice...
The paper explores the idea that gender is culturally and socially constructed, a thought that there is clear evidence of in the novel. Much has been said
about Alice Walker's epistolary novel, The Color Purple, and its feminist dimension; nevertheless, this characteristic represents only the tip of the
iceberg, the eye–striking feature, as this book is also a representative example of postcolonial literature. By illustrating Afro–American life both of the
colonized and of the colonizers, the narrative becomes the literature of otherness and resistance, built up around a triple oppression (cultural, racial and
sexual) and around the inner evolution of culture.. There has been much arguing among postcolonial scholars regarding the structure... Show more
Undoubtedly, Celie is the object of degrading and diminishing comments and attitudes by her husband. Symptomatically, Celie is also exposed to
sexual abuse. Moreover, she is deprived of her earlier so close contacts to her sister Nettie. Finally, as a poor girl Celie has no money and is thus
dependent on Mr _____. His questioning of his wife's decision to leave him for Memphis can be seen as an attempt from his side to frighten her:
"Nothing up North for nobody like you... He laugh. Maybe somebody let you work on they railroad" (Walker 186). Obviously, he resolutely tells his
wife what she should do and with this utterance he seems to demand Celie to stay with him. By commanding his wish to have her at home, the
patriarchal order can be maintained. Furthermore, his declarations about the importance of beating an obedient wife who does not see her husband as
an authority can be seen as a way of using threatening or frightening practises with the purpose to maintain the patriarchal system. In one of her letters
to her sister Nettie, Celie describes the difficulties with the male sovereignty with these words: "Well, you know wherever there's a man, there's
trouble" (Walker 186). Certainly, it illuminates well her experience of patriarchal oppression and subordination. Celie opposes her husband's critical
views about her decision to leave by responding "The jail you plan

Can The Subaltern Speak Essay
Malak Alssaghir Mahmoud Hijazi
ENG–Post Colonialism Mr. Lutfi Hmadi
LU 5th branch / Faculty of Arts and Human Science
March , 2017
Power , Desire and Interest in Spivak's
"Can the Subaltern Speak ?"
In literature, postcolonialism is the study of post–colonial theories that ask the reader to notice the effects of colonization or the extension power into
other nations, have on people. In post–colonial theories, the term subaltern is the nickname to populations which are far cry from the power of the
colony that has hegemonic on social, political and geographical prevalence.
What is subaltern?
According to a dictionary, synonyms of the term subaltern ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Can The Subaltern Speak?
Spivak's essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" is originally published in Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg's Marxist and the Interpretation of
culture(1988).(3)
In this essay, Spivak encourages and motivates but at the same time, she criticizes the effort of the subaltern studies group in establishing a voice. As
a feminist, Spivak wants to give a voice for those who used to be silent. She describes how colonists prove their well–intentioned in India
differentiating between British civilization and Indian "Barbarism".
In her work, she joins her disapproval of the abuse against women, non–Europeans, and the poor by the wealthy west. Spivak faces in her essay
"epistemic violence" done by sermons of knowledge that shape the whole world. This epistemic violence is like a curse over subjects of discourses. It
is similar to Edward Said idea(1935–2003; public intellectual and founder of the academic field of postcolonial studies).(4)His idea of otherness in
"Orientalism" display the bigotry of western scholars who write in a biased way about the East in order to create "

Criticism Of Post Colonialism
Postcolonialism as an individual category was emerged in the 1980s, which is used to represent the period during aftermath of Western
colonialism. It is also used to describe a study that rethink and reclaim the history of people subordinated under various forms of imperialism.
Postcolonialism, as Wisker points out, is the "Recuperation of history from point of view of the ignored, silenced, other... people whose lives have
been erased, ignored and hidden from history" (Wisker 54). It starts for, as Frantz Fanon said, to "find a voice and an identity is to reclaim their own
past" (ptd. in Peter, 193), because for centuries European colonising will have belittled or even erased the history and culture of the colonised people,
and regarded them as uncivilized savage. Then, as Peter Barry points out, the postcolonial tends to "erode the colonialist ideology by which that past
had been devalued" (Peter 193).
Postcolonialism pays attention to various complex relationships, for example, the reality and symbolism, centrality and marginality, the colonizer and
the colonized, metropolitan center and its colonial lands, besides the relations between self and 'other'. It deals with both literatures from the colonizer
and the colonized, they observed their colonial rules and also the colonized's literature to "write back" to the hegemony. To sum up Peter Barry's views
of postcolonial criticism, there are four main characteristics. The first one is to read literature work with the

Post-Colonialism And Postcolonialism

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Post-Colonialism And Postcolonialism