The Pros And Cons Of Dongji

The Pros And Cons Of Dongji
4. Pros and cons of these projects
We are going to analyze these two projects according to below mentioned aspects.
Environmental aspect
Luxi was situated in east China, fertile soil, river, irrigation system, sunlight which suitable for fast – growth, high – yield poplar
trees, however, Dongji was situated in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the northeast China, timber shortage,
continues desertification, windy, semi – arid. However, Dongji is located in inland, where demand is more than supply. That is
why they could sell the product. They wanted to create ecological system with establishing Forestry Park, tree plantation which
would affect tourism as well. In order to reduce desertification, increasing forestry land was the prime goal of Dongji
government. We can say that in terms of natural conditions Luxi's advantages overweight those Dongji.
Political aspect
In terms of political and partnership aspect, Luxi's government support and coordination were critical for going forward with an
investment since various local government agencies owned large parcels of poplar tree farms. The negotiations were slow in
Luxi, since they didn't talk to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization conducted a 13–year–long forestry development research before they
achieved planting techniques. So in response to Green Wood's interest in poplar tree assets, the company offered 82,644 mu for
purchase. Green Wood had a prudent strategy for Dongji; it would concentrate on deploying local hybrid varietals testing the
suitability of its home–grown elite plant materials and then, due to low annual growth rate in Dongji, it would adopt a 10 year
rotation scheme. It would also capitalize on Lideng's expertise in planting and crop care
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Weyerhaeuser Sustainable Forestry
In this report, I have focused on the sustainable forestry claims made by Weyerhaeuser Company. In recent time, Sustainable
Forestry has been one of the most significant drivers of change in the Forestry Industry. Sustainable Forestry is the practice of
harvesting and replanting forest areas in such a way so as to maintain and increase the long–term health of the forests while
providing economic, environmental, cultural, and social opportunities for present generations without compromising the needs of
the future generations.
CLAIM: Sustainable Forestry, Addresses Climate Change and Provides Carbon Neutral Biomass
Weyerhaeuser claims that it practices sustainable forestry practices and that it reforests nearly 98 percent of harvested acres ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lippke, B., Wilson, J., Perez–Garcia, J., Bowyer, J., & Meil, J. (2004). CORRIM: Life–cycle environmental performance of
renewable building materials. Forest Products Journal, 54(6), 8–19. Retrieved from http://proxy.library.brocku.ca/login?
url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/214627686?accountid=9744
2. Bergman, R. D. (2012). The effect on climate change impacts for building products when including the timing of greenhouse
gas emissions (Order No. 3513011). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1027130036). Retrieved from
http://proxy.library.brocku.ca/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1027130036?accountid=9744
3. Bergman, R., Puettmann, M., Taylor, A., & Skog, K. E. (2014). The carbon impacts of wood products. Forest Products
Journal, 64(7), 220–231. Retrieved from http://proxy.library.brocku.ca/login?
url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1635231746?accountid=9744
4. Tikina, A. (2006). Assessing the effectiveness of forest certification in the united states pacific northwest and british columbia,
canada (Order No. NR20111). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (304904386). Retrieved from

Mitigation Of The Challenges Of Forestry Education
MITIGATION OF THE CHALLENGES OF FORESTRY EDUCATION
Students, parents, guardians, individuals and agencies invest in educationon the understanding that it brings enlightenment and
helps theindividuals to develop profitable skills needed for development. On thisnote, the Nigerian national policy on education
had aimed to inculcatenational consciousness and the right type of values and attitudes for thesurvival of the individual and the
Nigerian society as a whole; to train themind to understand its environment and the world around; and toencourage the
acquisition of appropriate skills, abilities and competencies needed to live in and contribute to development (Okeke, 1981;
2001). Theforestry profession has enormous potential for satisfying theaforementioned needs and the craze for non–forestry jobs
is unjustified inlight of Nigerian problems and priorities.Akande and Larinde (2004) depicted a dim future for forestry education
inNigeria unless some reform agenda are put in place. Their survey showedthat the schools demonstrating significant
aggressiveness in student recruitment efforts have employed defined strategies ofbroadening their programme base while
establishing specialized schoolsto administer the programmes. This brought in greater dynamism andcredibility as students can
identify better with programmes adopting environment, rural development, toxicology, ecotourism, horticulture, landscaping etc
as market attractants rather than when institutions stick to orthodox

Putting an End to Deforestation
Putting an end to deforestation has been a political goal for many years. The forest provides us with essential materials that we
need for our everyday lives, like paper. It is a source of renewable energy for some people and it has become one of their main
sources for food and living. Wood is also still the main source today in heating and cooking. Demand for wood products is
increasing in these past few years. Trade in forest products increased by 15 percent in 2010. (Global Forest Product Trade Slows
on Weak Demand From China, EU, USDA) It contributes to more than 4% of global trade. The restoration of the forests would
provide economic benefits up to $80 million. Moreover, deforestation can also result in species extinction because the habitats of
animals are destroyed by wildfires. Most importantly, it affects us as humans because the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is
lessened. Therefore, deforestation is a global major problem because it increases the chances of global warming occurring and
forests should be sustained because they benefit the economy and the environment by providing us essential materials, habitats
for animals, and the basic necessity we need in order to survive, oxygen. Firstly, there are many factors that contribute to
deforestation, the main one being for agricultural reasons. People would cut down trees to make land for homing and land
available to farmers that want to grow crops. As cities are growing and more buildings are being built, more

The Financial Success Of A Company 's Social And Economic...
The biggest opposition to the protection of these wilderness areas is logging companies, who profit off clear cutting timber as
quickly and efficiently as possible. These companies then sell off the deforested land and move their operations elsewhere. Clear
cutting forests can have some benefits in specific instances, such as preventing the spread of disease or saving millions of dollars
in Wildland firefighting costs ("Biodiversity and the Cost of Clear Cutting" – Musicians for Forests, 2015). Unfortunately, these
timber clear cutting operations come at a cost to taxpayers, local ecosystems, and to loggers themselves. I can acknowledge that
the financial success of a company has social and economic benefits within human society. However, I believe that allowing a
company to profit at the expense of our ecological environment, degrading the very foundations of terrestrial life, is antithetical
to ethical behavior and human prosperity.
The following section outlines the economic, ecological, and social costs of clear–cut logging in the Northern United States. I
believe that the costs far outweigh any good that politicians, lobbyists, or logging companies could argue come from aggressive
clear–cut logging operations. In 1993 logging on public lands in the northern Rockies (Region One) by the United States Forest
Service cost the government between $100 million and $200 million more than the amount received for the sale of the timber
(Bass, 1996). Compare this with the $2.5

Why Did The British-Colombia
British–Columbia (B.C.) has four main industries that thrive in its economy: mining, agriculture, fishing and forestry. Forestry is
still considered B.C.'s number one industry. In the past, this industry required a lot of strength and man–laboured activity. They
used saws and axes to cut down the trees. It was only later that the donkey engine and the first electrical saw, the Swede Saw
were invented. Horses, oxen and trains transported trees. Forestry was very important to the First Nation cultures. Their houses,
boats and clothing were made from cedar found on the Island. Because felling and hauling one tree was extremely laborious,
loggers wanted the biggest trees. This technique was extremely wasteful, because they left behind the smaller

Essay Deforestation of The Pacific Northwest
Deforestation of the Pacific Northwest
One of the most controversial areas associated with the global problem of deforestation is the Pacific Northwest of the US. The
problem can be broken down into several issues that all tie in together. These include the near extinction of the Northern Spotted
Owl, the "business" aspect of logging versus the environmental aspect, and the role of the government in this problem. In 1973,
the Endangered Species Act (ESA) was passed. This enabled the
Dept. of Commerce and Dept. of the Interior to place species, either land or marine, as either threatened or endangered. Under
these terms species could no longer be hunted, collected, injured or killed. The northern spotted owl falls ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Seeing an animal in an artificial environment can certainly not be compared to witnessing an animal in its' natural environment.
In my opinion, there can be no price put on the existence of any species on this planet, plant or animal. To think that money has
become such an influential part of our society that companies are willing to sacrifice a species in order to make a profit. The
northern spotted owl is only one of many species that are on the verge of extinction do to deforestation. Another important
consideration in the deforestation of the Pacific North Coast is logging as a business. The investors of a publicly owned company
sole concern is the growth of their stock, and this for lumber companies is accomplished by harvesting trees in the most efficient
and cost effective manner. Clear–cutting old growth is the best way to accomplish this. This approach leads to quick financial
gain but is not best for the long–term or the trees. It is the companies that use this process that is the most unfavorable to the
forests and contributes to deforestation the most. Another approach uses wise management techniques to maximize the long–
term profit of the forest. Guest speaker Jerry
Howe would fall into this category as a private land owner. As a land
"steward," he believes he can do what he wants with his land. The term
"steward" is used

Company Analysis: Harfam Makmur Jaya, Situbondo Indonesia
The framework is derived from literature of foresty invesment performance measurement as well as from the case study findings.
Case study has been implemented in Harfam Makmur Jaya, Situbondo Indonesia, a forestacy company investment.
III. Finding and Discussion
3.1. Company Profile
Case study conducted in Harfam, a company engaged in the planting of forests since 2004. Starting from the high attention of
Harfam founders to the conservation of nature and natural empowerment that can provide economic value. Soils and Critical
land planted tested with teak seedlings and Jabon. Further, it is developed by means of recovery plants. Soil quality becomes
better. Land becomes green again.
Harfam in collaboration with field forestry experts and forest dwellers do maintain forest, also formulate suitable fertilizer for
managed plants. Crop has better quality, the failure rate is small and the sale value of forest products is very high which can
provide welfare for the owner and support village community. Harfam also does research on plant seeds. ... Show more content
Forest planting is done through a system of intercropping with other productive plants. Harfam manages forests, are not wholly
owned by Harfam. Forests also owned by individual owners who invest in his own land.
Harfam has vision to be the biggest environment exploiter and preserver company in the world. The mission of Harfam is:
a. Educating people about the importance of managing forest land into economic value and foster a desire to invest as well as to
grow awareness of the value of benefits that can provide shared prosperity.
b. Synergy with reputable institutions in related

The Yaak Valley Of Northern Montana
The Yaak Valley of northern Montana is one of the most biodiverse ecosystems in the continental United States. It has cores of
roadless wilderness that have been untouched by human activity and I believe that they should remain as such. The biodiverse
ecosystem of the Yaak Valley benefits its human and non–human inhabitants and we should protect it from the detrimental
effects of human activities, especially the violent changes caused by large timber companies and their practice of clear–cut
logging. There are sustainable and pragmatic solutions that would address both human needs and protecting the biodiverse
ecosystem.
The Yaak Valley of Northern Montana is one of the most biodiverse areas of untouched wilderness in the contiguous United
States. This is due in large part to its geographical position between the temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest and the
dry and mountainous Northern Rockies. According to the Yaak Valley Forest Council, the valley is home to a variety of rare
species including but not limited to: inland redband rainbow trout, bull trout, wolverine, lynx, fisher, coeur d 'alene salamander,
great gray owl, westslope cutthroat trout, flammulated owl, short–head sculpin, boreal owl, peregrine falcon, wavy moonwort,
kidney–leaved violet, bog birch, and Grizzly Bears (About The Yaak, 2015). The Yaak Valley holds a unique biodiversity and
supports a rich and thriving ecosystem. Once this biodiversity is lost, we could not recover this ecosystem and

North Asian Country : A Centralized Country Ruled By...
The Governances' Transformation
Despite the difference in the political system, both countries, initially, was a centralized country ruled by authoritarian
government which had full control over the forest resources. Along with the unfair distributed benefit and economic
development orientation, the forest resources become heavily abused by the governments and the local forest communities which
drastically accelerate the rate of the deforestation (Resosudarmo and Yusuf 2006; Sunderlin and Huynh 2005). Sunderlin and
Huynh (2005) claim that Vietnam held the title of the Southeast Asian country with the fastest rate of deforestation within 1976–
1990 with average forest cover loss rate at 185,000 hectares per year. The turning point in Vietnam forestry, however, happened
in 1992, as the forest coverage at only approximately 20–30 % of total land area, when the government imposed the National
Reforestation Program followed by the Log Export Ban (1992) and Forest Land Allocation policy (1994). Thus, this event
transformed the forest resources control to be a more decentralized local empowerment with significant state control (Yasmi et
al. 2010). This transformation also experienced by Indonesia as the "reformation" revolution occurred in 1997, when the East
Asian economic crisis wrecked Indonesian economy, which commanded decentralization in Indonesia governance. As the
response to this revolution, the Basic Forestry Law (1967) replenished by the Indonesia Forestry Act in 1999

Causes Of Deforestation In Canada
Deforestation Have you ever been in on a trip and saw construction workers cutting down trees? That is called deforestation.
Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests that makes more land available to us humans to use.
Due to deforestation about 1.5 acres if trees are cut every single second, and over half of the world's original forests have all
been cut down. Luckily Canada is only about 0.4% of the global rate of deforestation, but that is still about 238 square meters of
trees cut down every single second.
The good part about Canada is that it's deforestation rate has decreased since the 1990s. Canada implemented 2 laws that helped
decrease Canada's rate of deforestation. ! is the forestry act of 1993 which was made to promote forest protection from forestry.
The second law is the Crown Forest Sustainability act of 1994 that allows the minister to conduct an audit every 5 years to check
for the forests safety. Canada's lowest amount on deforestation in 2005 which only 0.02% of all Canada's trees affected by
deforestation. Currently Canada is at about 34.2 thousand hectares of deforestation every year. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to World Wildlife over half of the illegally removed from forests are used to make fuel. Some other causes of
deforestation are for urbanization, timber products, consumer products agriculture business, industrial logging, hydroelectric
dams and road building are the main causes of deforestation.. According to NASA if we continue at this rate it would only take
as little as 100 years for all the rainforests around the world to be cut

Human Environmental Studies
Human Environmental Studies
Article Review
Sulaiman Jalloh
3064031
University of Winnipeg
It is irrefutable that we are living through the most productive era of industrialization and capitalism. The mass production of
goods that industrialization has afforded society has made accessibility to citizens increasingly easier. While life has become
significantly simpler since the majority of the human population has adopted a sedentary way of living all aspects of life
supporting systems have suffered such as the biosphere, atmosphere, geosphere and hydrosphere (Miller et al 2015). In the first
section of my paper I will analyze the benefits and burdens of selection and clear cutting. Further I will examine ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
(1990, March 20). Natural Forest Management with Strip Cutting. Retrieved from
dddddhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/u6010e/u6010e06.htm#natural%20forest%20management%20with%20strip%20clear%20cutting
Butler, R. A. (2015, February 18). Selective logging causes long–term changes to forest structure. Retrieved from
https://news.mongabay.com/2015/02/selective–logging–causes–long–term–changes–to–forest–structure/ timber certification
http://www.fao.org/docrep/v7850e/V7850e04.htm
Ghazali, B. H. (1994, January 1). Timber certification: an overview. Retrieved from
http://www.fao.org/docrep/v7850e/V7850e04.htm)
Environment and Climate Change Canada. (April 11, 2016). Retrieved from https://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?
lang=En&n=E826924C–1 accessed (March 11, 2017
Product Certification Canada. (November 1, 2011) Retrieved from http://www.fpac.ca/wp–
content/uploads/Cert_SimAch_2012YearEnd.pdf. Accessed on march 11, 2017 Miller, T. G., Hackett, D., & Wolfe, C. E. (2015).
Living in the Environment . Toronto: nelson

Arcata Community Forestry
Managing a forest with and for the people: Community forestry and environmental public participation in the case of Arcata,
California
1. Introduction
All across the United States, historical patterns of resource extraction have led to degradation and fragmentation of forest
landscapes. When a community depends on those resources, a local crisis can emerge from this process of degradation. To
reverse this scenario, community forestry became a popular approach in the 1970s as a modern policy and practice (Baker and
Kusel, 2003). This model was based on a simple assumption: as local people already use and rely on the natural resources of
their forests, they are in the best position to conserve them. However, recent literature has show that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This forest is a great recreational attraction, both for locals and for tourist, due to its extensive trail systems which supports
hiking, bicycling, and horseback riding. The city is also home of the Humboldt State University, and the community forest is a
place where students can achieve or expand their ecological knowledge and awareness. The Arcata Community Forest was
dedicated in 1955, being the first municipally–owned forest in California, with the purpose of being managed to the benefits of
all citizens with attention to to watershed, recreation, timber production and other values (Andre,

Controversy Over The Logging Industry In Canada
In Canada, there are many controversies over the logging industry. Logging is one of Canada's major industries, as it supplies
countries all over the world. Wood is one of the most used materials in society. There are many reasons why logging is
controversial. People all across the world rely on Canada for it's logging industry to build buildings, houses, and is used in
everyday materials. However trees benefit the ecosystem in Canada and all across the world. Trees can be used in our
environment to benefit the forestry around us.
Trees are known to be the biggest plant in the world. In Canada, a vast majority of trees grow in the West Coast Forest Region.
This region is the most productive region for logging in Canada. The Boreal Forest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although cutting down trees may harm our environment, there are many reasons why cutting trees in Canada is a good idea and
can benefit our economy. Some of those reasons include Canada generates billions of dollars each year through the logging
industry. Deforestation makes a solid income source for the government of Canada. Over 190 658 people are able to work jobs
because of the industry. Many people are currently dependent on logging to be able to work. The logging industry, also generates
billions of dollars due to pulp and paper. There are over 50 mills in Canada for people to be able to work at. Another reason why
Canada should be cutting trees down is due to the safety of others. When trees become old and die, they become unstable and
cannot handle natural problems like wind, and storms. This can turn into a hazard to the general public. The trees are able to fall
easily and can possibly hurt a pedestrian near by. Diseased trees are also a reason why Canada should be cutting down their trees.
If diseased trees are not treated properly, the disease can spread to other trees which then are not able to be used for production.
Many people challenge deforestation , the logging industry, and pulp and paper in Canada. However Canada generates billions of
dollars, and people are highly dependent on materials produced from wood and would be hard to replace due to the reliance we
have on the logging

The Importance Of Natural Resources
In today's fast pace society, we often do not pay much attention to the amount of natural resources we are consuming, and the
limited supply of these resources that we will have in the future. The depletion of natural resources is the consumption of a
resource faster than it can be replenished. All human beings depend on these natural resources for our basic needs. People often
take for granted the abundance of natural resources we have as of now, and use them at an unsustainable rate, putting many of
these resources on the verge of becoming depleted. It is reported that humans are using 30% more resources than the Earth can
replenish each year, thus leading to deforestation, degraded soils and land, and polluted air and water. Our current world
population is 7.2 billion and growing at a rapid rate of about 1.14% per year, however the earth's natural resources are only
sustainable for 2 billion at the current demand. As populations grow, consumption increases at a faster rate than technology can
find new ways to produce natural resources, and the problem gradually gets worse. At the way humans are living, we are using
2–3 times more of the earth's natural resources than what is sustainable. Our ecological footprint is 1 ½ times the earth's ability
to provide the resources needed to meet this level of consumption. When humans need employment, food, or ways to raise their
standard of living, they often look to practices such as deforestation and burning of fossil fuels as easy

Loggers Culture
Creating a Culture of Renewal: Saving Jobs, Saving Resources The topic of forest management in America has been one of the
most controversial and long–standing issues between loggers, environmentalist groups, and forestry workers. All parties have
several valid arguments regarding their position on forest management politics and how they have impacted the world's forests
and ecosystems. The question is how can these groups come to a compromise that will satisfy all parties involved?
Loggers have a long and proud history of working in the woods. They provide lumber for building homes and products for
everyday consumers. In fact, many loggers have several generations in their family lineage that have worked in the woods, but
due to newer laws ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the event that a fire does start, suppression activities would be carried out faster and more effectively than those areas that
have gone without treatment. Proof of this can be found within a study that was done after the 2002 Biscuit Fire that happened
within the Kalmiopsis Wilderness in Southern Oregon. Scientists on a research team studied the damage of the fire in areas that
had previously been treated by having ground and ladder fuels removed via thinning/cutting and prescribed underburning. These
areas showed the least tree mortality of any other areas within the fire. The areas with the highest tree mortality included those
that had been thinned but ground fuels had not been removed as well as areas that had had no prior treatment. David Peterson, a
research biologist stated, "Biologists have known this in principal for many years...the Biscuit Fire gave us a chance to validate
the effectiveness of on–the–ground fuel treatments" (USDA Forest Service).
It seems fairly evident that there needs to be a balanced compromise regarding how the subject of forest management. Loggers
provide an important service and still need to work, but the environment and its resources need to be protected. Meanwhile,
wildfires that have the potential to be prevented with proper fuels management are costing billions of dollars per year to
suppress. Is it possible

South Carolina 's Total Land Area Essay
. As of 2011, South Carolina has 13,120.5 acres of forestland. This is nearly 67% of the state's total land area. Out of all of the
forestland in South Carolina, 88% is privately owned. 63% of the privately owned forestland is family–owned. The average
family–owned forestland is 80 acres, and around 56% of private forest owners live on their land. 12% of South Carolina's
forestland is publicly owned, or owned and managed by forest industries. These forest industries own nearly 137,400 acres. This
number is down 93% from where it was in 2001, and it is continuing to decline.
According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the total area of forestland in South Carolina slightly declined
between 2011 and 2014. The 2014 estimate of forestland acreage in South Carolina was 12,974.1. This showed a decrease of
about 1.12%. This seems to contradict the stats given by the South Carolina Forestry Association in 2015, which say that South
Carolina's forests contain 25 billion cubic feet of wood, which they say is more than at any time during the last century. The
South Carolina Forestry Association also says that South Carolina's hardwood and softwood forests are both growing more wood
than is able to be harvested. The United States Department of Agriculture shows that the number of live trees on forestland in
South Carolina actually decreased by 4.1 percent from 2011 to 2014. The number of live trees decreased from 10.1 billion in
2011 to 9.7 billion in 2014. The volume of

The Importance of New Zealand’s Forestry Industry Essay
New Zealand's forests are one of its greatest natural resources, holding significant financial, physical, and spiritual value (DOC,
2013). These forests provide a significant trading resource (Perry, Oren, & Hart, 2008), directly influence soil and flora quality
(West, 2006), and contribute to the cultural health of Maori by enhancing their whakapapa (or 'Connection' with the land)
(Gallagher & Te Atawhai o te Ao, 2011).
This resource, however, is under threat through poor management (Levack, Poole, & Bateson, 2006), over exploitation (MPI,
2003) and the operating conditions of the Forestry Industry (ACC, 2007). This assignment will examine the impact that
deforestation may have on New Zealand, and possible models for rectifying the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to ACC reports, there were 200 serious injuries and fatalities in 2012, leading to a financial cost to ACC of $10
million dollars (ACC, 2014). The emotional cost of the death of a family member, is incalculable (Bowlby–West, 1983), and the
resulting void may instigate feelings of 'disbelief, shock and anger' by the co–victims (family), especially without prior mental
and emotional readiness (Clements, DeRanieri, Vigil & Benasutti, 2004), such as would occur if a family member died of a
terminal illness. An example of this void can be observed in the case of Mr Charles Finlay of Tokoroa, who was one of twenty
eight forestry workers to lose his life, in the workplace since 2008. (The New Zealand Herald, 2013). Finlay left behind a widow
(Maryanne Butler– Finlay) with three children, as composed in Bowen, (2013), stating 'That the family are struggling to get over
the death and are undergoing grief counselling, also requiring time off school to recover from their shortfall'.
In addition to the hazards posed by the industry, there have been studies conducted that suggest mass deforestation of an area can
result in a decrease in air

Taking a Stand on Land Forestry Wildlife Management
From the age of 15 I have had a job and was always better at work than school. It wasn't until recently that I began to look back
and decided I needed a change so, I made the choice to start college. My love of fishing and the outdoors made the decision easy
when it came to choosing my major, Land Forestry Wildlife Management. Although the decision came easy and I feel it is the
right career for me, there are many issues, positive and negative, related to my field. Land Forestry Wildlife Management does a
lot of good for people and animals but can also hurt. Prescribe burning, wildlife control and forest management are all big issues
related to the field. Prescribed burning, also called controlled burns, has many different purposes. The American Indians set fires
to stimulate the growth of plants and keep areas open to produce food (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources). Prescribed
fires help improve wildlife habitat and land quality. After the burns, the brush grows back greener and lusher, providing nesting
areas for animals such as deer. In addition, prescribed fires are a cheaper way to manage vegetation as they require no
bulldozing, cutting, or chemicals (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources). Many argue that prescribed burning can be
dangerous. To that I say with everything there is good and bad. You must weigh the pros and cons and decide which outweighs
the other, for me that is the pros. Prescribed burning is a wonderful land management

Forest Conservation
FOREST CONSERVATION
Forests are one of the most important natural resources that have been gifted to mankind for their sustained existence on earth.
Without question, they provide us with huge amounts of tangible and intangible benefits, without which indeed, all life, less to
say human life, would fall under the risk of extinction. Hence, it is vital for us to realize this importance of forest cover, conserve
them, and ultimately work towards a sustainable way to maintain our forests and meet our needs at the same time. In this paper, I
have focused initially on the barbaric behavior of us human beings towards forests, and how they have been and are still being
massacred around the globe to meet our ever increasing and limitless wants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Davis).
CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION: These two terms are often confused with one another, but they refer to two slightly
different concepts. Preservation of anything is basically keeping it in such manner that it cannot or should not be touched or
used. For instance, if a forest is being preserved it means that it is to be kept untouched and nothing is to be extracted from it. It
is to be left to its own accord. On the other hand, conservation implies more towards a sustained use, or use in a sustainable
fashion. As in the example given above, if a forest is declared as conserved, it means that resources may be extracted in a
systematic and accounted way, so as not to compromise the forests ability to replenish itself in terms of resources, and so that it
may continue its intangible functions properly.
SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: The term refers to the existence and maintenance of a system, on
its own accord, over a period of time, or that a system is able to stand and function by itself for a certain duration. This term then
leads on to sustainable development, which the latest of concepts in development of a nation and its entities. Sustainable
development means the development targeted at making resources available both useful yet sustained, so as no to compromise it
for future generations.
FOREST MANAGEMENT:
The society of American

The Future of British Columbia's Top Industry
History of forestry in British Columbia British Columbia has relied on forestry as an economical export resource for about 100
years. In B.C we have two main forests, the coastal forest, which contains the dominant species of the western hemlock (figure
1.). But, also contain red cedar and Douglas fir below the 51st parallel. (Text pg. 128– 129) This is typically a very dense
sprawling forest, with large trees. Opposed to the interior forest, that mainly is populated with lodge pole pine and spruce trees.
These trees are both small and spread further apart from one tree to another. (Figure 2)
We as a province mainly harvest from the coastal forests for two main reason. First, here we can harvest in greater volumes per
square hector. Providing that we are clear cutting. This is because one there is more trees in a smaller area and two the trees are
simply just bigger. And finally the biggest reason is transportation of the lumber. We typically harvest close to water ways so we
can cut down the trees and then just place them in the water to transport downstream to lumber and pulp mills.
The best way to see the history behind forestry in an economic sense is to look at the soft wood lumber export history knowing
that soft wood is what we predominantly find in our coastal forests due to the mild climate that B.C's coast has.
In table one we can see the documented exports from B.C in recent history from 1988–2000 and in that time we can actually see
the lumber price go

Modern Cannibals of the Wild
The author, Basil Johnston, is trying to portray the connection between a mythical story from the Aboriginals and the way we are
destroying the environment today, from his article Modern Cannibals of the Wilds, written in 1991. Johnston begins his article by
telling a story about a habitat filled with many different species such as: fish, birds, insects and other wildlife. Then, Johnston
continues to introduce a cannibalistic mythical creature called weendigoes, who feed on human flesh to try to satisfy his never–
ending hunger. After Johnston introduces the mythical weendigoes, he transitions into introducing the modern weendigoes who
care reincarnated as humans, depicted as industries, corporations and multinationals who dwells on wealth ... Show more content
55) and " the quantity always fell short of the expectations of the weendigoes, their masters. Is that all? Should there not be
more? We demand a bigger return for our risks and investments (Johnston, 1991, p. 56). He also compares the two weendigoes
by depicting the mythical weendigoe as a savaged weendigoe and the modern weendigoe as the

Forestry In Canada
Additionally, the territorial as well as provincial governments in Canada have also pledged to make forestry practices state–of–
the–art so that the long–term wellbeing and prosperity of the environment, economy and communities in Canada is ensured.
Statistics suggest that 'more than 94% of the forests in the country are located on the public lands but are managed by the
representatives of the local and provincial governments' (Innes, Hickey & Hoen, 2005). The laws concerning forestry are
therefore made with the consultation and representation of the local people as well, so that their promulgation is made on
common and possible grounds. These laws and regulations are established in order to mainly set aside the secured areas, respect
treaties and aboriginal rights, prevent the illegal logging and the importation of illegal timber products in Canada, protect the
wildlife, and specify the harvesting and regeneration practices (Innes, Hickey & Hoen, 2005).
Governmental Check and Balance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These companies are also liable to consult with the other local bodies, unions and industry experts for making sure that the plans
they are pursuing are compliant with the environmental safety and protection. Similarly, a wide coverage of topics such as clear–
cutting, climate change, inadequate regeneration, rare and endangered species, monocultures and plantation forestry, old–growth
forest, environmental effects, biodiversity, loss of soil and fertility of site, and biological control through the use of pesticides are
also considered by these companies in consultation with the local people and working committees (Luckert, Haley & Hoberg,

Wisconsin Managed Forest Law
Lastly, one of the biggest benefits of the Wisconsin's Managed Forest Law at the state level has been its effects on Wisconsin's
forests' ecosystems. Within forests, the MFL has helped to provide wildlife habitat for game and threatened/ endangered species,
maintain forest ecosystem health and vitality, conserve and maintain water and soil resources on and around forestland, and
promote forest conservation and biological diversity (Gass 10). To help aid in creating sustainable forest environments, the
Wisconsin MFL requires that landowners follow mandatory practices including: releasing trees from competing vegetation,
reforesting land to meet minimum forest density standards, performing pre and post harvest treatments to insure forest
regeneration, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One reason cited as to why landowner's close their lands is that the owner's aren't allowed to impose any rules on their land, as
stated within the requirements of the MFL. Although some might try to create and enforce rules that are discriminatory or limit
the public's right to recreation on the open lands, one solution might be to allow certain rules to be made by landowners as long
as these rules are deemed appropriate by the DNR or the landowner's municipality. Other solutions could include providing more
monetary incentives for open lands or further modification of the Managed Forest Law that would decrease the amount of land
an MFL landowner can close to the public or making it a requirement that only one person whose name is one the deed of private
land may enroll the land within the MFL

An Agent Based Model ( Abm )
An agent–based model (ABM) is used here to examine what effect village attitudes toward forest conservation have on the future
landscape and extent of forest cover in Bachauli, Nepal if improved forest conservation–related policies are implemented,
population growth rate fluctuates, and villages are able to mimic one another's attitudes toward forest conservation–related
behaviors and land use/land cover change (LULCC) decisions. The model integrates land cover data and household attitudes
toward forest conservation, community forestry, and forest governance institutions in Nepal. Results suggest that implementing
policies aimed at improving individual attitudes toward forest conservation–oriented behaviors would affect forest cover over
time. The ability for villages to mimic their neighbors, regardless of varying probabilities of occurrence, was found to have little
effect on forest cover. Additionally, population growth rate was found to have a significant effect on LULCC. Despite clear
strengths, many challenges still exist with modeling forest conservation dynamics and LULCC in developing countries such as
Nepal. Here, we give an overview of some of the challenges we encountered with modeling LULCC in the place–specific
context of Bachauli, Nepal–highlighting specific areas in the field which necessitate future improvement.
KEYWORDS: Agent–based modeling, attitudes, conservation, deforestation, forest policy, Nepal, population dynamics,
sustainable forest management

Forest Is A Natural Resource
Forest is a natural resource, which mostly constitute of huge trees. Forest is a major part of a country. The forestry and wood
Industry, considers the usage of wood because of how rapid wood is being used in construction. Sustainable means to maintain
something without losing its value or richness. Materials are items, which are used for specific things or aid in achieving an idea
and also help to facilitate something. "Sustainable forestry means managing our forest resources to meet the needs we have today
without interfering with our future generations' needs"(Green Works). The main materials obtained from trees are wood, which
in Canada are mostly used in constructing more than 80% of a building or structure. Wood is also widely used all over the world,
thus must be controlled to prevent depletion. Adopting a rule, which allows people to cut one tree down and immediately plant
two more to replace it.
Materials from the trees, which are wood, have their uses and specific uses due to their properties. Some examples of forest trees
are Mahogany, Oak, Timber, Douglas fir, Ashes, Maple and Junipers. Most of the trees mentioned above are durable and strong,
thus are used in building structures. Due, to this property from the trees in the forest the building industries decided to use it to
construct structures. Wood is financially affordable for construction. It makes construction faster and easier due, to its versatility.
Lumber is made out of the trees when it is felled.

Pros And Disadvantages Of Women
The World Bank–funded forestry project in Uttarakhand provided an average of Rupees 1.5 to 2 million for implementing a
micro–plan in each village brought under Village Joint Forest Management. This has promoted inequity between villages. The
sudden offer of large sums of money to selected villages with high unemployment and limited opportunities for cash incomes has
also led to the eruption of major conflicts within villages to gain control over the funds. Sustainable voluntary protection, often
by women's groups, had been replaced by patrols of externally–funded watchmen. Furthermore in Uttarakhand, better quality
Van Panchayat forests were being selected for this project. This actually enabled the Forest Department to claim credit for years
of management effort by the villagers. Such large inflow of money have also had implications for the community where the
power dynamics between men and women in preserving forests also shifts often to the disadvantage of women. An example that
I'd like to quote to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women as victims of this severity have always risen against the same to protect Mother Nature and safeguard their survival and
sustenance. Indian women have been in the forefront of ecological struggles to conserve forests, land and water. They have
challenged the concept of nature as an object of exploitation and have protected her as 'Prakriti', the living force that supports
life. They have also challenged the concept of economics as production of profits and capital accumulation with their own
concept of economics as production of sustenance and needs satisfaction (Shiva,

Evolution Of Collaborative Management Of Forest Management
considering. As senior experts at the Center for International Forestry (CIFOR), Colfer and her colleague, Byron, argue that
traditional forest management was a system rural communities use in upland farming to show ownership of uplands fields,
prohibitions and regulations about land and other resource use, and to settle disputes over natural resources. Similar to the
traditional forest management, the agroforestry management system is used by the communities in Benuaq Dayak to recognize
forest successional stages (Colfer & Byron, 2001). The authors' argument is based on a study conducted among the Benuaq
Dayak community of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study provides a detailed overview, using participants' observations to
examine the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This article validates that collaborative approaches to managing forests and other natural resources are the best way forward.
2.6 The impacts of the Civil War on forest management in Liberia
The fourteen years of civil war in Liberia results in a class of marginalized young people who currently lack trust in their
government or any kind of institutions for that matter (Richards, Archibald, & Bruce et al., 2005). These young people, who
make up more than half of the population in the country, believe that the administrative justice has failed them. As a result, these
young people preferred to take chances with various rebel groups during the civil war (2005). In order to erase these beliefs, a
study suggested that a new peacebuilding approach is necessary. This new approach, authors argue, is an inclusive Community–
driven Development (CDD). Richards and his colleagues (2005) also argue that this process is capable of playing a crucial role
in shaping different kinds of societies, provided those societies incorporate marginalized and socially excluded populations in the
rebuilding process. This new approach calls for equal participation of all interested parties in the distribution and management of
states' natural resources. No study reinforces this better than chapter nine of Colfer & Byron

Meet Ppr 's New Director Of Urban Forestry
Meet PPR's New Director of Urban Forestry Lori Hayes
Lori Hayes began her career with Philadelphia Parks & Recreation (PPR) as a Penn State summer student intern, June of 1981.
Due to family circumstances, Lori had to get a job immediately. As a result of her internship experience, Lori decided to take the
Grounds Maintenance Worker 1 test and passed. One of Lori's proudest moments was that she began working with PPR when
she was 21 years–old. After permanent appointment, she was able to advance within PPR as a Grounds Maintenance Worker 2,
and Grounds Maintenance Worker 3 (Crew Chief).
In the early 90s, Lori became a Landscape Project Technician and oversaw contracts regarding street trees. In 1996, she was
promoted to a Park District ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Heading the Urban Forestry Department, my unit is responsible for the pruning, planting and removal of street trees. I manage
the operations tree division, supervise the street tree contract unit, oversee TreePhilly, respond to emergencies involving trees–
storms, weather emergencies, accidents, or trees falling from old age. I'm pretty much involved in everything that relates to
Philadelphia Parks & Recreation and tree care.
PPR: How do you feel about TreePhilly's growth?
LH: I love it, I'm proud of the program, and I'm honored to be a part of it. Their slogan/logo is "City of Arborly Love," which I
love, as a green person myself. All the support from Philly's citizens the past five years has been great, I'm watching the
initiative's reach grow larger every year. I have volunteered at the community yard tree giveaways, assisting with handing out
trees and leading tree care demos, not knowing that in my future role I would be working closely with TreePhilly's Program
Director Erica Smith and Program Assistant Katy Ament. I'm excited about TreePhilly's future and proud to have a closer
relationship with that program.
What has been the favorite aspect of your PPR career?
LH: I like emergency response. If it is a critical situation I am there! We had an incident the same day as the Philadelphia
Marathon and a tree came down on a moving car on Henry Avenue in the Northwest section of the city. The woman in the
vehicle was

Arauco Analysis
Esc Rennes | | Forward Integration or Horizontal Expansion? | | Costa Agustina | 31/03/2011 |
[Escriba aquí una descripción breve del documento. Una descripción breve es un resumen corto del contenido del documento.
Escriba aquí una descripción breve del documento. Una descripción breve es un resumen corto del contenido del documento.] |
Arauco: Forward Integration or Horizontal Expansion?
Introduction:
Arauco was formed through a merger between Industrias Arauco and Celulosa Constitución in 1979. With the pass of the years
the company become one of the largest timber plantation owner in Latin American and Chile`s largest exporter of timber ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second phase of the project includes constructing a pulp mill and will cost US$1 billion.
Today (2004) Pérez main problem is that he has to decide whether the company should go through a horizontal expansion or a
forward integration. In others words, if the company should continue with the second phase of The Nueva Aldea project
becoming the largest market pulp producer in the world and having the possibility of foregoing other large projects in the next
decade or to take advantage of their low costs in pulp production by forward integrating into paper manufacturing.
Evaluation of the two alternatives:
As regards the horizontal expansion, there are several points that must be taken into account as they demonstrate that this option
will be the correct one: * This expansion will grow the company market share because they have a cost advantage. * For a
company is better and easier to grow in a sector that they are presently functioning. * The market seems to be moving in favor. *
As a result of a horizontal expansion the company can achieve economies of scale and reduce significantly their costs. * Pulp is
Arauco´s main industrial activity, generating up 52% of EBITDA * Pulp production is the core competency of Arauco. *
Becoming the market leader will allow them to control supply and demand of the market of pulp. * They have young forests. *
Arauco is one of the world´s premier forestry enterprises

Deforestation Is The Permanent Removal
"More than 80% of Earth's natural forests have already been destroyed at the rate of 20,000 hectares per day" according to the
World Resources Institute (WRI). Despite our dependence on forests for our means of survival, from the provision of livelihoods
for us human–beings, the prevention of soil erosion, medicines derived from rainforest plants, to the air we breathe, we are still
allowing them to disappear at shockingly high rates through deforestation. High deforestation rates, primarily as a result of the
growing demand for agriculture, fuel use and production, fires, timber harvesting, logging, and pasture and clearing for livestock
animals due to the exponential growth in human population, can be prevented through the requirement of ... Show more content
Significant increases in greenhouse gas emissions contribute to large–scale, rising temperatures, changed weather patterns, and
an escalated frequency of severe weather events contributing to issues such as global warming and biodiversity loss as a result of
the decreasing availability of adequate food and water and altered habitats in these integrated ecosystems. Disruptions of water
cycles such as changes in precipitation and river flow are considerably impacted when deforestation or forest degradation occurs,
resulting in the throwing off of the balance between water on land and in the atmosphere that trees help maintain. Other negative
impacts of deforestation or forest degradation comprises of increased soil erosion, disrupted livelihoods, and a simultaneously
high loss in biodiversity species. Deforestation often results in the extinction of numerous, unique species struggling to survive
in geographic locations all over the world. "About 80% of the world's documented species can be found in tropical rainforests–
some of the forests most vulnerable to deforestation." (WWF). Agricultural expansion, wood extraction, and infrastructure
expansion through processes such as urbanization and road building work together simultaneously to cause deforestation.
Primarily for the need of subsistence, one of the most significant causes of

Post Reformation During The Reformation Era
Post–Reformation era is remarkable better in the Good Governance compared to the centralistic Pre–Reformation era, since the
authoritarian tremendous power in the pre–reformation era can be easily used to suppressed the opponents and defy the good
governance principles. Unfortunately, there are some weakness with this infancy stage of decentralization in the post–
reformation era due to power abuse by the district government or the local forest communities to forest resources. The euphoria
of "Reformation" revolution endorse over exploitation and over reclaim on state forests, which generate further forest conversion
and illegal logging. Furthermore, the overlapping jurisdiction also become common problem within this era, since each tier of
government claim to have the righteous authority. All aforementioned issues, may eventually impair the implementation of the
good governance and should be effectively addressed.
C.3. Learning from the Neighbour
Figure C.3. Forest to Land percentage in Southeast Asia countries
Source: The World Bank (2015a)
As seen from the graph above (figure C.3, in Southeast Asia there are only two countries which experience afforestation, namely:
Philippines and Vietnam. These two country have different control over the forest resources, state control with early local
empowerment in Vietnam, and full local empowerment in Philippines. Vietnam will be chosen as the reference due to the
similarity of control over forest resources and the

How Controlled Burns Improve Forestry Essay
Thousands upon thousands of acres are lost in forest fires every year. We always hear about the dramatic losses caused by forest
fires and are often concerned by them. There are so many horrible effects from fires and most of them affect so many people.
Studies have shown that out of all of the different methods to decrease fire damage, prescribed burns are the most affective.
Many people would argue that they are not as affective because they cause so many health problems. Although that is a very
important view and may seem valid, those health issues are not as extreme as one might think. People should look at the majority
of the benefits form prescribed burns and they will see how affective and important they are. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are also so many animals that go along with the damage from the fires because they are living in the middle of it and do
not have any where to go. It makes sense that actions such as controlled burns should be done because so much could be
prevented. Then again there are so many people who argue against them because they are a disruption to the environment. "Fire
experts argue that prescribed burns are vital for reducing the risk of catastrophic blazes and restoring ecosystems that evolved
with fire" (Tobin 2). If a great deal of damage could be prevented, I do not see why there should be any concern. This is
especially important when you look at what more damage is done to the environment during a huge forest fire compared to on
from a petite controlled burn.
It is so horrible to see all of that timber go to waste. Our society depends on timber a lot and we need so much of it to produce so
many useful goods. What would happen if we did not have any timber to make homes or proved some type of shelter? We would
be lost and have no where to go. Prescribed burns can prevent that great loss of timber and save a lot of trees. Although one
purpose of controlled burns is to curve paths for huge forest fires, they are also used to freshen up the area. If an area of trees is
left untreated from prescribed burns, the sands are expected to decline in growth (Mitchell 1). Also, to ensure a healthy forest,

Q's on Forests
(Q.)
What is Devsari or Dand?
(1 Mark)
(Ans)
Devsari or Dand was a small token fee paid by people of other villages bordering thevillages of Bastar. It was charged when
someone from the other village wanted to have some forest products fromBastar.
(Q.)How did the forest laws initiate the scope of employment?
(1 Mark)
(Ans)
Many communities left their traditional occupation and started trading of forest products or other economic activities. For
example, the Mundurucu people in Brazil who started collecting latex from wild rubber trees became totally dependent on rubber
trades in the later years.
(Q.)
Who could hunt according to the new Forest Law?
(1 Mark)
(Ans)
The customary practice of hunting was strictly prohibited by the Forest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(1 Mark)
(Ans)
The Forest Act brought severe hardships for villagers across the country. After the Act, their everyday practices – cutting wood,
grazing of cattle, collection of fruits and roots, hunting and fishing were treated as illegal activities. People were forced to steal
wood from the forests and when caught, were at the mercy of the forest guards.
(Q.)
What are the recent developments in forestry?
(3 Marks)
(Ans)
1) The concept of forest management has changed since 1980. It was observed by the government that implementation of strict
forest laws was leading to stealing of timbers and illegal hunting.
2) Forest dwellers were kept away from the implementation procedure of these laws andtherefore, it generated conflict between
the two parties – the government and the villagers.
3) Indian adivasis preserve the forest land and resources and therefore, the government is involving local people in the matters
like safetyand security of forest land, forest products and wild animals.
(Q.)
Elaborate some of the activities of the people of Bastar.
(3 Marks)
(Ans)
1) The people of Bastar believe deeply in the village and its offerings. Since the village peopleknow the boundaries of the
village, they look after the natural resources.
2) If people from a village want to take some wood from the forests of another village, they pay a small fee called devsari, dand
or man in exchange. Some villages also protect their forests by

Taking a Stand on Land, Forest, Wildlife Management
From the age of 15 I have had a job and was always better at work than school. It wasn't until recently that I decided I need a
change, so I chose to start college. My love of fishing and the outdoors made the decision easy when it came to choosing my
major, Land Forestry Wildlife Management. Although the decision came easy and I feel it is the right career for me, there are
many issues, positive and negative, related to my field. Land, Forest, Wildlife Management does a lot of good for people and
animals but can also hurt. Prescribed burning, wildlife control and forest management are all big issues related to the field.
Prescribed burning, also called controlled burns, has many purposes. The American Indians set fire to stimulate the development
of plants and keep areas open to produce food (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources). Prescribed fires help improve
wildlife habitat and soil quality. After the burns, the brush grows back greener and lusher, providing nesting areas for creatures
such as deer. In addition, prescribed fires are a cheaper way to manage vegetation as they require no bulldozing, cutting, or
chemicals (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources). Many argue that prescribed burning is dangerous, but so are other
things, including some things people do on a daily basis. For instance, driving a car. Just starting the car alone creates a spark
that ignites combustion in the cylinders. A spark combined with gasoline in the car is a dangerous

The Importance Of Forest Depletion In Nepal
Forest Area: 33.7%–25.4% (1990–2015). The forest area has decreased due to increased deforestation and a risk of forest fires in
Nepal.
Finland has supported Nepal's forestry initiatives since the 80s, and it includes large scale preparation, plantation and
implementation of Forestry Sector Master Plan (1988 –2011), support to Community Forestry and Leasehold Forestry Programs,
Scientific Forest Management initiatives, National Forest Resource Inventories and others.
Physiologically, the country is divided into five regions, according to altitude (the Terai, the Siwalik, the Middle Mountains, the
High Mountains and the High Himal). Of the total land area, forests cover 4.27 million ha (29.0 percent) and shrub covers 1.56
million ha (10.6 percent) (DFRS 1999). The annual rate of forest depletion in the Terai was 1.3 percent from 1978/79 to 1990/91.
In the hilly area, forest areas have declined at an annual rate of 2.3 percent from 1978/79 to 1994. In the entire country, from
1978–79 to 1994, the forest area has decreased at an annual rate of 1.7%. This trend indicates the ongoing pressure on forest
resources, especially in the Terai. The graph above shows the regional division of the types of natural/ manmade vegetation in
the separate regions of Nepal.
"...contributing to green, healthy and naturally livable future..."
The forest resources directly complete the forest related livelihood needs of women, poor and under priveleged people as well as
commercial needs of

Global Fight For A Greener Planet And Sustainable Forest...
Introduction FAO (2005) reported that about one half of the forests that covered the Earth are gone. Africa suffers the second
largest net loss in forests with 4.0 million hectares cleared annually. At 11.1%, Nigeria 's annual deforestation rate of natural
forest is the highest in the world and puts it on pace to lose virtually all of its primary forest within a few years (Rhett, 2005).
Many of the environmental problems encountered globally today, are being attributed to deforestation and subsequent conversion
of forest lands into other land uses. This has led to a global fight for a greener planet and sustainable forest management.
As such, forestry education is seen as a potent and effective weapon to deal with the menace of dwindling forests resources and
environmental degradation; it is seen as a viable tool that can develop individuals, appropriate knowledge, attitudes, skills,
motivation and commitment required to take responsible environmental actions that would lead to the protection, conservation
and sustainable forests management.
Hence, forestry education (FE) is a learning process that increases people's knowledge and awareness about the environment and
its associated challenges, develops the necessary skills and expertise to address the challenges and fosters attitudes, motivations
and commitments to make informed decisions and take responsible actions (United States Federal Register, 1996).
Forestry education involves the development of critical thinking

Sustainability In Bc
Sustainability means having a forest that benefits as many people as possible right now, but will also be there to use in the future
(cite). Sustainability is very important in B.C. as such a large portion of the province is covered in forests. This also makes the
forest industry very important economically. These factors make sustainability of such a large forested land base very important
for British Columbia in the present and the future. The BC government has made impressive bounds towards making its forests
sustainable. With the efforts that BC's government is making, it has made management of its forests sustainable. This paper will
look at the forests of BC and the effective policies put in place that make the forests of the province ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The forests have an independent watchdog(?) named British Columbia's Forest Practices Board (BCFPD). The board oversees
the activities of forest companies, their private contractors, and the government on public land. The board audits randomly
selected forestry companies to be audited for compliance and enforcement with forest practice requirements, audits the
enforcement of the government forest practices requirements, addresses public complaints on forestry practices, and conducts
special investigations on forestry issues (mr113). All the work that the BCFPD does has led to notable positive changes in BC
forestry. Some of these positive changes include: Less disturbance from logging, smaller cut blocks, better logging roads and
proper maintenance, and more deactivation of logging roads (mr113). While reports have noted these improvements, the board
still believes that there is room for improvement. Policies and changes are continually evolving to make BC's forest as
competitive and sustainable as possible. Some of the changes that are believed to be needed include new policies for efficiency,
more timber availability to smaller organizations, such as first nations or small communities to help long–term economic
development, and many others(mr113).
Sustainability and how bcs forest are doing
BC's shift to sustainability has had an outstanding affect on its forests. Many improvements

Jhhhlh
Week 8
212–241
FORESTS
–economically valued
–timber from coniferous–>softwood (important to Canadian economy)
–timber from deciduous–>hardwood
–timber harvested in many ways
–clear–cutting
–new forestry, sloppy way of clear–cutting to leave trees, mimick natural disturbances –selection systems, some left behind
–ecologically valued
–NA timber industry focus on fast growing tree species in plantations
–plantations more as crop agriculture than ecologically functional forests
–maximum sustainable yield, argues for cutting trees shortly after they have gone through their fastest stage of growth
–trees may be cut long before grown as large as they would in absence of harvesting –some harvesting seek uneven–aged stands,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–REFORESTATION – natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands that have been depleted
–DEFORESTATION – natural forests that are cleared through logging or fire, for timber or use of area, growing pop with
expanding demand major cause of deforestation –AFFORESTATION – establishment of a forest or trees where there was no
forest
–Over the years, harvesting of trees has exceeded the planting of trees and there has been a net loss of approximately 15 million
km2. Most of the loss has occurred in the last 30 years. forests are a multifunctional resource:
Economic functions (e.g. sources of lumber and other products such as latex and palm oil, fuelwood)
Ecosystem functions (e.g. biodiversity, watershed protection, the regulation of climate, storage of nutrients)
Social functions (recreation, aesthetics) to be renewable, forest need to be managed sustainably
–plant 1 tree for every tree cut, but not necessarily the case
–each cutting, forest ecosystems simplified (less biodiversity)
–most adopt ecosystem–based management and adaptive management
–ecosystem–based management – attempts

The Pros And Cons Of Dongji

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Melissa Daehn

More from Melissa Daehn (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Pros And Cons Of Dongji