Biofilm Flossing

Biofilm Flossing
Protecting your teeth and gums from plaque buildup and disease is an important part of your family
dental care. But if you're not flossing regularly, new research from the Journal of Clinical
Periodontology suggests that you might not have to feel guilty about it. NorthStar Dental of
Anchorage, AK wants you to have the facts.
Studies show that the act of flossing doesn't effectively remove the plaque buildup from between
your teeth. This buildup, known as a biofilm, is a sort of slime not unlike what we find on the
insides of wet pipes or along surfaces in a swampy marsh. It's a formation of bacteria in watery
environments. The bacteria in your mouth secretes a substance that allows it to stick onto the top
layer of your enamel. In this biofilm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The professionals at NorthStar Dental recommend that you floss to keep your gums strong and
healthy. For plaque removal, it is more important to understand how to effectively use a manual
toothbrush to successfully remove biofilm from the surfaces nearest to the gum line.
Firstly, choose a toothbrush that is the right size for your mouth, and one that is comfortable to hold.
Softer bristles are actually best, because biofilm is effectively removed by gentle brushstrokes –
similar to the pressure you would use when sweeping a floor. Scrubbing harder than this can damage
the layer of enamel on your teeth. Secondly, make sure that you're brushing your teeth thoroughly,
by dividing the mouth into four sections and spending at least 30 seconds on each. Angle your
toothbrush at a 45 degree angle and make small, sweeping, circular motions on each side of your
tooth nearest to the gumline.
If you have young children, or you want to check for yourself which parts of your mouth you might
be missing while brushing, you can purchase "disclosing tablets" that dissolve in your mouth and
leave a color that will stick to any plaque leftover on the surfaces of your
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Veneers On Teeth Research Paper
The teenage years are tough, even for the most self–confident of children. School grades, popularity,
and appearance are all pressure issues for your teen right now. One area of their life where a dentist
can be of assistance is appearance. Braces can be used to straighten teeth and whitening systems can
be used for yellow teeth. But, what do you use for chipped or uneven teeth? Porcelain veneers are an
option to correct the way your teen's teeth look, but they are not the solution for everyone. Before
your child heads down the road of veneers, it is wise to know whether these are going to make your
adolescent smile again.
Existing Teeth Sensitivity
In order for the veneers to be correctly bonded onto the teeth, a slim layer of enamel needs to be
removed from the tooth the veneer is being attached to. However, ... Show more content on
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Some people only grind their teeth when they are asleep. The problem with putting veneers onto
teeth that are being regularly ground is that while porcelain veneers are strong, they are not strong
enough to be put under this type of pressure on a daily basis.
If grinding porcelain veneers occurs regularly, the veneers will chip or crack and you will be back at
stage one of damaged teeth. Before proceeding with the implementation of veneers, discuss
treatment options for bruxism with your dentist first. Mouthguards while sleeping and stress
management therapies while awake are two treatment options open to your teenager.
The good news for your teenager is that even if veneers are not an option at this moment in time,
there are other options open to them to make their teeth look wonderful. Crowns and dental bonds
are other choices that may suit their mouth better. Making an appointment with their dentist to
discuss cosmetic changes is the first step to giving your child back the oral confidence they need to
face the

The Effects Of Soda, Sports Drinks And Energy Drinks On...
In today's society, a high percentage of people consume beverages that contain added sugars and
acid, but what effects does this sugar and acid have on our tooth enamel? Are sports drinks better for
you than soda? This paper will discuss the effects of soda, sports drinks and energy drinks on the
enamel of a person's teeth, what is enamel and why is it important. Dental erosion is a chronic loss
of dental hard tissue that is chemically etched away from the tooth surface by acid. Most people
would believe that the sugar in drinks was the main reason for the damage to their teeth. Although
an excessive amount of sugar is not good for the teeth or body, it is the acid in the drinks that prove
to produce the most damage. I will also discuss solutions and ways to protect and care for the health
of teeth. It is very important to drink plenty of water and practice good oral hygiene daily.
The enamel of teeth is the hardest and most highly mineralized substance in the body. It covers the
outer layer of each tooth, and it is the most visible part of the tooth. Tooth enamel, plays a very
important role in protecting teeth from decay, so it is important to do everything that will prevent
enamel from eroding. It forms a strong barrier that shields the inner layers of the teeth from the
effects of acids and plaque. It also protects the sensitive inner layers of the teeth from foods and
beverages that are very hot or very cold. If enamel is destroyed, the body does not make more to

Adult Dental Health Survey 2013
Adult Dental Health Survey 2009
It's fifth in line of the national dental surveys since 1968. Carried out in England, Wales and
Northern Ireland with aims to review changes over time in dental health, knowledge people about
dental care and examine their experiences.
Summary– There is visible improvement in all three areas in age group 20–45. There is noticeable
connection between regular brushing and longer lasting teeth and overall better health. From the
position of attendance– majority of the adults attended regularly at least every 2 years and even it's
still difficult to find NHS dentist vast majority of the adults manage book and attend appointment.
There is higher rate of the carries in the families from manual occupations ... Show more content on
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Acidic foods and drinks can be just as harmful. The acid erodes enamel, exposing the dentine
underneath and causing teeth sensitivity.
The lower the pH, the more acidic the product is. Anything with a pH value lower than 5.5 may
cause erosion: mineral water (still) pH 7.6
milk pH 6.9
cheddar cheese pH 5.9
lager pH 4.4
orange juice pH 3.8
grapefruit pH 3.3
pickles pH 3.2
cola pH 2.5
red wine pH 2.5
vinegar pH 2.0
4) What food is best to avoid?
The World Health Organization advises that daily intake of 'free ' sugars should be 25g for women
(approximately five–six teaspoons) and 35g for men (seven–eight teaspoons).
Everybody knows the foods like sweets and chocolate, cakes and biscuits, pastries, jam, honey, ice
cream, contains loads of sugar, but not everybody realizes, there is also loads of sugar in products
such as breakfast cereals, fruit in syrup, dried fruit, pasta sauces or ketchup.
How much sugar is in....? Milky Way bar (58g) – 8.75 ts of sugar
Twix bar (50.7g) – 6 ts of sugar
Alpen – 5.75 ts of sugar
Cheerios – 1 ts of sugar

Corn Flakes – 2.4 ts of sugar
Cocoa Krispies – 9.75 ts of sugar
Raisin Bran – 7.75 ts of sugar
Rice Krispies – 2.5 ts of sugar
Special K – 3 ts of sugar
Shredded Wheat – 0.1 ts of sugar
Mangos – 3.2 ts of sugar
Bananas – 3 ts of sugar
Apples – 2.6 ts of sugar
Grapes – 4 ts of sugar
Strawberries

Community Water Fluoridations
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommendation for the optimal fluoride level
in drinking water to prevent tooth decay have changed from 0.7 –1.2 milligrams per liter stablished
in 1962 to 0.7 milligrams of fluoride per liter of water. This change was the result of a systematic
reviews of the scientific evidence related community water fluoridation since it was incorporated in
1945. As a result of community water fluoridation there was an increase in the percentage of
children who were caries–free and a significant decreases in the number of teeth or tooth surfaces
with caries in both children and adult. The main reason to lower the recommendation was because
Americans nowadays have more sources of fluoride than the ones ... Show more content on
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I feel like this because it is inexpensive, everybody that is exposed to fluoride is benefit, and it has
proven to be effective in decreasing dental caries prevalence and severity. I know that many parents
nowadays, are against the use of any fluoride product for their kids and I respect that. However, I
feel that in most cases they are missed informed and make their decision based on personal believe
and not in scientific evidence researches. I feel that U.S. is privileged to have public health system
that implement this measure to prevent one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. In
countries in where fluoridated water does not exist, the high incidence of caries is evidence
throughout the whole population. I know that water fluoridation alone is not enough, but it is a good
start. Other preventing strategies such as nutritional counselling, sealants, oral health education,
regular visit to the dentist, fluoride applications, fluoridated toothpaste and mouth rinse will also
contribute to lower the risk of dental decay, and benefit the part of the population that does not have
access to fluoridated

Fluoride Mouth Rinses
Focus on Fluorides: Update on the use of Fluoride for the Prevention of Dental Caries This article is
based on the negative and positive impacts of fluoride uses. Topics discussed include: updates on
community water fluoridation, fluoride available in dentifrices, and fluoride varnish, use and
recommendations. Fluoride is the first line of defense, along with education, for preventing caries.
Fluoride is the only compound recognized by the FDA for the prevention of dental caries (Carey,
2014). Fluoride comes primarily from fluoridated community water, toothpastes, and mouth rinses.
The intake of water and processed beverages in the United States provides about 75% of a person's
fluoride intake (Carey, 2014). Community water fluoridation began ... Show more content on
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Products that contain sodium fluoride (NaF) as the active ingredient also need to have sufficient
detergent to prevent the fluoride ions from reacting with the silica abrasives forming insoluble
fluorosilicates (Carey, 2014). There is a large effort to develop reliable methods of measurement of
available fluoride. The difficulty in achieving the analytical methods is related to the large variety of
ingredients used in toothpaste products and the different forms of fluoride delivered during tooth
brushing (Carey, 2014). There are three categories of fluoride form toothpaste during tooth brushing:
free ionic fluoride which has the ability to react with tooth structure, interfere with microbial
metabolism, absorb to the oral mucosa, and has anticaries efficacy; profluoride compounds that are
delivered or precipitate in the oral cavity during brushing, release ionic fluoride over time, and
contribute to anticaries efficacy; and unavailable fluoride compounds that do not release fluoride
ions, are either spat out or swallowed, and have no anticaries efficacy (Carey, 2014).
Monofluorophosphate is an example of a profluoride compound that is hydrolyzed to release ionic
fluoride through salivary enzyme action (Carey, 2014). The total and potentially available fluoride
can be

Fluoride Research Paper
Fluoride Slows the Early Stages of Tooth Decay
Plaque that builds up on teeth naturally produces acids that break down the tooth enamel, leaving
teeth open to bacteria that cause decay. Fluoride helps to reverse this process and can help to repair
the enamel on the teeth of your loved one. Seniors have a higher likelihood of developing tooth
decay, due to loss of saliva production and loss of dexterity, which can make brushing and flossing
difficult. Drinking fluoridated water is a simple way to get fluoride to the teeth, preventing or
slowing down tooth decay.
Drinking Fluoridated Water Can Help Your Loved One Keep their Teeth
Recent studies have shown that adults over the age of 50 who drank fluoridated water were more
likely to keep their

Toddler's Teeth Research Paper
Your toddler's baby teeth serve as the formative building blocks for their more permanent teeth.
These teeth create a solid foundation that helps to guide their future teeth. Demineralization can
cause this foundation to weaken. When the foundation weakens, this can result in early tooth loss
and may cause their more permanent teeth to grow in crooked. These issues can cause a number of
difficulties for your child's dental health later on down the line. Therefore, it is important to protect
your toddler's teeth from demineralization. Fortunately, there are a few tips that you can use to do
this.
Avoid Allowing them to Sip Sugary Drinks All Day
Sipping sugary drinks throughout the day will do more harm to your child's teeth, than drinking

Persuasive Essay On Dental Care
We all have 32 teeth in our mouth and they are indispensable. The tooth, in itself, consists of two
parts: the root buried in the bone and the crown that is in the oral cavity. In addition, the cost of a
quality brush is now quite low compared to the many benefits.
Dental care can help in many cases: to restore a devitalized tooth, to cover and support a tooth that
has a large filling when there is not much left healthy material, to protect a weakened tooth, to cover
a dental implant it is fixed with cement or is glued, to restore a broken cracked or very worn tooth
and to cover a poorly formed or discolored tooth. Dental care is usually reimbursed by insurance.
The gum is the part of the oral mucosa that covers the maxillary bone and the mandible at the level
of the tooth implantation area. First of all, let's give you a little reminder of what dental care is and
why it is needed. Remember, many dental practices also offer periodontal dentistry, which is gum
care.
Regular brushing of the teeth allows removal of plaque. Today, the brush does almost everything
alone. The purpose of these devices is to eliminate food residues and dental plaque in the most
inaccessible areas of the mouth.
Different instruments allow to get rid of tartar. That's why dentists today almost unanimously
recommend the use of the electric toothbrush. Its micro–pulsations and rotational movements are the
enemy of tartar. The tartar is then taken off. It is therefore an effective preventive weapon

Fluoride Essay
Fluoride
Fluoride is a mineral that occurs naturally in almost all foods and water supplies. The fluoride ion
comes from the element fluorine. Fluorine, the 13th most abundant element in the earth's crust, is
never encountered in its free state in nature. It exists only in combination with other elements as a
fluoride compound. Fluoride is effective in preventing and reversing the early signs of tooth decay.
Researchers have shown that there are several ways through which fluoride achieves its decay–
preventive effects. It makes the tooth structure stronger, so teeth are more resistant to acid attacks.
Acid is formed when the bacteria in plaque break down sugars and carbohydrates from the diet.
Repeated acid attacks break down the tooth, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nearly 145 million Americans are currently receiving the benefits of optimally fluoridated water.
With the 1995 enactment of Assembly
Bill 733 in California, ten states and territories in the United States now mandate fluoridation
through legislation. Besides California, these include seven other states (Connecticut, Georgia,
Illinois, Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio and South Dakota), as well as the District of Columbia and
Puerto Rico. Three states (South Dakota, Rhode Island and Kentucky), as well as the District of
Columbia, have achieved the ultimate success with 100 percent of their treatable community water
systems providing the benefits of fluoridation to their citizens.
While safety has been an issue frequently raised by those opposed to fluoridation, scientific data
from peer–reviewed clinical research provide overwhelming evidence that the adjustment of
fluoride levels in drinking water to the optimal level is undoubtedly safe. Hundreds of studies on
fluoride metabolism have tracked the outcomes of ingested fluoride. Ingested fluoride essentially
travels three metabolic pathways. It is either excreted by the kidneys, absorbed by the teeth or taken
up in the skeleton. At optimal levels fluoride has never been demonstrated to cause skeletal fluorosis
or other bone problems. On the contrary, there is mounting evidence that continued exposure of
individuals to low levels of

Staining Our Teeth Essay
Purpose:
What kinds of drinks will stain teeth the most? I thought it would be interesting to find out if all the
commercials you see about teeth being stained by coffee, tea, or soda were true.
Hypothesis:
Soda will harm the teeth by staining them worse than any other drinks. I feel this will happen
because my Aunts teeth are dark and she drinks a lot of soda.
Research: Our health is very important, and taking good care of our teeth is one way we can stay
healthy. There are many things that can affect the health of our teeth, like age, certain illnesses,
different medications, your genetic makeup, and how we care for our teeth. According to an article
in Discovery Health, good oral care can not only prevent illnesses and ... Show more content on
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On the 14th day I repeated the procedure and compared each tooth and documented results.
11. On the 21st day I took my last set of pictures and compared the staining of each tooth and
documented the results on paper.
12. Lastly, I created a graph to compare the discoloration of each tooth,using degrees of staining
from 0% – 100%. After each week I documented which drink caused the most degree of staining.
And after the 21st day I got my final results.
Results:
After the 7th day the soda appeared to darken the teeth the most and the tea was the drink that least
stained the teeth. By the 14th and 21st day, the soda remained the drink the stained the teeth the
most and the tea the least. With an end result of 70% stained from (soda), 60% stained from (coffee),
and 20% stained from (tea).
Conclusion: The results of my experiment were as I expected. I was shocked to see how dramatic
the change in color was and how quickly the teeth were damaged from all of the drinks over time.
My suggestion to people that enjoy drinking coffee, tea and soda, would be to visit the dentist
regularly and to clean your teeth every day. Try and remember to use a straw and to drink water after
your drink these

Zero Soda
Many people have been told by a parent or a dentist that soda destroys your teeth. However, what is
never signified is whether or not diet or zero sodas change anything. This experiment will be testing
whether or not diet or zero soda does more damage to teeth, enamel exactly, than regular sodas.
Observations will be made over a span of eight days. The Reason why teeth are decayed by soda is
because of the sugar combining with bacteria. The sugar of the soda combines with the bacteria in
the mouth and forms an acid which attacks the teeth. However, Diet and Zero Sodas make the acid
on their own and do not need the help of the bacteria. This acid, in turn, makes the enamel in the
teeth weaker. Preventing the weakening of the enamel in the

Assignment 1: A Case Study Of Jasmine's Health
Jasmine is 5 years old. Her dad died 18 months ago and her grandma, Karen from her dad's side is
taking care of her weekdays after school. Jasmine's mother, May is concerned about Jasmine's health
because when she is with her grandma, Karen feeds her anything she asked for. This includes candy,
cookies, and soda. May is concern that her daughter Jasmine will have future dental issues as well as
obesity challenges. My suggestion to May is that she should talk to her mother–in–law about
Jasmine's future and her concerns. She should talk to Karen about how much sugar Jasmine
consumes per week and come up with a possible solution on how to help Jasmine's diet be healthier.
She should tell Karen that it's okay if she says no to unhealthy food choices Jasmine wants to eat
even if she gets upset. It's better to say no to what's unhealthy for Jasmine now that she is still
young, instead of having health issues as well as dental problems. If May and Karen come up with a
solution right now that Jasmine is 5 years old it will benefit her as she gets older because she'll be
healthy and responsible for what she eats. May should tell Karen to feed her daughter more fruits
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, in the article Aquafresh Tips for Mom and Dad (2015) states, "Since the enamel on
your child's tiny teeth is 50% thinner than the enamel on your teeth, once decay begins, it does more
damage, more quickly. If left unchecked, it can then turn into a cavity." Cavities are easily build up
if your child isn't being checked specially if they eat a lot of candy, cookies, and sodas like Jasmine

Decalcification Of Teeth Lab Report
1. Introduction
1.1. General introduction and context
Studies show that the bacteria in your mouth uses the sugar in drinks as nutrients and releases acid
as a waste product. It is this acid, in conjunction with the acids already present in most drinks(
Phosphoric acid, citric acid and tartaric acid) that erodes the enamel on your teeth. Erosion and
decay is caused by the decalcification of teeth. The loss of enamel weakens teeth and leaves the
more susceptible to chipping and staining. Typically, kids and teenagers are at a higher risk of tooth
decay because their enamel is not fully developed (Anon, 2015) and they typically consume much
more sugary drinks than adults. However, other research has also indicated that it is the carbonate in
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.3. Hypothesis
Powerade, sparkling water and fresh orange juice will have the worst effect on the wisdom teeth,
decaying and staining them, while coffee and coke zero will only stain but not decay them and water
and tea will have no effect on the wisdom teeth. The false teeth will not be affected by any of the
drinks.
1.4. Scope
All the wisdom teeth and false teeth that were to be used in the experiment were rinsed thoroughly
to prevent any interference during experimentation. In order to achieve results, they were weighed
on an extremely sensitive scale that is able to pick up very tiny changes in mass as decay was being
measured as a loss in mass. The extent of discolouration could not be measured scientifically and so
was measured using the colour scale to provide the most accurate results possible for this type of
small scale research. All human teeth were boiled beforehand to ensure that they were sterile and
that there was no formalin remaining on them. Each tooth and artificial tooth was left placed in it
sown container with the applicable liquid for the predetermined time frame and was weighed and
"coloured" at each time interval. Teeth were dealt with one at a time to prevent cross–contamination.
All handling of teeth was done with gloves

Research Paper On Teeth
Marine Biology Honors
15 November 2015
Information Regarding Teeth Our teeth are one of the most important things to take care of. Often
we take them for granted. A human, normally, possesses 2 sets of teeth over the course of their
lifetime. These two sets of teeth are called their baby teeth, and their adult teeth. Once they develop
their adult teeth, it is necessary to keep them clean and healthy. The most important time to clean
them are in the morning and at night. I believe that the most vital information to know regarding
teeth are the structure of them, what harms them, and what positively affects them. To begin with, a
tooth is one of the hard white objects found in our mouth that is used for breaking down food. A
tooth has two anatomical parts: the crown and the root. The crown is the portion of the tooth that is
covered with enamel. The enamel is the outer layer of the crown and is also the hardest substance in
the body. Other important structures of a tooth are the dentine, the pulp, and the cementum. The
dentine forms the bulk of the tooth and can become sensitive if the enamel is worn down. Pulp is
soft tissue that contains the blood and nerve supply to a tooth. Lastly, the cementum is the layer of
bone–like tissue that shelters the root of the tooth. It is tremendously significant that none of these
structures are damaged. Our teeth would not be able to do their job correctly if they were ... Show
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Our teeth go through a lot and it is important that we help them out and keep them clean. Just by
doing the minimum to keep our teeth clean can go a long way. If someone is to eat a late night
snack, they should do everything possible to brush their teeth before going to bed. Keeping our teeth
clean will prevent us from getting infections and diseases. To get more educated, research can be
done about the anatomy of teeth, and how substances react with the ones in our mouths and on our

Essay On Fluoride
Fluoride (the thick fluid dentists put on your teeth that feels strange) was put in the water supply to
assist the growth and to have a healthy and beautiful set of teeth from childhood to adulthood, but
could that help be toxic?
Fluoride has been put into the public water supply to help babies. When you're older it helps with
resistance to enamel destroying acids, cavities, and other kinds of tooth decay as said by the
American Dental Association. Gradually "Studies show that fluoride in community water systems
prevents at least 25 percent of tooth decay in children and adults..." and "Early studies, such as those
conducted in Grand Rapids, showed that water fluoridation reduced the amount of cavities children
get in their baby teeth by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For most cities, every $1 invested in water fluoridation saves $38 in dental treatment costs." Many
people opposing this view think of it as a harsh chemical but really it's naturally present in
groundwater and oceans. Even though we are adding more fluoride to the water, water fluoridation
"is the adjustment of fluoride to a recommended level for preventing tooth decay." and fluoride is
"similar to fortifying other foods and beverages, like fortifying salt with iodine, milk with vitamin
D, orange juice with calcium and bread with folic acid." People oppose water fluoridation because
they think it is an unsafe practice "...there is no dispute that fluoridation is causing millions of
children to develop dental fluorosis, a discoloration of the teeth that is caused by excessive fluoride
intake." this may be true,but that is if you consume much more than 2 liters of water a day.
Which that number is only "...over 5 percent of males between ages of nineteen and fifty consume at
least 5 liters of water a day...while 1 percent of females consume over 5.5 liters a day." in a total of
around probably 8 percent in total of the population of the 19–50 year old males

An Experiment On Tooth Decay
Karly Klein and Hope Greim
4th Hour
ISP Research Paper
For an ISP, the topic of this experiment is on tooth decay. In order to prepare for the experiment,
research was conducted for information about teeth, how teeth are similar to eggshells, how sugar
affects the teeth, the amount of sugar in selected drinks, and the MOHS Scale. Tooth decay is the
ruin of the outer surface (enamel) of the tooth. The enamel is the thin outer covering of the tooth.
Responsible for the protection of the teeth, the enamel is the hardest tissue in the human body. Tooth
erosion occurs when this surface is worn away by acidic substances. Some sources of tooth erosion
are soft drinks, juice drinks, or any other sugary drink. Sugar reacts with plaque, a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Teeth and bird eggs are similar because both are made from calcium compounds. The tooth enamel
is made from calcium phosphate, which is any variety of phosphates of calcium. The egg shell
contains calcium carbonate, which is CaCo3 . These are alike because both contain composites of
calcium, but are not actually pure components of it. So when the MOHS scale is performed, the egg
and teeth get damaged in similar ways.
The MOHS scale of hardness is an essential part of this experiment. This method was invented by a
German mineralogist, Frederich Mohs (1773–1839) in 1812. The purpose of the Mohs scale is to
identify the hardness of materials and minerals using items that can be found in a classroom. The
MOHS scale is done using a scale to measure the hardness of a material by the resistance to
scratching. The process is to apply slight pressure to the object being tested (an egg in this case)
using an item like a nail or coin, and pull the item along the surface of the object. If there is a
scratch, then that is the hardness of the object. However, if there is only some residue from the
object being scratched, then that is not considered the hardness. To check if there is a scratch or
residue, gently wipe off the area. If the mark remains, then it is a scratch, not just residue. These are
easy to get confused. Make sure to perform the test again in a different area to check the results to
make sure they are accurate. There are different items used to test this

Teeth Staining Lab Report
How does the Ph of colas affect teeth staining? It's important to know this because it relates to
something common in our daily lives, our teeth. Also, knowing there are people that drink cola on
the regular, it is best for them to be aware of how of much it harms their teeth. Understanding how
the ph of colas affect teeth staining will help determine what colas should be avoided to keep teeth
in best conditions. For this experiment, the hypothesis is the following; the lower the ph of the cola
is, the more staining will be present on the tooth representative because the acids that make the ph of
the cola lower, also weaken the protective layer of teeth.
Staining from colas is caused by one of the two; phosphoric acid, or chromogens. Phosphoric acid is
one of the ingredients that gives colas their flavor. Everything is all fun and games, but phosphoric
acid weakens tooth enamel. Enamel is a protective layer on the tooth. With a weak ... Show more
This doesn't seem like very important information until it is taken into account that most types of
colas have a ph lower than 5.5. Having a low ph would mean the cola's are acidic. The amount of
phosphoric acid in colas would be responsible for the acidity of the cola's, considering it is an acid.
Because the ph of the soda is lower than the level at which tooth enamel is dissolved, colas have a
very negative effect on teeth.
If the ph of the cola is lower, then there will more evident staining in the tooth representative.
Staining on teeth occurs through phosphoric acid and chromogens. Phosphoric acid breaks down the
enamel and chromogens go in to actually stain the teeth. The amount of phosphoric acid in a cola
will obviously affect the ph, and tooth enamel is dissolved at a ph of around 5.5 which is higher than
the ph most colas have. Because of this, it can be concluded that the the lower the ph of the cola, the
more staining that will occur on

Teeth Whitening Controversy
Having a whiter smile has been a dream for many individuals, but there has been some controversy
on whether bleaching teeth is harmful to the tooth's structure. Researchers have been trying to prove
whether bleaching agents can change the hardness of the enamel surface. The following articles
have shown their conclusions on this controversy.
Researchers Dutra et al. (2017) tested whether bleaching agents change the enamel surface of
bovine teeth. The authors want to test this theory due to the popularity of teeth whitening. They
explained that teeth discoloration is normal due to tobacco use and the different pigments in foods.
They also addressed the types of bleaching (at home, and in office) and how they are typically used.
The authors introduced the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which is the device they used to
measure the enamel surface before and after bleaching in their study. Dutra et al used 10% and 16%
carbamide peroxide, which is common in at home bleaching solutions, and ... Show more content on
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(2016) believes that teeth whitening is causing an uproar. They think the lower the concentration of
the bleaching agent the less it will affect the tooth's surface, but also if LED is used the less
sensitivity will occur to the patient. These researchers took their study into a different rout than the
other researchers, they took the surface of bovine teeth and polished them all to be equal surface
microhardness, they then attached them to devices to put into human volunteer's mouths. These
eleven volunteers only removed the devices to eat. The teeth were bleached with either 15% or 35%
hydrogen peroxide, some with LED some without. They were bleached two separate times with
seven days in between then left in for seven more days till permanently removed from volunteer.
They concluded that the bleach with either concentration had little affect on the tooth's surface and
believe it is due to the human saliva that may have repaired any damages caused by

Fluoride Action Network : A Non Profit Organization And An...
1. Explain the position of the role you have been assigned, and provide at least two references that
support the position of your role.
I have been assigned the role of the leader of Fluoride Action Network. The Fluoride Action
Network is a non–profit organization and an international coalition seeking to broaden public
awareness about the toxicity of fluoride compounds and the health impacts of current fluoride
exposures. The organization's mission is to "provide comprehensive and up–to–date information
regarding all aspects of fluoride" and to "remain vigilant monitoring government agency actions that
may impact public's exposure to fluoride."1
The current data suggests that water fluoridation disproportionately harms low–income and minority
communities. In 2005, the Centers for Disease Control released the results of a national survey of
dental fluorosis, which was conducted between 1999 and 2002. According to the results, in the U.S.,
African American children have significantly higher rates of dental fluorosis.2 Same observation has
been made in other studies as well. Another study conduced in Indianapolis, Indiana, shows that "the
prevalence of dental fluorosis in African American children (80.1%) was significantly higher than in
Whites (62.5%). 3
Also, fluoride has long been known as a toxic substance. This is the reason that it has been used in
pesticides and rodenticides and now
2. List, describe and critically analyze three reasons that support water

Explain The Five Natural Ways To Strengthen Your Teeth
5 Natural Ways to Strengthen Your Teeth
Most people mistakenly assume that teeth can only be strengthened or developed during childhood
and adolescence. However, there are certain dietary and lifestyle changes that adults can make to
strengthen their teeth. Below introduces five ways to naturally strengthen your teeth.
Foods and Drinks to Avoid
Tooth decay occurs through bacteria forming plaque which turn to acid when they come into contact
with sugar and starch. Certain processed food and drinks, especially those with high levels of sugar
or starch, are harmful to dental health. Consuming these results in tooth demineralization, cavities
and worse. For example, soft drinks are full of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and phosphoric
acid. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
n fact, the American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA) estimates that community water
fluoridation has reduced tooth decay over 50 percent. Fluoride reverses the tooth decay process
through re–mineralization. While most store bought toothpastes contain fluoride, it is often not
enough to stop demineralization in adult teeth. Prescription strength fluoride toothpaste is one of the
best ways to remineralize adult teeth. Fluoride protects and strengthens teeth through slowing down
the decay process and increasing the remineralization process, which results in new enamel crystals
being formed.
https://www.adha.org/resources–docs/7253_Fluoride_Facts.pdf
Lifestyle Changes
A healthy diet and regular exercise are important for all aspects of your body's health. Smoking
cigarettes and using tabacoo products can cause tooth decay, gum disease and even oral cancer. Over
consumption of alcohol can also result in a dehydrated mouth, which causes oral bacteria to thrive.
As always practicing proper oral hygenie, such as daily brushing and flossing, is critical to dental
health. The American Dental Association (ADA) recommends that you get your teeth cleaned twice
a year.

Does Tea Stain Your Teeth Research Paper
Does Tea Stain Your Teeth?
The tannin in drinks such as coffee, tea, and coca cola gets stuck in your teeth and make stains.
Tannin is a yellowish brown substance that is a type of acid. This acid will make your teeth change
into a different color such as yellow or brown. Teeth stains occur more often when you are drinking
black or dark colored drinks because the darkness of the drinks get embedded in your teeth. There
are two types of teeth stains, extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic is when the outer layer of the tooth
stains and intrinsic when the inner structure of the tooth turns a faint yellow.
The staining of teeth from coffee, tea, and soda doesn't happen overnight. According to a HuffPost
article, more than 400 million cups of coffee

Why Fluoridation Has The Focal Point Of Debate
Since its introduction in the 1940s, fluoridation has been the focal point of debate. Fluoridation
supporters say that the procedure is safe and beneficial for preventing tooth decay and diseases,
especially in poor younger children. Fluoride is a mineral that happens actually in all sustenances
and water supplies. The fluoride particle originates from the component fluorine. Fluorine, the
thirteenth most bottomless component in the world 's covering, is never experienced in its free state
in nature. It exists just in mix with different components as a fluoride compound. Fluoride is
compelling in anticipating and turning around the early indications of tooth rot. Scientists have
demonstrated that there are a few routes through which fluoride accomplishes its rot preventive
impacts. It makes the tooth structure more grounded, so teeth are more impervious to corrosive
assaults. Corrosive is framed when the microscopic organisms in plaque separate sugars and
starches from the eating regimen. Rehashed corrosive assaults separate the tooth, which causes
cavities.
Fluoride additionally acts to repair regions in which corrosive assaults have as of now started. The
remineralization impact of fluoride is imperative since it inverts the early rot prepare and
additionally making a tooth surface that is more impervious to rot. Group water fluoridation is the
alteration of the measure of the gainful follow component fluoride found in water to accommodate
the correct insurance of

Human Tooth, Tooth Decay
human tooth , tooth decay
[pic]
Human tooth
Teeth of humans are small, calcified, whitish structures found in the mouth that are used to break
down food. The roots of teeth are embedded in the maxilla (upper jaw) or the mandible (lower jaw)
and are covered by gums. Teeth are made of multiple tissues of varying density and hardness.
Teeth are among the most distinctive (and long–lasting) features of mammal species. Humans, like
other mammals, are diphyodont, meaning that they develop two sets of teeth. The first set (also
called the "baby", "milk", "primary", and "deciduous" set) normally starts to appear at about six
months of age, although some babies are born with one or more visible teeth, known as neonatal ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Depending on the extent of tooth destruction, various treatments can be used to restore teeth to
proper form, function, and aesthetics, but there is no known method to regenerate large amounts of
tooth structure. Instead, dental health organizations advocate preventive and prophylactic measures,
such as regular oral hygiene and dietary modifications, to avoid dental caries.
Causes
There are four main criteria required for caries formation: a tooth surface (enamel or dentin); caries–
causing bacteria; fermentable carbohydrates (such as sucrose); and time. The caries process does not
have an inevitable outcome, and different individuals will be susceptible to different degrees
depending on the shape of their teeth, oral hygiene habits, and the buffering capacity of their saliva.
Dental caries can occur on any surface of a tooth that is exposed to the oral cavity, but not the
structures that are retained within the bone. All caries occurs from acid demineralization that
exceeds saliva and fluoride remineralization, and almost all acid demineralization occurs where food
(containing carbohydrate like sugar) is left on teeth. Though most trapped food is left between teeth,
over 80% of cavities occur inside pits and fissures on chewing surfaces where brushing, fluoride,
and saliva cannot reach to remineralize the tooth as they do on easy–to–reach surfaces that develop
few cavities.
Teeth

There are certain diseases and

Staining Teeth Lab Report
Acids in drinks factors in staining teeth. Tooth enamel contains microscopic pits that have the ability
to hold particles of food and drinks. The dark color in tea, coffee, soda, and grape juice gives the
yellow color on the teeth. Tannins are an ingredient in coffee and tea and more beverages. Tannins
cause color compounds more readily stick to teeth. I used eggshells to replace actual teeth because
eggshells and teeth are similar. Egg shells are made up of compounds of calcium carbonate. Tooth
enamel is composed of calcium phosphate. The purpose for testing was to find out which drink
stains the eggshells that are taking the place of teeth in a course of 24 hours in the beverage. My
Hypothesis was, if I put eggs in different staining

What Is Toothpaste Essay
Toothpaste
Brushing your teeth is a cornerstone of good oral health. Learn about the different types of
toothpaste, and how to choose one that is right for you.
Toothpaste is not always paste. It can be a gel, powder or paste that you brush your teeth and gums
to help get rid of accumulating plaque and improve your oral health. According to the American
Dental Association (ADA), the toothpaste is important to oral health because it helps to remove
plaque and bacteria buildup on the teeth and fights periodontal (gum) disease . Most toothpaste also
contains fluoride which strengthens tooth enamel and fights cavities.
What's the toothpaste?
The exact composition of various toothpastes may vary slightly depending on the benefits touted by
a particular brand (such as teeth whitening or reducing gingivitis). ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Fluor has broad benefits for people, both young and old. "Fluoride toothpaste is not just for kids –
it's good for us all our lives," says Price. "The fluoride in toothpaste heals and remineralizes
microscopic cavities form, hardens the tooth surface, making it more resistant to acid attack by
bacteria, and inhibits the effect of these acid–producing bacteria."
Fluoride safety
Although the FDA requires fluoride toothpaste to carry a warning label urged parents to contact the
Poison Information about their children accidentally consume a large amount of toothpaste, taking
the ADA Council on Scientific Affairs the position that the FDA warning exaggerating the risks of
fluoride intake in children. According to the ADA statement, the children can not swallow enough
fluoride from toothpaste during normal brushing to cause any serious problems. Nevertheless, to be
on the safe side Price restrict children under the age of 5 to a pea–sized amount of toothpaste and
monitor their brushing because most children have not learned to wash rather than swallowing the
end of

How Does Soda Affect Our Teeth
People who drink 3 or more glasses of soda each day have 62% more tooth decay, fillings and tooth
loss than others. This means that soda has a huge effect on your teeth. We didn't always have a tooth
brush to keep our teeth clean. But now thanks to dental advancements we do. Teeth have been the
same way since the human race has started.even when it's unflavored, fizzy water contains an acid–
carbonic acid–that gives it its bubbles. That acidity can gradually wear away tooth enamel. Fizzy
water is also in soda meaning that the carbonation in the soda wears away the tooth enamel.The
bacteria contained in the plaque feeds on the sugar in foods you eat or drink. Acids are created in
about 20 seconds and last for about 30 minutes. Those acids can

How Does Acid Cause Dental Erosion?
Previous scientific research findings have helped to warn consumers that the pH (potential of
hydrogen) levels in beverages such as soda could lead to tooth erosion, the breakdown of tooth
structure caused by the effect of acid on the teeth that leads to decay. However, the pH level of soft
drinks isn't the only factor that causes dental erosion. A beverage's "buffering capacity," or the
ability to neutralize acid, plays a significant role in the cause of dental erosion. Popular energy
drinks also cause tooth erosion.
Clinical Feature
figure 1 Effects of soft drinks ....teeth figure 1 Effects of soft drinks ....teeth
Acid Versus Enamel:–It is well known by the medical profession that disease loves acid,2 and this is
particularly true of dental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As dental professsionals,we need to educate our patients about the consequences of soft drink
consumption and provide suggestions to minimize the risk.We also need to be active in educating
school administrators on the negative impact soft drinks have on students'teeth.The place where
children spend agre at portion of their day and where they are influenced greatly by their
surroundingsis their school. Schools are therefore the most suitable environment to provide health
information tochildren in order to achieve the goal ofhealth promotion programs. It isquite a
contradiction to teach principlesof good nutrition in health education,then adjourn the class to
thereality that the children have highaccessibility to soft drinks right outsidethe

Essay about Root Surface Caries
Root Surface Caries
Caries can affect any surface of the teeth. The most commonly seen caries are found on the crown of
a tooth, above the cemento–enamel junction, it is also possible for caries to form on the root surface,
below the cemento–enamel junction. Dental root caries has received a great deal of attention in the
past few decades. A variety of different patients are at risk for root surface caries. Dentists use
several methods of treatment.
Root surface caries are also called cemental caries, cervical caries, or radicular caries. (Wilkins)
Root surface caries only involves the roots of teeth. The cementum and dentin located just below the
crown of the tooth is involved. No involvement of enamel is seen with root surface caries. ... Show
This process is enhanced with the presence of gingival recession.(Hammel)
Clinically, root caries appears as a soft, irregularly shaped lesion, either totally confined to the root
surface or also involving the enamel at the cemento–enamel junction. (Flaitz) It is more easily
detected on exposed root surfaces. It has been found that 10% to 20% of root caries lesions are
found subgingivally, especially at the interproximal region. The most common locations also include
exposed roots of the mandibular premolar and molar areas. On a dental radiograph, root surface
caries appears as a cupped–out or crater–shaped radiolucency just below the cemento–enamel
junction. Early lesions may be difficult to detect on a dental radiograph.(Hassan)
Clinical description is very subjective and is based on color, texture, surface smoothness, depth of
the lesion, and distinctiveness of its border. Root caries can be classified as active or inactive. Active
lesions are leathery or soft, and inactive or arrested lesions are hard upon touch with an explorer.
Root caries can vary in color from black or dark brown to yellowish or light brown.(Wilkins)
Measures that can be taken to prevent root surface caries are just as one would perform to prevent
coronal caries. Oral hygiene is most important. Brush your teeth at least twice a day, preferably after
each meal. Floss your teeth regularly to remove food particles between your teeth that cannot be
removed by ordinary brushing. Because you

Dental Bonding
Why Bonding Is A Good Option For Whitening Your Discolored Tooth
If you have a single discolored tooth because it was injured when you were young, you've probably
found out you can't whiten it using normal teeth whitening procedures. Bleaching works best on
yellowish stains caused by smoking and food. Gray discoloration caused by an injury to the tooth
can't be removed, but you can improve the appearance of your tooth by covering it up. The easiest
way to do that is with dental bonding. Bonding will match your tooth color to the rest of your teeth,
and it can even fix small chips or uneven edges if you have them. Here's why bonding may be the
best way to fix your discolored tooth.
Bonding Doesn't Damage Your Tooth
There are three ways

Gum Vs Chewing Gum Essay
Adults and children alike enjoy chewing gum, but while chewing gum can have its advantages, such
as freshening breath, it can also have its disadvantages. Being aware of the detrimental effects of
gum can help consumers make healthful decisions when next purchasing and planning on chewing
gum.
1. Plaque Formation
Plaque is a clear bio film of buildup on the teeth that can lead to both tooth decay and gum disease.
Chewing gum or eating any food can cause plaque to form. After consuming food or chewing gum,
plaque can formulate on the teeth within a few hours. The bacteria found in plaque can directly lead
to tooth decay. If plaque is not removed from teeth quickly enough through brushing and flossing,
bacteria can calcify, turn in to tartar

Teeth Synthesis Essay
Teeth are the hardest substances in the human body and help us in everyday life. They aid in our
speech, eating and also give shape in our face and mouth (Taylor, 2014). Without teeth, we would
have to eat foods that didn't require chewing, and learn to speak without some of the common
sounds and letters in the alphabet. However, our everyday activities such as eating and drinking can
damage our teeth. Foods and drinks with a high acid or sugar content can lead to damage and a slow
break down the protective enamel surrounding your teeth. (Serio, 2010). There are several different
parts to a tooth. The enamel, which is the outer covering, protects the tooth. It is the hardest
substance in the human body, and is non–porous. It is made mostly of calcium–phosphate and is
irreplaceable due to being made of a non–living mineral. (WebMD, 2013)Underneath the enamel is
the dentin. Unlike the enamel, dentin is made of living cells. Dentin is a tough layer of ... Show
Brushing and flossing your teeth twice a day can help prevent any number of diseases. One of the
most common problems are oral cavities. A cavity is a hole on a tooth which is decaying.
(Foundation, 2014) This happens when bacteria or plaque stick to teeth. If teeth aren't cleaned by
brushing and flossing daily, the sugars from foods and drinks feed the bacteria who in return create
acid which rots away the enamel on the tooth. If a cavity isn't taken care of quickly, the infection can
spread past the enamel and into the dentin and delicate pulp. This can be very painful and can result
in damage to the nerves, or even loss of a tooth. In serious cases, the infection can spread into the
jaw bone and gums which may require surgery. Most cavities occur in between two teeth, where it's
more difficult for the bristles of a tooth brush to reach (Serio, 2010). This is why it is important to
floss as well as brush

Anorexia And Bulimia Essay
INTRODUCTION
The rise in eating disorders has captured the attention of both medical and dental professionals. A
dental hygienist may be the first professional to detect an eating disorder due to the oral
complications that are associated with the condition (Foster, 2017). Eating disorders are described as
"a persistent disturbance of eating behavior or behavior intended to control weight, which
significantly impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning" (Fairburn & Walsh, 2003). There
are several types of eating disorders and sufferers may have a combination of disorders. Among
eating disorders, anorexia and bulimia nervosa are the most common (The British Psychological
Society, 2004). This review will discuss the psychological and behavioral traits associated with
anorexia and bulimia nervosa, as well as the systemic and dental consequences.
Research has shown, most cases of anorexia and bulimia nervosa begin during adolescence, with the
growth of social media being linked to one of the causal factors (The British Psychological Society,
2004). There is some evidence suggesting roles of genetic, neurobiological and sociocultural factors
as well (The British Psychological Society, 2004). Morbidity and mortality rates may be higher
because individuals with eating disorders often deny the extent of their fasting, binge–eating and
purging behaviors (Steinberg, 2012).
Anorexia nervosa is a mental disorder in which a person maintains a low weight as a result of a

The Natural Levels Of Fluoride In Water
Fluoride is an ion which comes from the element fluorine (9th on the periodic table). It's an
abundant element found in the Earth's crust and it is never found in its free state in nature. Rather,
"fluoride only will exist in combination with other elements, in compounds such as Sodium fluoride
or Sodium fluorosilicate" (NSW Health 2015). The naturally present fluoride in water combines
with these other elements as water passes over or through rocks and minerals. Typically,
underground water sources, such as the aquifer, will have higher levels of fluoride than surface
water sources such as rivers and lakes. Across the United States, the "natural levels of fluoride can
vary between very minute quantities to over 4 mg/L" (ADA 2005). In addition,

Do Your Teeth Sensitivity: How To Do Your Teeth Hurt?
Do Your Teeth Hurt? Learn 4 Ways You Can Reduce Sensitivity If you find it difficult to enjoy a cup
of hot coffee or an ice cream cone without experiencing some sort of pain in your teeth, you most
likely have an issue with teeth sensitivity. It's a problem that can make it hard to enjoy some of your
favorite foods and beverages. Thankfully, there are several ways you can reduce teeth sensitivity to
make hot and cold foods more tolerable for yourself. Avoid Acidic Foods The enamel on your teeth
are what protect them from becoming too sensitive, but there are things you may be doing that will
slowly strip away the enamel over time. One of those things is eating foods that are very acidic.
They will gradually corrode your enamel, and progressively

Who is against fluoride being added to water and Why
Who is against fluoride being added to water and Why
This report investigates about water fluoridation, and its effects and why it is added to water. Water
fluoridation is a process where fluoride is added to public drinking water. The main purpose of this
is to reduce tooth decay. The dosage that is added to the water is paramount to stopping tooth decay.
This process can only be achieved by physically adding the fluoride to the drinking water. When the
fluoridated water is drunk it acts on the surface of the teeth building up the enamel. It also leaves
low levels of fluoride in the saliva. This also reduces the decaying rate of the teeth. This practice is
common among developed countries. This is where the rate of tooth decay is high. ... Show more
Strengthening bones
Some studies show that fluoride is one of the minerals that is required to build up strong bones.
When fluoride is used correctly, it increases the rate in which the bones grow and makes them
stronger.
While the use of fluoride is beneficial, we cannot ignore the harmful effects of using fluoride.
Uncontrolled fluoride intake can be very counter reproductive and sometimes lead to chronic
conditions that change your lifestyle.
Why unions and civil societies are against of adding fluoride in water
The practice is unethical
Doctors and other medical personnel see added doses of fluoride to drinking water, as a malpractice.
This is because medical ethics do not allow for any administration of drugs without the consent of
the patient or a proper diagnosis. In addition, the practice also gives fluoride to people who do not
need it. Not everyone is affected by tooth decay, however the system does not choose whom to give
the dose and whom to skip. This leads to accumulation of fluoride in the blood system, which can
lead to life threatening conditions.
The dose cannot be controlled
People take different amounts of water making. This makes it difficult to regulate the dose taken by
one person. In addition, fluoride is not meant to be ingested into the body, rather it is meant to be
used on the surface of teeth. Athletes and those with diabetes will take more water than ordinary
people will. This makes there fluoride intake more than the

The Staff Of Fox Family Dentistry
(Contact us)
Contact Our Burke, VA, Dental Office Today
The staff of Fox Family Dentistry is available to schedule your dental appointments or answer any
of your questions. Our office is located at 5200 Lyngate Court in Burke, VA, and we also serve the
communities of Springfield, Fairfax, and Annandale.
You'll find that we offer convenient morning and evening hours and even take appointments on
Saturdays! We want to hear from you and take care of your dental needs. Call us today at 703–260–
1677.
Hours of Operation:
Monday – Wednesday: 7:00 a.m. – 6:00 p.m.
Thursday – Friday: 7:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m.
Saturday: 8:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m.
Smile Makeover
Many of our patients need multiple procedures to achieve the smile of their dreams. Our office will
coordinate and follow through on your treatments, which is why we offer a wide array of cosmetic
procedures. We can couple veneers and whitening procedures or also complete multiple crown
placements to improve your smile. Whatever the case, we offer patients a smile preview so they can
see what their smile will look like before they undergo any procedure.
At Fox Family Dentistry, we can help you accomplish a beautiful smile. We don't you covering your
smile with your hands any longer! Call us today 703–260–1677 or use the online form to book a
consultation with Drs. Fox.
(New Patient Forms)
No More Paperwork During Your Dental Visits in Burke, VA
At Fox Family Dentistry, we don't want you to spend 30 minutes of your first

Case Study Of Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Amelogenesis Imperfecta represents a group of conditions, genomic in origin, which affect the
structure and clinical appearance of the enamel of all or nearly all the teeth in a more or less equal
manner, and which may be associated with morphologic or biochemical changes elsewhere in the
body (1). AI is a developmental condition of the dental enamel characterised by hypoplasia and/or
hypomineralisation, which could be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex linked with
sporadic inheritance patterns.
The anatomic and histological features of the various phenotypes include either reduced enamel
hypoplasia or hypomineralization including hypomaturation and hy– pocalcification subtypes.(2)
Clinical features associated with AI include enamel defects, pulpal calcification, taurodontism, root
malformations, disturbances in tooth eruption, impaction of permanent teeth, progressive root and ...
The multiple treatment phases can utilize considerable time, the long–term consequences, risks, and
benefits of the various treatmentoptions must be discussed with patients.
A correct treatment plan and the use of the new ceramic materials made it possible to obtain good
results both from a functional and esthetic point of view with a much more conservative approach
compared with the traditional one.
Recent long–term follow–up research on these new materials support their use in esthetic and
functional rehabilitations of this type. In addition, considering the young age of the patient, the
preservation of hard tissues and the complete non–interference of periodontal tissues will not
prejudice the possibility of any further dental

Incipient Occlusal Myth: A Case Study
One of the most difficult areas to diagnose decay is incipient carries on the occlusal surface. Unless
they are large they tend not to show on radiographs, and can be hidden under the anatomy of the
tooth. Occlusal caries may be confused with staining. Also, the narrow pits and grove of the occlusal
surface of posterior teeth may be too small to allow an explorer tip to the base of the grove. The
KaVo DIAGNOdent is designed to detect incipient occlusal caries. One of the intended advantages
of this is to catch caries early in order to prevent the need for deeper restorations and the removal of
excess enamel at a later time (KaVo Dental).
Figure 1 Figure 2 The DIAGNOdent operates by using a laser directed at the surface of the tooth. ...
Next, as base line reading is set for each patient by calibrating the unit on an unrestored, healthy
tooth. The wand is then placed on the occlusal surface to be examined and rocked gently back and
forth. The higher the number displayed by the unit the more fluorescence is coming from the tooth
and the deeper the suspected decay is in that area. It is safe and painless (KaVo Dental).
Limits to this technology include; an inability to use it to detect interproximal caries, an inability to
use it around composite restorations, an inability to detect recurrent decay under amalgam
restorations, and an inability to use it to detect decay under sealants (KaVo Dental).
This technology can be purchased from KaVo or Patterson Dental, although both companies will not
give pricing for the unit without registration. Used units can be purchased through EBay and range
from $900–$1300.
There are also other devices on the market that assist in carries diagnosis. The Inspektor Pro is a
quantitative light–induced florescence (QLF) device used to detect smooth surface caries. Like the
DIAGNOdent this device uses florescence to detect caries and it also give a quantitative
measurement of findings. However, it is designed to detect carries on smooth surfaces and is
unproven for occlusal pits and groves (Karlsson & Tranaeus,

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