Connectivity of Bilateral Thalamus Regions

Meta Analytic Connectivity Of Bilateral Thalamus
Discussion Meta–analytic Connectivity of Bilateral Thalamus The aim of our study was to compare
and characterize the coactivations of LT and RT. By performing a conjunction analysis LT∩RT we
found that each of our ROIs shared coactivations with cerebellar–thalamic–cortical circuit. Within
the cortex, convergence of LT and RT MACAMs occurred in right superior temporal, right and left
precentral, bilateral parietal and left supplementary motor area, which is involved in cognitive
aspects of performance (Kim et al., 1994; Mushiake and strick, 1995; Gao et al., 1996; for review,
see Middleton and Strick, 1997) such as working memory, planning, and rule–based learning
(Middleton and Strick, 2001). Importantly, LT and RT individually showed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The direct projections of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus to the insula and cingulate have
been demonstrated in non–human primates (Augustine, 1996; Craig, 2008; Hatanaka et al., 2003;
Mufson and Mesulam, 1984; Vogt et al;, 1979). Taylor et al. in 2009 stated that thalamus is the most
likely canditate as direct projection to insula and cingulate. Cerebelum–thalamus–insula–cingulate
regions seems to be part of the "salience network" and "an executive–control network" conecting the
frontal cortex with parietal cortex (Seely et al.,2007 and Dosenbach et al., 2007). The salience
networks detects salient environmental changes independently of the modality of the task employed
(i.e., visual, auditory, tactile, pain) (Hutchison et al, 1999; Downar et al. 2000, 2002, 2003; Seely et
al. 2007; Taylor et al. 2009). Previous research has also identificated anterior insula and dorsal
anterior cingulate cortex as a frontoparietal control network, that may indirectly contribute to
episodic memory recall such as goal–directed selection for stimulus and responses and may mediate
these functions by integrating information from external and internal sources or across multiple
domains such as attention or working memory
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Relationship between Caucasian and African Americans
Hypothesis Wittenbrink, Judd, and Park (1997) hypothesized the degree of involuntariness of
Caucasian Americans' triggered connections of African Americans. They thought that involuntary
stereotyping would occur when being presented elements that referenced African Americans. Easier
responding to African American related elements should occur after experiencing elements that
related to African Americans (black prime) and Caucasian American stereotypes after experiencing
elements that related to Caucasian Americans (white prime). The eased responses to stereotypes
should vary according to how positive or negative the element is (valence), therefore expressing
involuntary prejudices (Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997). Methodology Wittenbrink, Judd, and Park
(1997) studied eighty–eight people from the University of Colorado, who were in a psychology
course, in order to receive points for their class. African Americans were not included. Caucasian
American participants had to do three irrelevant assignments. One involved classifying to which
race people belonged to according to first names. In this way, a connection with race categories was
reinforced and was used as group primes. Following this, they had them do a response time
assignment (out of awareness procedure), where they were asked if different strings of letters on the
computer were a word or were not a word this was part of the Lexical Decision Task (LDT)
(Wittenbrink, Judd, and Park, 1997). Before presenting the words

Use Of Disruption Of Performance On Roles Involving...
Focus has been thought to be attained automatically from stimuli with negative valence, allowing
quick recognition of possible threats (Itkes & Mashal, 2015). The concept of disruption of
performance on roles involving negative words has been heavily researched (Itkes & Mashal, 2015),
whereas minimal research has been conducted on the timing of semantic processing where negative
valence applies its influence on performance.
To view the influence of negative valence on performance, the emotional Stroop task has been
utilised (Itkes & Mashal, 2015). The Stroop task involves participants naming colours of words
whilst disregarding their background. The words used generally bear negative or neutral valence,
and results propose that reaction times are slower to negative words in comparison to neutral words.
(Itkes & Mashal, 2015) suggest that achievements on this role show a basic deceleration resulting
from dangerous stimuli.
In reference to the Automatic Vigilance Hypothesis, surrounding stimuli are involuntarily viewed as
negative or positive (Itkes & Mashal, 2015). This rapid reaction occurs due to the allowance for
avoidance or approach behaviour. Negative data is prioritised when studies drew attention to factors
of behaviour and brain activity. This allows for the cognition system to be prepared for any possible
harm, that could disrupt present processing of information (Itkes & Mashal, 2015). Therefore,
valence is agreed to be processed early. The question still

Top-Down Influences On Spoken Word Recognition
Discuss the evidence for top–down influences on spoken word recognition.
What is the best way of accounting for these effects?
Introduction
One fundamental issue in the study of spoken word recognition is concerned with how and when
bottom–up information (i.e., raw acoustic input) is integrated with top–down knowledge (i.e.,
lexical, morpho–syntactic and semantic information) when processing speech, if at all. Interactive
accounts, represented by the TRACE model, acknowledge top–down flow of information as one
essential route within its theoretical portrait of a bi–directional spread of activation when processing
spoken words, as in contrast to autonomous ones, such as the SHORTLIST B model, which endorse
a unidirectional bottom–up approach. The paper discussed both positive and negative empirical
evidence for top–down effects in speech perception following a chronological order in line with two
influential theoretical accounts (i.e., Interactive versus Autonomous) to shed light on a more
comprehensive understanding of spoken word recognition. In particular, this discussion aims to
argue that the role for top–down influences on spoken word could be better consolidated
empirically, only when the idea of top–down flow is more rigorously conceptualized.
Early evidence
One long running approach to investigate how does higher–level information influence speech
perception focuses on testing if lexical knowledge influences phoneme perception through top–
down feedback, or

An Article On English Translation Module
Introduction This commentary is made upon the target text of a past timed–text of the Specialised
Portuguese – English Translation module. The source text consists of a report published in Lisbon in
October of 2009, in the Portuguese newspaper Correio da Manhã. The language is Portuguese; the
sublanguage Portuguese from Portugal; and as stated in the specification sheet given along with the
source text, no author or journalist signed the extract. The text is part of the journalism genre and,
following Halliday's categories of Register , it can be said that the text's "field" is the description of
an incident occurred with the Portuguese airlines TAP; the "tenor" is the part of Portugal's
population who are readers from the newspaper Correio da Manhã; and the "mode" is written text –
the specification sheet doesn't state if it's a piece of online news or from a printed newspaper. The
language used is accessible and does not make use of specific terminologies or vocabulary that are
unfamiliar to the national readership; the newspaper is a read general publication and the text seems
to be aimed at a broad and national audience. Although the text would be categorised on what Reiss
called an "informative text" , while its primary function is the "plain communication of facts" its
focus also presents features of an "expressive text" if considered that the form that it was written
plays a rather important role on presenting the subject in an accessible way. The

Questions On Natural Language Processing
Introduction
1.1 Inspiration and Outline
Today in the world of information technology everyone is using internet to share and access data.
But the data is in the form of natural language. And as we all know that all natural languages have
basic feature that it have ambiguity. It is something which can be understand in two or more ways,
and that depends on what situation it occurs. There are different types of ambiguities present in
natural languages like lexical ambiguity, structural or grammatical ambiguity, ambiguity of scope,
pragmatic ambiguity etc. Among all these ambiguities, lexical ambiguity is generally present in
natural languages. This ambiguity can be defined as the ambiguity which occurs because a word has
various meaning. So, to use information technology in best way we need to eliminate ambiguity
from the sentences with the help of tool called word sense disambiguation.
Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is a tool which computes the correct sence of ambiguious word
in context which it occur. It is a main challenge in Natural Language Processing(NLP) and it is
considered an AI– complete problem. For example consider the sentence–। and ;g ,d vke ckr gSA
vke Qyks dk jktk gSA Here, the ambiguous word is vke which can be interpreted as 'common' or as
'mango' based on the situation in which it is said.
The problem of recognition of definite sense of given word seems to be simple. As human being
simply identify the meaning of a word given on a given context. But

Statistics
University of Phoenix Material Week 2 Practice Worksheet Prepare a written response to the
following questions. Chapter 3 1. For the following scores, find the mean, median, and the mode.
Which would be the most appropriate measure for this data set? The mean would be the sum of all
numbers which is 2+2+0+ 5+1+ 4+1+ 3+ 0+ 0+ 1+ 4+ 4+ 0+1+ 4+ 3+ 4+ 2+ 1=124.
X(sum)/N=124/20. N=6.2. The median would be the middle score, the sum of all numbers added
together (124) and divided by (20)=6.2. This would be the middle score. The mode is the value in a
data set that occurs most often or most frequently. 0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,4,4,4,4,5. We learn in
our chapter reading that The mode would be 1. It occurs most frequently. In sum, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
governors and of four chief executive officers (CEOs) of major U.S. corporations. The figures for
the governors were 44, 36, 52, and 40 square feet. The figures for the CEOs were 32, 60, 48, 36
square feet. a. Figure the means and standard deviations for the governors and CEOs. b. Explain, to
a person who has never had a course in statistics, what you have done. c. Note the ways in which the
means and standard deviations differ, and speculate on the possible meaning of these differences,
presuming that they are representative of U.S. governors and large corporations' CEOs in general. 5.
Radel and colleagues (2011) conducted a study of how feeling overly controlled makes you desire–
even unconsciously–more freedom. In their study, 52 Canadian undergraduates played a video game
in a laboratory and were randomly assigned to either: a. an automony deprivation condition, in
which they were told to follow instructions precisely, constantly given instructions over a
loudspeaker, and carefully observed on everything they did. b. a neutral condition, which was much
more laid back. After this activity, they were asked to do a "lexical decision task" (a standard
approach for measuring unconscious responses) in which they were shown a series of words and
nonwords in random order and had to press "C" if it was a real word or "N" if not. Half of the real
words were related to autonomy (e.g., freedom, choice)

Worksheet Statistics
University of Phoenix Material
Week 2 Practice Worksheet
Prepare a written response to the following questions.
Chapter 3
1. For the following scores, find the mean, median, and the mode. Which would be the most
appropriate measure for this data set?
2, 2, 0, 5,1, 4,1, 3, 0, 0, 1, 4, 4, 0,1, 4, 3, 4, 2, 1
2. Based on the scale of measurement for each variable listed below, which measure of central
tendency is most appropriate for describing the data?
a. The time (in years) it takes a sample of students to graduate college
b. The blood type (e.g., Type A, B, AB, O) of a group of participants
c. The rankings of college undergraduate academic programs
Chapter 4
3. An expert reviews a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
an automony deprivation condition, in which they were told to follow instructions precisely,
constantly given instructions over a loudspeaker, and carefully observed on everything they did. b. a
neutral condition, which was much more laid back.
After this activity, they were asked to do a "lexical decision task" (a standard approach for
measuring unconscious responses) in which they were shown a series of words and nonwords in
random order and had to press "C" if it was a real word or "N" if not. Half of the real words were
related to autonomy (e.g., freedom, choice) and half were neutral (e.g., whisper, hammer). The key
focus of the study was on how long it took people to press the button *("response latency") for each
kind of real word, averaged over the many words of each type. The table below shows the mean and

standard deviation across the participants of these four categories of results. Thus, for example, 782
milliseconds (thousandths of a second) is the average time it took participants in the autonomy–
deprived condition to respond to the autonomy–related words, and 211 is the standard deviation
across the 26 participants' average response time in that condition. Explain the numbers in this table
to a person who has never had a course in statistics. (Be sure to explain some specific numbers, as
well as the general principle of the mean and standard deviation.) For your interest, the pattern of
results shown here supported the researchers'

Psy/300 Week 2 Practice Worksheet
Week 2 Practice Worksheet
Chapter 3
1. For the following scores, find the mean, median, and the mode. Which would be the most
appropriate measure for this data set?
2, 2, 0, 5,1, 4,1, 3, 0, 0, 1, 4, 4, 0,1, 4, 3, 4, 2, 1
Mean =42/20 =2.1 Meidan = 2 Mode= 1 and 4
2. Based on the scale of measurement for each variable listed below, which measure of central
tendency is most appropriate for describing the data?
a. The time (in years) it takes a sample of students to graduate college (Mean)
b. The blood type (e.g., Type A, B, AB, O) of a group of participants (Mode)
c. The rankings ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
governors and large corporations' CEOs in general.
a) Governors: 36; 44; 52; 40
Mean: 43
Standard deviation: 6.83
CEOs: 32; 60; 48; 36
Mean: 44
Standard deviation: 12.65

b) We have just found the average measurements of the desks of the governors and CEOs in major
US corporations. We also found the spread of the data.
c) The average, or mean of the measurements are almost the same in both cases. However, the
standard deviation of the CEOs' measurements is almost double of the governors', which means that
the CEO's desks can be either much bigger or much smaller than the governors.
5. Radel and colleagues (2011) conducted a study of how feeling overly controlled makes you
desire–even unconsciously–more freedom. In their study, 52 Canadian undergraduates played a
video game in a laboratory and were randomly assigned to either:
a. an automony deprivation condition, in which they were told to follow instructions precisely,
constantly given instructions over a loudspeaker, and carefully observed on everything they did. b. a
neutral condition, which was much more laid back.
related to autonomy (e.g.,

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Vocabulary Learning
In the extensive course of language teaching research, vocabulary has been a neglected subject if
compared to other aspects (i.e.grammar) of language acquisition (Alqahtani, 2015: 22); however, in
relatively recent years, there has been an increase of studies related to vocabulary teaching and
learning, and scholars have outlined various aspects which are important to consider when
discussing the development of lexical competence.
Primarily, there are two ways students can encounter new words in a foreign language, i.e. implicitly
or explicitly. Ellis explains that implicit vocabulary learning implies an incidental contact with a
word, whereas explicit vocabulary learning refers to 'direct or intentional' instructions given by the
teacher so ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, it is important to discuss the concept of "Depth of processing hypothesis". According to
"Depth of processing hypothesis", the memorization, and ultimately retention, of the new word is
enhanced by an elaborate and deep processing (Craik and Lockhart, 1972; Craik and Tulving, 1975,
discussed in Schmitt, N. and Schmitt, D., 1995: 134). Schmitt, N. and Schmitt, D. state that a deep
and rich 'semantic processing, such as creating a mental image of the word's meaning, judging the
formality of the word, or grouping the word with other conceptually associated words' will be more
beneficial for the learning process than the activities which involve a relatively little cognitive effort,
for example rote learning (1995: 134). Moreover, Nemati concludes that a student's ability to
retrieve a word does not depend so much on the fact how recently he/she has learned the word, but
rather the results are affected by the depth of processing at the moment of learning (2009: 15). In
other words, if the student spends a decent amount of time pondering over the new word, there is a
great possibility that this word will be remembered and stored in the long–term

Derogatory Music 's Effects On Overall Mood And Test...
Derogatory Music's Effects on Overall Mood and Test Performance
Rebecca Smith
Arcadia University
Derogatory Music's Effects on Overall Mood and Test Performance We believe that music with
certain messages can have an effect on mood states. In this experiment we will be looking at how
derogatory music will affect the mood state and test performance of women. We believe that music
that has sexist themes will result in low mood states and test results of the females in that condition
when compared to those in the positive and neutral conditions. Kellaris et al, Schellenberg,
Metcalfe, Jones, Steele, and Hallum et al. all published studies about how music effects mood and
performance. The Good, et al. study showed how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Increasing audience attention to music enhanced message reception when the music evoked
message–congruent (vs incongruent) thoughts (Kellaris, et al.).
In 2010 Good, J. J., Woodzicka, J. A., & Wingfield, L. C. investigated the effect of gender
stereotypic and counter–stereotypic images on male and female high school students ' science
comprehension and anxiety (Good, et al.). They predicted stereotypic images to induce stereotype
threat in females and impair science performance (Good, et al.). Counter–stereotypic images were
predicted to alleviate threat and enhance female performance (Good, et al.). Students read one of
three chemistry lessons, each containing the same text, with photograph content varied according to
stereotype condition (Good, et al.). Participants then completed a comprehension test and anxiety
measure (Good, et al.). Results indicate that female students had higher comprehension after
viewing counter–stereotypic images (female scientists) than after viewing stereotypic images (male
scientists) (Good, et al.). Male students had higher comprehension after viewing stereotypic images
than after viewing counter–stereotypic images. Implications for alleviating the gender gap in science
achievement are discussed (Good, et al.).
Clark, D.M., Teasdale, J.D., Broadbent, D.E. et al. investigated the effects of induced elation and
depression on lexical decision times

Child's Real Time Referential Processing Development
Introduction Language processing has been a largely studied area of research over the past _ years.
More recently, studies have looked into real–time referential processing abilities in children in order
to understand how processing works as well as what contributes to levels of efficiency. Some factors
that effect proficiency of this ability includes exposure to infant–directed speech, onset of exposure
to first language, socioeconomic status, as well as various individual differences such as language
impairments and/or deafness. This paper strives to collect supporting ideas of what factors
contribute to a child's real time referential processing development. Exposure to Language In some
cultures, around the world, it is common to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The findings support that experiencing language fosters development of vocabulary through
positively influenced processing efficiency. It has also been seen that children from higher
socioeconomic status families show greater interaction and exposure to language which leads to
larger vocabularies as well as efficient real–time processing (Fernald, A., Marchman, V. A., &
Weisleder, A., 2013). Ultimately, children who are more exposed to speech are able to interpret
words, create mental lexicon representations leading them to be able to familiarize with words
quicker and with better accuracy during speech in real–time. This ability later shows rapid growth in
vocabulary. (Weisleder et al., 2013) The looking–while–listening test is a good resource, however in
some cases this test cannot be used. Such reasons arise in the assessment of deaf children that
heavily rely on ASL signs as their primary tool for communication. Spoken language learning
processes require visual and auditory modalities where as comprehension and processing of sign
language requires visual attention to real world referents as well as attention to visual linguistic
signs (Lieberman et al., 2015). Lieberman et al. (2015) at the University of California looked at real
time processing in ASL signs and finds evidence to support that when deaf children are exposed to
ASL from birth, they are developing sub lexical features within their

Why Immigrants Have A Higher Incidence Of Schizophrenia
Due to socioeconomic, cultural, and, after the past few election cycles in the United States, political
adversity that immigrants have to endure, it is not surprising that some immigrant populations,
namely the working poor, manifest various mental health issues at higher rates than the rest of the
population. According to much research, "evidence is overwhelming that certain immigrant groups. .
. suffer a greater incidence of schizophrenia" also noting that the "risk increases with length of
residence in the host country and the risk is even more severe in the second generation" (Whitley
1073). There are a number of pre–migratory, post–migratory factors that also include factors
associated with the process of migration that most likely increase the incidence of mental health
issues in immigrants, namely persecution, poverty, violence, famine, drought and other traumatic
events that in addition to potentially arduous journeys to reach their destination and post–migratory
factors included in the term "marginalization" that make it easy to see why immigrants would have a
higher incidence of psychopathology like schizophrenia, developmental disorders in children, post–
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety (Whitley 1073). Many of these issues
compound after migration has taken place to manifest what has been called "social defeat."
According to Whitley, "social defeat is an umbrella term that refers to various sociocultural (and
economic) acute events and

PSY315 Week Two Practice Problems
Week Two Practice Problems
Chapter 2
12. For the following scores, find the mean, median, sum of squared deviations, variance, and
standard deviation:
1,112; 1,245; 1,361; 1,372; 1,472
Mean is 1312
Median is 1361
Sum of squared deviations is 76089.2
Variance is 15218
Standard deviation is 123.361
16. A psychologist interested in political behavior measured the square footage of the desks in the
official office for four U.S. governors and of four chief executive officers (CEOs) of major U.S.
corporations. The figures for the governors were 44, 36, 52, and 40 square feet. The figures for the
CEOs were 32, 60, 48, 36 square feet.
a. Figure the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The amount of time it takes to recover physiologically from a certain kind of sudden noise is found
to be normally distributed with a mean of 80 seconds and a standard deviation of 10 seconds. Using
the 50%–34%–14% figures, approximately what percentage of scores (on time to recover) will be:
Above 100? 2%
Below 100? 98%
Above 90? 84%
Below 90? 16%
Above 80? 50%
Below 80? 50%
Above 70? 84%

Below 70? 16%
Above 60? 98%
Below 60? 52%
18. Suppose that the scores of architects on a particular creativity test are normally distributed.
Using a normal curve table, what percentage of architects have Z scores:
Above .10? 100%+.10=.10%
Below .10? 100%–.10%=99.99%
Above .20? 100%+.20%=.20%
Below .20? 100%–.20%=99.80%
Above 1.10? 100%+1.10%=101.10%
Below 1.10? 100%–1.10=98.90%
Above –.10? 100%+.10=.10%
Below –.10? 100%–.10%=99.99%
Using a normal curve table 2% of the architects have Z scores.
21. Suppose that you are designing an instrument panel for a large industrial machine. The machine
requires the person using it to reach 2 feet from a particular position. The reach from this position
for adult women is known to have a mean of 2.8 feet with a standard deviation of .5. The reach for
adult men is known to have a mean of 3.1 feet with a standard deviation of .6. Both women's and
men's reach from this position is normally distributed. If this design is implemented:
What percentage of women will not be able to work on this instrument

Lexical Approach To English Language Teaching
CHAPTER 2:
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Introduction:
Lexical Approach and English Language Teaching The Lexical Approach is based on the idea that
language is made up of other structural elements besides what we traditionally think of as grammar.
Instruction focuses on relatively fixed expressions that occur frequently in spoken language rather
than on originally created sentences (Lewis, 1997a). This digest provides an overview of the
methodological foundations underlying the lexical approach and the pedagogical implications. The
lexical approach to foreign language teaching has received interest in recent years as an alternative
to grammar–based approaches. The lexical approach concentrates on developing learners'
proficiency with lexis, or words and word combinations. It is based on the idea that an important
part of language acquisition is the ability to comprehend and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There were studies done on vocabulary acquisition through Internet–based instruction. Many of the
studies (e.g. Al–Jarf, 2007; Kaur and Hegelheimer, 2005; Smidt and Hegelheimer, 2004) showed
that students learned vocabulary more effectively when they were involved incidentally or directly
in vocabulary tasks and activities in the Internet–based learning environment. As researchers, we
also believe that vocabulary acquisition is an area where computer assisted language learning
(CALL) has a particularly important role to play. Son (2001) explored CALL research on
vocabulary learning. His article discussed the use of the computer for lexical skill development in
terms of linking CALL with vocabulary acquisition and searching for effective ways to use CALL in
vocabulary instruction. Through the literature review, the article was assured the positive effects of
lexical CALL on implicit and explicit learning of vocabulary and

The Role Of Inhibitory Modulation Of Languages Among...
The Role of Inhibitory Modulation of Languages among Bilinguals
In a rich linguistic environment, where more than 7000 languages are spoken in 149 countries,
multilingualism and bilingualism are inevitable (Crystal, 2003; Grosjean, 2010). While the causes of
increased bilingualism and multilingualism can vary, the repercussions of this demographic shift are
wide reaching (O'Brien, Curtin, & Naqvi, 2014). Consequently, research on bilingualism and
multilingualism has also dramatically increased in the last few years in quantity, quality and breadth
(Bhatia & William, 2013).
In the past two decades, series of discoveries has changed the way bilingualism was understood
(Kroll, Bobb, & Hoshino, 2014). The consequences of bilingualism are not limited to native and
second language but appear to reflect reorganization of brain networks that hold implications for the
ways in which bilinguals negotiate cognitive competition more generally. The "bilingual" experience
for every individual is unique as it depends upon the context, linguistic proficiency, and purpose.
There is also a great variability in the amount and quality of exposure to the languages that the
individual learns. Due to this capriciousness in bilingual characteristics, defining bilingualism
becomes problematic and raises number of theoretical and methodological concerns (Hamers &
Blanc, 2000).
The term 'bilingualism' is generally defined as an individual's ability to use two languages (ASHA,
2004; European

Psy/315 Week 2 Worksheet Essay
University of Phoenix Material– Instructor: Mesha Mathis Week 2 Practice Worksheet Prepare a
written response to the following questions. Chapter 3 1. For the following scores, find the mean,
median, and the mode. Which would be the most appropriate measure for this data set? 2, 2, 0, 5,1,
4,1, 3, 0, 0, 1, 4, 4, 0,1, 4, 3, 4, 2, 1 Mean–
(2+2+0+5+1+4+1+3+0+0+1+4+4+0+1+4+3+4+2+1)/20= 2.15 Median– 2.10 Mode– numbers 1 and
4 The most appropriate measure for this data set would be mean as it involves all the numbers
combined. 2. Based on the scale of measurement for each variable listed below, which measure of
central tendency is most appropriate for describing the data? a. The time ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
c. Note the ways in which the means and standard deviations differ, and speculate on the possible
meaning of these differences, presuming that they are representative of U.S. governors and large
corporations' CEOs in general. Means are about the same, while the range is twice as wide for
CEO's indicating some CEOs have much larger desks and some have smaller desks. 5. Radel and
colleagues (2011) conducted a study of how feeling overly controlled makes you desire–even
unconsciously–more freedom. In their study, 52 Canadian undergraduates played a video game in a
laboratory and were randomly assigned to either: a. an automony deprivation condition, in which
they were told to follow instructions precisely, constantly given instructions over a loudspeaker, and
carefully observed on everything they did. b. a neutral condition, which was much more laid back.
related to autonomy (e.g., freedom, choice) and half were neutral (e.g., whisper, hammer). The key
focus of the study was on how long it took people to press the button *("response latency") for each
kind of real word, averaged over the many words of each type. The table below

Disadvantages Of Interpreter Omissions
Introduction (10%)
For this assignment I am going to delve into the reasons why interpreters make omissions that are
either made as part of a conscious linguistic strategy or those omissions that are not made
strategically. (get a quote)
There are numerous reason to why omissions are made either deliberately or accidental by
interpreters during interpretations, My aim is to in order to gain a deeper insight into why and how
these omissions are produced and reveal the impact these have in the interpretation.
I will focus predominately on the omissions that were not made as part of a linguistic strategy by the
interpreter. However, the following essay takes a look at both sides of the argument.
Main Body (80%)
Metalinguistic Awareness
Metalinguistic awareness is a contributing factor _____
Metalinguisitc awareness is vital _____
According to Daro, Lambert, and Fabbro (1996) the conscious monitoring that takes place whilst
interpreting simultaneously can have a detrimental effect on the amount and types of miscue
omissions interpreters made. The study was carried out to demonstrate the type of omissions that
interpreters made and to determine whether these types of omissions were made as a metacognitive
strategy or were made unconsciously.
Time Lag
Firstly, I am going to delve into the implications time lag has on sign language interpretations and its
contribution to erroneous types of omissions.
A specific study was carried out by Cokely (1992b) on the effects

Material Selection for Esl Reading Class
Comprehension of a reading text is made difficult due to the interactive nature of the reading
process. Different readers respond in different ways to the same text. The reading lesson therefore
needs to make allowances for both the variety of texts and the variety of readers. ( Nuttal,1996). As
reading is a complex task, teacher need to be focused on the learning goals of the reading lesson and
steer the learners towards achieving these goals. Even if the reading programme has a prescribed
textbook, it is highly recommended that teachers use additional reading as supplementary materials..
Since the focus of the ESL reading class should be on a specific aspect of reading, the selection of
an appropriate reading text is critical. If the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The framework is as shown below :–
– to get information travel brochures, train timetables, bus schedules, notices, public signs,
directories, catalogues, information leaflets, regulations, weather forecasts
– to respond to curiosity magazine articles, newspaper editorials, about a topic advertisements ,
guidelines, specialist brochures – to follow instructions maps, route planners, recipes, assembly
instructions, instructions for use, guides, manuals
– for pleasure and poems, short stories, plays, reviews, enjoyment lampoons, skits, cartoons
– to keep in touch postcards, notes, invitations, letters, condolences, memos, messages
– to know what is news articles, news in brief, TV Ceefax, happening in the world faxes, news
reviews
– to find out when and announcements, programmes, tour guides. where
(Hedge, 2003: 206–207) If reading teachers can utilise instructional activities which relate to real
world reading purposes then they will be successful in capturing the interest of their learners.
Teachers who are using assigned textbooks, should also ensure that purposes for reading are clearly
defined. If reasons for reading are missing from textbook task, then teachers should create the
purpose that will motivate learners to read. Motivation to read is enhanced when learners can see the
relationship between reading tasks done in the classroom with

Working Memory Training
Research problem Maintaining focus is an important challenge in present–day society, with its
abundant distractions such as food, alcohol, and the Internet. Two forms of mental training have
been cited as methods to reduce distraction: mindfulness and working memory training.1 Both have
been thought to impact attention and cognitive control, but they differ in how they operate.
Mindfulness is trained under conditions of low cognitive load and an important ingredient is
changing the attitude towards your thoughts.2 In contrast, working memory training occurs under
high cognitive load conditions, and involves the development of proactive cognitive strategies.3
What is unclear is how mindfulness and working memory training affect distraction, ... Show more
We will assess distraction in a novel version of a complex working memory span task, where we can
manipulate the type of distraction and working memory load independently. In this task, participants
are asked to memorize a list of letters, which are presented interleaved with trials of a different
task.5 For this intervening task, we will use a lexical decision paradigm, in which participants have
to decide whether presented letter strings are words or non–words. By manipulating the words, we
can induce specific types of distraction, where worry/rumination can be induced with words to
provide an ego–threat.
On the basis of performance in this task, we will develop novel multi–modal measures of different
types of distraction. In addition to measuring behaviour, we will use other plausible measures such
as pupil dilation, and DMN activity (recorded in EEG by means of alpha oscillations). These
multimodal reports of distraction will also include self–report measures, which are responses to
thought probes. Because these thought probes are considered to be relatively unreliable, we will
perform additional studies with experts trained on introspection, i.e., experienced

Prospective Memory Review
Prospective Memory (PM)–or memory for future intentions–can be difficult for older adult
populations in certain situations. This review takes a close look at when age–related differences are
present in PM research, and which factors may be causing the biggest differences in PM
performance between younger and older adults. This review discusses useful strategies that can
close the age–related gaps in performance; the strategies section of the review centers on which
memory process–either encoding, retrieval, or both–is the focus for memory improvement. . This
organization helps to highlight PM as a sequence of processes that each must be successful in order
for an intention to be correctly completed. The review concludes with possible future ... Show more
Einstein and McDaniel (1990) introduced this distinction, with time–based tasks being intentions
tied to a particular amount of time elapsing (e.g. taking the cookies out of the oven after 10 minutes
has passed or at 3:15) and event–based being intentions tied to a particular event occurring (e.g.
taking cookies out of the oven when you can smell them). Time–based tasks require more self–
initiation than event–based tasks, which makes time–based tasks more difficult to carry out
successfully (Park, Hertzog, Kidder, Morrell, & Mayhorn, 1997; Anderson & Craik, 2000).
Kvavilashvili and Fisher (2007) explored how often time–based PM tasks come to mind. They
asked people to record every time that an intention–call the researcher on Sunday at 9am–came to
mind. People reported that external cues (i.e. seeing a clock on television) triggered PM intention
occurrences more often than internal cues. Kvavilashvili and Fisher (2007; Experiment 3) also had
people carry out an event–based task for comparison and record the number of times this intention
came to mind. The researchers found that the intention came to mind more often in the time–based
task condition without any apparent trigger compared to the event–based task condition (ηp2 = .18,
large effect size). These findings may indicate that time–based PM tasks do not require as much
self–initiation in naturalistic settings as was previously thought (Kvavilashvili & Fisher,

Second Language Acquisition ( Sla )
Second language acquisition (SLA) has long been a topic of interest for many researchers such as
linguists, psychologists, and educators. Through the study of SLA, researchers may better
understand the basic properties of languages, how languages are processed in the brain, and how to
facilitate the acquisition of a second language. A common topic of inquiry among SLA researchers is
why some people seem to learn new languages with ease while others do not. This question is
especially important to foreign language educators who want all of their students to succeed at
becoming proficient in a second language. In order to provide the proper support their students need,
educators must be aware of the many factors that influence SLA. In order to investigate why some
language learners appear to be more successful than others, researchers examine the differences
between individual learners. The current consensus among experts is that "individual learners learn
differently depending on variables like learning opportunities, the motivation to learn, individual
differences and learning styles in second language acquisition" (Bista, 2008, p. 2). Therefore an
individual's success is dependent on the combination of many factors. Educators may attempt to
determine an individual's chances at learning a language by measuring their language aptitude.
While researchers thus far failed to create a universal definition for language aptitude, they have
identified some aspects of

Attentional Biases
Handling Measurement Error and Demand Characteristics with Attentional Biases Attentional bias
can be defined as increased absorption of and enhanced sensitivity to certain environmental cues
(Williams, Muller, Reas, & Thaw, 1999). One way to study attentional biases is with lexical decision
tasks (Hill & Kemp–Wheeler, 1989). In a typical lexical decision task, subjects are asked to
determine as quickly and accurately as possible if a string of letters displayed on a screen is a word
or nonword; both accuracy and speed are predicted to improve with more salient words. For
example, if a firefighter read the word fire on the screen, he or she would be expected to respond
faster and more accurate than if he or she read the word sock. In the field of body image, researchers
have begun to apply cognitive science methods such as attentional biases to better understand BD
and related cognitive mechanisms (see Barlett, Smith, & Harris, ... Show more content on
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Markus (1977) defines self–schemata as "cognitive generalizations about the self, derived from past
experience, that organize and guide the processing of self–related information" (p. 64). Markus,
Hamill, and Sentis (1987) applied self–schema theory to body image by theorizing that individuals
vary in how much body appearance is self–relevant. Individuals who view their body appearance as
an important aspect of the self would be schematic for body image, and those who do not are
aschematic. Those who would be considered schematic would display attentional biases related to
their individual schema. For example, if a male perceives himself as overweight and is exposed to
an environment that places value and emphasis on leanness and muscularity, he will likely have an
increased self–relevance of leanness and muscularity, be more likely to compare his body to others,
and display attentional biases related to the

The Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury Essay
I. Introduction The focus of this study was to examine the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in
children and adolescents on prospective memory. The purpose of the study was to add to the scant
research on the effects of TBI on prospective memory in children and adolescents. The authors were
also interested in adding support to the existing theory that the prefrontal areas of the brain meditate
prospective memory. (Ward et al., 2005) The authors were, for the purposes of this study, assuming
that the brain's prefrontal regions are involved in prospective memory. The authors theorized that
younger children, with or without TBI, whose prefrontal regions are not fully developed, should
perform poorly on prospective tasks. It was also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The participants responded by pressing a green key for a response to a word, or a red key for a
nonword. The lower level demand version of the task used longer words, and the higher level
version used shorter words. The participants were also shown italic letters, 12 total, within some of
the words and non–words presented to them, which are the prospective memory cues. Participants
were told to press the 6th key, in a row of grey keys, when they saw an italic letter appear. The
participants were also tested with the following tasks to observe executive functioning capabilities:
Self Ordered Pointing Task (SOPT), Stroop Color Word Inference Task, and Tower of London
(TOL). Responses were collected and data was created on each of the four groups (children and
adolescents with and without TBI), showing correct responses for both the high and low cognitive
demand levels of the task. The results of the study showed several outcomes. First, that in both
groups lexical–decision accuracies were higher in low demand cognitive conditions than in the high
conditions. Overall, those with TBI had lower overall prospective memory scores than the
participants in the control groups. In addition to this, adolescents performed better than the children.
However, as the cognitive demand of the tasks increased, there was a larger gap in performance
between

The Lexical Decision Task Shows Evidence Towards Readiness
The Lexical Decision task shows evidence towards readiness to recall and semantic memories used
in the form of associations based on relatedness of words in the experiment. This experiment is
important because it attempts to understand how people develop, store, and use memories to their
advantage. Additionally, the Lexical Decision Task attempts to explain why how long term memory
is used and under what circumstances it is recovered. Memory is a crucial part of life for most
people. It is the way that we participate in our every–day lives. Without memories, people would not
be able to build relationships with others, learn valuable survival and intellectual skills, or even
retain that eating and drinking water is how humans stay alive. ... Show more content on
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From short term memory, there will be an encoding and retrieval process where long term memory
will be developed. There, some of the information is retained and some of it is lost over a passage of
time. The long term memory stage has the longest potential duration and can be recalled for years
after initial understanding. Evidence to support this model comes from an experiment published in
the Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior in 1966 by Murray Glanzer and Anita Cunitz.
There experiment showed the serial position effects known as primacy, words at the beginning of a
list are more easily recalled, and recency, words at the end of a list are more easily recalled. These
result supported Atkinson and Shiffrin 's model by showing that long term memory and short term
memory were separate stages. The recency effect showed that words in short term memory were
more easily remembered. While the primacy effect showed that words in long term memory were
more easily remembered because they had been rehearsed (Glanzer and Cunitz, 1966). Because of
the simplicity of the modal model presented by Glanzer and Cunitz in 1966, there were several
critiques that provided doubt to the accuracy of the model. Two of these critiques were Alan
Baddeley and Graham Hitch, who believed they could build off of Glanzer and Cunitz's model to
produce a stronger illustration of short term memory (working memory). A significant addition to
their model

The Psychological Aspects Of The Mental Welfare Of...
Language is a human phenomenon that throughout history has aided in the communication between
individuals and contributed to the psychological welfare of individuals. Having the ability to
communicate is the most important evolutionary trait that has occurred. Since communication
allows a species to be able to create sounds that have a distinctive meaning. Those meanings being
everything from warning calls, mating calls or simply chatters to declare ones territory. Language is
a human equivalent to animal calls, in that it provides people the ability to communicate a wide
range of concepts. Language allows people to engage in conversation where business or personal
relationships can be created. The relationships people develop whether ... Show more content on
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Meanwhile bad or failed interpersonal relationships are most often associated with suicide,
psychiatric problems, social stress and family instability. Due to its association with increased risks
in suicide, psychiatric problems, social stress and family instability, the ability to communicate is an
essential skill that people have since it promotes an individual's well–being. Since communication is
of such vital importance to the well–being of an individual's psychological and social health, being
able to actually communicate is a sociological imperative. As a result of that the learning and
understanding of language is of great importance to people with in a society. Although of greater,
importance is the ability to speak the same language or to have the ability to communicate in a
common language. Without a common or intelligible language, it is impossible for proper
communication between people to occur. Language is essentially a code that is utilizes words,
phrases and sentences to convey a particular meaning. Language can be conveyed via verbal speech,
signed language, codes such as Morse code and through written methods. Although language is a

Bilingual Argumentative Analysis
For language development, there is a popular debate on whether there is an advantage to being a
bilingual individual. There is a large amount of evidence that supports both sides of the argument. In
terms of bilingual advantage, various studies focus on how bilingual or multilingual individuals
outperform individuals on executive control tasks that are either linguistic of non–linguistic in
nature. The advantages stem from greater foundations of executive function, such as cognitive
flexibility and inhibitory control, in bilinguals than in non–bilinguals. Young and older bilingual
individuals show a cognitive advantage because they outperform non–bilingual individuals during
executive function tasks for enhanced attentional control, conflict ... Show more content on
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The cognitive advantage in bilinguals is typically having enhanced executive function and a
disadvantage with decreased lexical access (Pelham & Abrams, 2013). Pelham and Abrams (2013)
were interested in determining if late onset bilinguals are affected by the cognitive advantages and
disadvantages of early. In their study, Pelham and Abrams (2013) utilized a picture naming task to
assess lexical access and an attentional network task to assess executive function. The picture
naming task measures the deficiency of lexical access where the monolingual individuals name
pictures using only English (Pelham & Abrams, 2013). For the bilingual individuals were assessed
with three different blocks where they named pictures in English, Spanish, and the last block in
either language (Pelham & Abrams, 2013). Pelham and Abrams (2013) found that late and early
bilinguals had similar cognitive effects in both tasks, meaning that both had lexical access deficits
and executive function benefits, which involved reduced conflict effects of incongruent trials.
Therefore, cognitive effects associated with bilingualism arise as the result of proficient, habitual
use of two languages and not of developmental changes associated with becoming bilingual during
childhood (Pelham & Abrams, 2013). The reduction of conflict effects is one of the

Analytic Explanation Paper
According to Victor Hugo, "To learn to read is to light a fire; every syllable that is spelled out is a
spark." Furthermore, educators must help kids learn to read as Victor Hugo has stated because each
syllable "is a spark" which ignites a new world of words and stories for every child. Fortunately,
many psychologists have studied specific aspects of the reading process, which in turn has created
different reading models. One of the most recent reading models is the Dual Route Cascade model
(DRC) which is a computational model of reading aloud with visual recognition. A computational
model is a cognitive task where a computer mimics human cognitive processing. Moreover, this is
the only model that can perform the two most common tasks used ... Show more content on
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These specific units represent some of the smallest individual symbolic parts of figure one on page
four. Also, these small parts are the orthographic letters and specific letters in this unit. In fact, the
orthographic letters are the smallest individual symbolic parts, which are represented in figure one.
Next, the tiers work together in different ways. "One is through inhibition, where the activation of a
unit makes it more difficult for the activation of other units to rise. The other is through excitation,
where the activation of a unit contributes to the activation of other units. Units may also interact on
the same level through lateral inhibition" (DRC, 2015). For instance, adjoining levels of the model
communicate in both directions. Fortunately, the processing is done in a cascade, parallel formant.
This means that all letter units are in parallel form. After all, the semantic system measures the
meaning of a word, and the lexicons figure the words' orthographic and phonological form. Next,
orthographic lexicon and the phonological lexicon are connected and they activate each other. For
example, the letters "b" "a" "t" will trigger the orthographic representation of "bat" that will activate
the phonological representation of the word to /b/

The Importance Of Word Superiority On Word Recognition
The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the effects of word frequency and superiority on word
recognition when considering three models of lexical access – with these being the logogen,
frequency ordered bin search (FOBS) and TRACE models. Included in this analysis empirical proof
from research studies will be considered. It is vital to understand the relevance of the word
frequency and superiority effects before contemplating their role in the models of lexical access.
Word frequency is often associated with Balota and Chumbley (1984) as their research, comprising
of three experiments using 20 participants, demonstrates that the time taken to respond to a high
frequency, commonly occurring words was shorter than that of a low frequency when recognising
words. Contrasting this, Mosell, Doyle and Haggard (1989) observed this effect on a lexical decision
and then a semantic categorisation task. Their findings demonstrate that word frequency and
response time are equally related in all tasks involving word identification. Balota and Chumbley
(1990) responded to the criticism as they remain confident in their own findings supporting the view
that word frequency demonstrates that words we encounter on a daily basis require a shorter
response time. The purpose of the word superiority effect is explored in Reicher's (1969) study
which used 9 female students. After being extensively tested via forced–choice letter recognition on
ability to recognise varying stimuli (4 letter words

Lexical Decision Lab
Lexical Decision Lab
Taylor Burkholder, Tiffany Burton, Nabeela Rahman
University of Kentucky
Abstract
Numerous research studies have been conducted in the past investigating the idea of how different
stimuli are associated with each other in the brain. In specific, research has been conducted showing
a relationship between priming techniques and their association on response times. Today, one
question being asked is how is the idea of the mental lexicon involved with recognition of stimuli.
The mental lexicon is used as a way of storing information that is associated with each other. The
study we conducted aimed to further investigate the idea of a mental lexicon or the organization of
words based on how they relate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A one way between subjects ANOVA statistic test in SPSS was done to determine if there was a
between subject effects. The main effect of the type of association between words was significant
(F(2,56) = 24.37, p= < .0001). Then, a Tukey HSD test was used to determine which groups in the
sample differ and where the significance exists. The post hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD
Test indicated that the mean score for associated words (M=730.078, SD= 184.6699) was
significantly different than non words (M= 878.267, SD= 233.7971) with p=<.01. The mean scores
for associated words (M= 730.078, SD= 184.6699) were not significantly different than
unassociated words (M=702.4224, SD= 176.0441). However, the mean scores for non–words (M=
878.267, SD= 233.7971) were significantly different than unassociated words (M=702.4224, SD=
176.0441). This study failed to reject the null hypothesis of association having no effect on response

Study Analysis: 'Memory Associations Between Negative...
Accelerated Learning "Memory associations between negative emotions and alcohol on the lexical
decision task predict alcohol use in women" (Campos–Melady, 2012) is a report of new research
that studies the relationship of negative reinforcement and alcohol use in women. This study used
the Lexical Decision Task (LDT) to examine the relationship with 78 female participants using
alcohol and emotion words in a questionnaire. The introduction and abstracts examine previous
research, their methods, and other research literature, as well as their results relating to the negative
emotional associations and alcohol consumption. This was a quantitative study, questionnaire based,
using a sample population of 78 female participants over the age of 18, all native English speakers,
with no history of dyslexia. The sample was ethnically diverse with a mean age of 19.4 years and no
demographic variables found of any significant correlation with drinking outcomes. The measures
that were used were the demographic questionnaire, The Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM–
IV (used for diagnosing disorders), The Alcohol Expectancies Questionnaire–Revised, Inventory of
Drinking Situations, and a Timeline Follow Back (calendar of number and types of drinks consumed
each day). The primary focus of the study was to examine whether the lexical decision task could
predict reported drinking behavior after two months. The major findings were that it is possible that
the women did drink for

The Mccolllough Effect
A single sample t–test found that the difference in mean error score between the illusory effect
condition and normal line condition was not significant (M=–0.96, t(9)=1.55, SD error of
mean=0.62, p=0.156). Results displayed in table 2 indicated that, as expected the conflicting ends
had a greater error score as compared to the non–conflicting ends, as there was no illusory effect.
Furthermore as predicted, the percentage of error for the different line endings increased as the
sharpness of the fin increased. However, contrary to expectations the lines with circular endings had
a higher percentage of error than any of the other line endings, this is a limitation of Perspective
theory. The results found in the line bisection task were very different ... Show more content on
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The lexical decision task is often used in tandem with semantic priming in cognitive research
involving semantic memory, working memory and psycholinguistics. It is often used to better
understand the way in which knowledge in the brain is organized within semantic networks. For
example Gadsby, Arnott and Copland (2008) used the lexical decision task with semantic priming in
order to examine the working memory capacity and its ability to inhibit dominant responses. In this
study they found that when firstly primed with an alternate word to the target word individuals with
high working memory capacity were able to better inhibit the dominant response as compared to
low capacity individuals. In addition a study by Tulving, Hayman and Macdonald (1991) found that
patients with anterograde amnesia were able to learn some semantic information implicitly, as there
were priming effects present for previously tested

Bilingualism Is A Multi Dimensional Human Phenomenon Essay
Imagine one day, you are taking the train to school or work and you observe a female toddler
speaking to her parent in a native tongue, and then to her sibling in English. You become perplexed
by her ability to rapidly switch between languages, and begin to think of how this is possible.
Language makes up an extraordinary part of human abilities and contributes greatly to the usage of
different parts of our brain. Being a resident of New York City, most of us know at least five
individuals who are either bilingual or multilingual. This ability to switch between languages and
reconfigure the brain has always been fascinating, being that I am monolingual, and I have always
been intrigued by this development. We know most of our friends and families are bilingual because
someone in their immediate family speaks the native language fluently. According to Buchweitz et
al, bilingualism is a "multi–dimensional human phenomenon" that can be studied by how often
someone uses the language and their capacity to develop this skill (Buchweitz & Prat, 2013). The
main issues that this paper will be focusing on are as follows: the effects of bilingualism on the
functioning and structure of the brain in correlation to the different aspects of processing language in
a neural network, and how age of acquisition can affect the proficiency of language. The structure of
the brain helps us understand the "architecture of language networks", while the function shows us
how these networks are

Implicit Of Implicit : Implicit Cognition And The...
There has been empirical research that provided evidence of the significant role implicit cognition
has in the development of thought, emotion and behavior. These studies were able to use
quantitative methods to help support conceptual frameworks built on past studies. Several of these
studies examined the predictive value of implicit cognitions. For example, Back, Schmukle, and
Egloff (2009) presented empirical evidence that implicit personality predicts the corresponding
behaviors related to neuroticism and extraversion. Also, Rudolph, Abe, Riketta, and Schutz (2010)
presented evidence that implicit self–esteem predicts spontaneous behavior. In addition, evidence
that implicit self–attitudes predicts an individual's emotional state ... Show more content on
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Their results indicated that self–esteem moderated the effects of maladaptive perfectionism on
depression. Additionally, Jiang, Zhang, Ke, Hawk, and Qiu (2015) found that implicit self–esteem
mediated the relationship between peer rejection and adolescent materialism. Subsequently, they
found that priming high self–esteem induced a decline in materialism levels. Similarly, Baccus et al.,
(2004) presented evidence that suggest that increasing implicit self–esteem via classical
conditioning can lower aggression of individuals with low implicit self–esteem. Each study
demonstrated a relationship between self esteem and maladaptive behavior. Their results provide
further reason to expand research to explore the relationship between implicit self–esteem and
maladaptive behavior.
In addition, Jiang et al., (2015) presented the hypothesis that implicit self–esteem plays a mediating
role between peer rejection and materialism. They also hypothesized that priming high implicit self–
esteem after subsequent peer rejection would decrease materialism levels. They conducted a study
consisting of 31 male and 33 female adolescents from junior high schools in China. The participants'
ages ranged from 13 to 16 years old. The participants completed questions regarding their personal
information such as their age, gender, money allowance, and parents ' education levels. They were
then randomly separated in to either a peer

Attachment Anxiety Essay
a. Attachment anxiety is associated both with positive views of others and negative views of others.
Attachment anxiety is also associated with desires for closeness as well as intense fears of rejection
or abandonment. The purpose of the study is to acquire evidence that these conflicting and
contrasting cognitions and fears are activated simultaneously in the thoughts and minds of
attachment–anxious adults.
b. Study 1 was a correlational study on the association between attachment anxiety and relational
ambivalence. Each of the 110 participants completed self–report questionnaires and performed a
computerized approach–avoidance task. Participants answered 18 questions on attachment anxiety
(such as "I concern myself with being abandoned") ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Participants read a string of letters and determined if it was a word or a non word. During this time,
participants were given either their partner's name or with a neutral name. The words were positive
and negative traits of the participant's partner or positive and negative traits of other participant's
romantic partners. In study 4, participants were separated randomly into three categories or
scenarios: relationship initiation (the start of a new relationship), relationship dissolution (a brek–up,
or end of a relationship), or a control (watching tv). They then completed the approach–avoidance
task from Study 1.
c. Study 1 found that, as hypothesized by the scientists, attachment anxiety is noticably associated
with hesitancy in relationships. These affiliations could not be explained by general indecision, the
subject's opinions on the quality of the relationship, or fear of having their emotions invalidated. In
Study 2, a similar analysis showed a notable effect of attachment anxiety on both conscious and
subliminal aversion to emotional closeness. The findings expand on those found in study

Language Is Our Human 's Foundation
Language are our human's foundation to live with others, and currently more than 6000 types of
language are spoken by human. There are various components that create language. The
combination of letters and sounds create meaning and can be represented verbally (communication),
physically (written) or mentally (thoughts). Our ability to communicate and speak is represented
within the brain and relies on other cognitive processes, such as memory, to process, store and
retrieve language. What makes language special is its universality. There are various formations of
language evident across different cultures and strongly influence an individual 's ability to
effectively communicate. People who can control more than two language, call as bilingual people,
can voluntarily utilise which language is in use at any given time. In recent year, Grosjean has stated
a definition of bilingualism which describe as "the regular use of more than one language, and thus
bilinguals are people who need and use more than one language in their everyday lives. Bilinguals
are also a common, worldwide fact that is observed to exist." (Grosjean, 2006) More than half of
European, nowadays, can handle more than one language and quarter of them are able to speak at
least two languages on their conversation according to the recent research. If we concern about
bilingual person, there are obviously two types of pattern which can be separated. Age of acquisition
is one way to separate bilinguals types,

Evaluation Of An Immersive Video Environment
participants were able to see and hear the learner in the learning task, half of the participants were
not able to see and hear the learner in the experimental task. Additionally, the participants were
given questionnaires to scale their personality tendencies.
In an immersive video environment, the participants who showed more immersion were also those
who obeyed less. As a total, thirty–two percent of the participants showed full obedience, and went
up to 450 volts. General result showed that participants obeyed more when the victim was hidden,
regardless of the victim's race. From the view of ethnicity, although there was no significant
difference, participants reacted with less anxiety on the simulation tasks with North Africans than
when the victims were the same origin as participants. Interestingly, the higher level of participant's
state–anger related to more administration of a violent shock, and the participants who obeyed to the
end were also those who contradicted their responsibility.
The researchers studied obedience the same as the Milgram's experiment, but from different aspects:
visibility and ethnicity. As the participants acted more violently toward North African than French,
the phenomena seen in this study indicated a scheme of racial dehumanization, racial barbarity, and
slaughter or mass killing, which contributed to such result in the experiment. Thus, the result of
Dambrun and Vatiné (2010) experiment indicates humans' behavioral dynamics that views

Causes Of Neururodevelopmental Disorders
Based on the fact that ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, there have been multiple studies
researching the neuroanatomical abnormalities found in ASD individuals. There have been a number
of those abnormalities associated with ASD (Donovan & Basson, 2017). In the most recent study,
Donovan & Basson, found the frontal cortex and the amygdala of an ASD individual's brain during
the early postnatal period has a tendency to overgrow followed by normalization, or even decrease,
in volume and cellularity, when compared to neurotypical individuals (2017). They described the
function of the frontal cortex of the brain to be in charge of executive functions (e.g., higher–order
cognitive processing–planning, decision making, working memory, ... Show more content on
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From the results of the study, the investigators found that the participants with ASD showed lower
correct response rates for recognizing affect via emotional words and facial emoticons. They also
found that the part of the brain, called the fusiform gyrus, in the participants with ASD had a greater
activation rate during emotional word tasks when compared to their typically developing peers.
Interestingly, the investigators found that the fusiform gyrus of the participants with ASD had less of
an activation response to facial emoticons when compared to their typically developing peers (Han
et al., 2014).
Studies have also shown that the difficulty that individuals with ASD have with the acquisition and
understanding of humor is the effect of their deficits in theory of mind (ToM) (Semrud–Clikeman &
Glass, 2008; Jaegher, 2013; Samson, 2013; Whyte, Nelson, & Scherf, 2014; Wu et al., 2014).
Theory of mind can be defined as the ability to understand and assign beliefs, traits, and emotions to
oneself and others, in other words the ability to put oneself in another's shoes (Semrud–Clikeman &
Glass, 2008; Samson, 2014; Wu et al., 2014). ToM is a complex linguistic ability (Wu et al., 2014).
Emerich et al., found from their study that there was no specific sequence in the individuals with
ASDs' reasoning through the text of

Online Cross-Modal
This study examines the manner people process language through visual and auditory sensory
modalities under different study conditions, by measuring a person's percentage of correctly
responding if a word is real or fake and how much time it took the individual to react to their
decision. The study condition for congruent words, in which the audio recording of words matched
the real English word shown on the computer screen, had a significant effect in helping participants
process the words more quickly and accurately as possible when making a lexical decision. The
study condition for incongruent words, in which the audio recording of words mismatched the real
English word, also showed an effect in slowing down a person's response time and ... Show more
Lexical decision evaluates how quickly a person can classify words and non–words through the use
of stimuli's. The conditions of the study facilitated manipulations in visual and auditory stimuli's to
measure reaction time and accuracy when exposed to different circumstances, such as the auditory
stimuli matching/mismatching the visual stimuli/words. This study found that congruent and
incongruent conditions impacts accuracy and reaction time when choosing if the type of letter string
presented is either a pseudo–word or a word. This finding suggests congruent or matching auditory
words and visual words assists people in quickly recognizing a word or non–word and is more
accurate with their decision. Incongruent or mismatched auditory words and visual words slow
down peoples decision making and minimizes their choice from being correct. In addition, the
findings of the study also suggest that pseudo–words and words had no effect on a person's accuracy
but rather their reaction time. The result for the types of letter string administered in the experiment
proposed that the visual stimuli's/words does not interfere with a person from correctly making a
decision, but makes people slower in making a decision. Overall, this online

Connectivity of Bilateral Thalamus Regions

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