Kosovo War Research Paper

Kosovo War Research Paper
The Kosovo War
UK Prime Minister Tony Blair stated that 'Serbia caused the Kosovo War.' 3, p.318 How valid is this
claim?
During Josip Broz Tito's dictatorship which lasted from 1943 to his death in 1980, Yugoslavia
consisted of six republics and two autonomous provinces. Tito unified the Yugoslavians under a
socialist system3, p.84. Tito also 'equitably divided' Yugoslavia to prevent Serbia from dominating
the union5, p.18. 2, p.1. The Serbs then claimed that Tito 'was discriminating against them' and
disliked the Albanian residence in Kosovo, one of the provinces Tito made autonomous3, p.22. 1.
After Tito's death in 1980, Franjo Tudjman became Croatia's President through asserting that
Slovenian and Croatian borders were to be free from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Post–WW2, the Yugoslavian Communist–led government, already fought for the 'brotherhood and
unity of the peoples of Yugoslavia'3, p.17. Nevertheless, the US Reagan administration's policies
such as 'NSDD–133' purposefully tried to Collapse communism and were successful. The United
States through foreign policy was arguably a direct cause of Yugoslavia's desperate state where
inflation soared between 80 to 160%, the unemployment rate was at 12%, federation debts were
near $20 billion USD, and ethnic groups began to turn against each other3, p.17. 4, p.22–23. 2.
Historian Gale Stokes elaborates, 'Almost every ethnic group became frightened that they would be
relegated to the status of a 'minority', who were discriminated against' in a divided Yugoslavia3,
p.84–85. Then afterwards, the Bush Administration was afraid of getting involved in fear of losing
the Presidential Election3, p.156. 1. Likewise, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
among other foreign entities such as the United Nations (UN) helped the Albanians throughout the
war, without understanding the effects of past Serbian discrimination. The Serbs were returning the
treatment they received which was historically considered acceptable3, p.99, 117. 4, p.25–49. 5.
NATO's 78–day bombing campaign was arguably harmful to the present day with cases of civilian
deaths and the Albanian KLA still persecuting Serbs4, pp.25–41. 5, p.46. Nevertheless, NATO,
among other foreign influences at least ended the war through forcing Milosevic into treaty
negotiations and lessening his military capabilities3, pp.323, 334–335. 2. Michael Libal, the former
head of the German Foreign Ministry additionally accuses Germany, Australia, Hungary, and
Denmark of 'covertly supporting and encouraging Slovene and Croatian strivings for independence'.
Historian Dusan Janjic agrees that 'The inaction and wrong actions of the
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The Kosovo War: The Ottoman Battle Of Kosovo
10,887 square kilometers of territory, lying in the heart of the Balkans, has been a powder keg of
conflict since the fourteenth century. For it is this place where two competing nationalisms,
Albanian and Serbian, simmered for centuries until eventually boiling over in 1998 with the Kosovo
War. The 'Kosovo question', as referred to by scholars, examines what level of statehood or control
should ultimately be consigned to the territory of Kosovo. Serbian intellectuals in the late 20th
century and even today would argue that the 'Kosovo question' has nothing to do with race, blood, or
biology (Harzl: 148). However, from the onset, these three things fundamentally fueled the conflict.
In this paper, I argue that four key segments of history ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Ottoman conquest of the Balkans fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, most importantly the Battle
of Kosovo, illustrates a time in history where ideas of Serbian identity and collective memories were
created that would later be used by politicians to invoke nationalist sentiments (Bieber 2002: 98). As
the Ottoman Empire grew it made its way through Asia Minor and into the Balkans, continually
chipping away at a weakening Byzantine Empire (Vickers 1998: 11). One of the greatest battles in
the Empire's conquest was the Battle of Kosovo. On June 28, 1389 in Kosovo Polje, Serbs and
Albanians stood side by side defending the Balkans from further Ottoman expansion (Vickers 1998:
16). It's important to note that in this point in history ethnic Albanians and Serbs shared a common
religion and lived in relative harmony. The battle was ultimately a draw but allowed the Turks to
move forward with their conquest and roll back Serbian statehood (Vickers 1998: 16). Modern day
Serbian and Nationalism draw on conjectures that Kosovo was predominantly Serb or Albanian
before the Turkish invasion (Pavkovic 2000). Ottoman registers of land property in the early 15th
century show an overwhelming Serb majority. There was in fact a steady migration of Serbs to
Kosovo before the Turkish invasion, but that was soon to change (Vickers 1998: 18). With Ottoman
rule came the building of mosques, the looting of monasteries, and increased taxes and military
service for Christians. Albanians in Kosovo intermingled with the Turks and were gradually
Islamized, while Serbs began leaving the region (Vickers 1998: 27). This led to the Albanian saying,
"Where the sword is, there lies religion" (Vickers 1998: 25). The exodus of Serbs from the region,
intent on retaining their Christianity,

Simplifying the Kosovo Conflict through Media...
In the summer of 1996, hints of violence began to arise from Europe. This time, however, it was not
from Bosnia or Russia, but Yugoslavia. In Yugoslavia, President Slobodan Milosevic was leading an
all–out attack on the ethnic Albanians of the country. Rumors of ethnic cleansing and genocide
began to grow as the Serbians sought to drive all Albanians out of their country. By 1998, a full–
scale war had erupted between the Albanians and the Serbians as both fought for autonomy of one
tiny piece of land: Kosovo. When NATO finally intervened, press coverage began to intensify.
NATO entered the war on the side of the Albanians, and as a result press coverage immediately
shifted to support this cause. In order to make the conflict ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
And last week, as they were leaving, the Serbs torched parts of town, even the local hospital"
(Cullen A2). By focusing on the war crimes of the Serbians, the Kosovo crisis was slowly formed
into a one–dimensional war. Intervention by NATO was shown as the only justifiable response to
such a tragedy. For example, one story in the Atlanta Journal Constitiution reported, "The murders
in Kosovo can only be described as genocide. Pregnant women and children have been mutilated
and killed, elderly people shot in the back, for one reason. They are ethnic Albanians living in the
Serb–controlled province of Kosovo" ("No room for negotiation" A10). President Clinton was even
quoted in an article in The Guardian as comparing President Milosevic to Adolph Hitler. In almost
all articles written by NATO countries at this time, the Serbians and Milosevic were depicted as the
obvious enemy of the war. One paper reported, "Mr. Milosevic's demagogic, Serbian–chauvinist
government continues to repress ethnic Albanians in Kosovo, and most Kosovars still want
independence from Yugoslavia" ("Hostility and Hope in Kosovo" B6). One article even called
helpful Serbians Schindlers, "nicknamed after Oskar Schindler, who saved Jews from Nazi
slaughter" (Milligan 1). By comparing this crisis to the Holocaust, the media was able to strike the
hearts of the people directly. However, through coverage such as this, the public was left uninformed
about much of the reasoning

Man's Inhumanity
Imagine having all of your belongings taken away from you in a matter of weeks and being deported
from your own country, becoming a refugee in the process. The events that took place in Yugoslavia
are an example of man's inhumanity to man for the following reasons. The conflict between ethnic
groups in Yugoslavia strengthened after their former president, Josip Tito, perished and the next
president was a Serbian named Slobodan Milosevic who was an impatient homophobic serb who fed
on hatred to gain power. The rise of extreme nationalist movements in the 20th century led to many
events expressing ethnically motivated brutality, such as The Holocaust, The Turkish–Armenian
genocide and the ethnic cleansing campaigns of former Yugoslavia. ... Show more content on
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While it is widely known that at least 5 arab and palestinian armies in the war, most people don't
know is that all of these combatants were outnumbered by the Zionist forces at a rate of about two to
three when the palestinian side as at it's peak. Virtually all battles had Isreal on the offensive taking
more and more land from the palestinian state. Another important note provides the statement that
two of the arab armies only involved themselves in the war after the Zionist forces had committed
sixteen genocides, one of which was the gruesome massacre of 100 men and women. In fact, one of
the future Israeli prime–ministers called the massacre "splendid". The Zionist forces went on to
commit thirty–three genocides in total. By the end of the war the palestinians had lost 78% of the
land to Israel, and three–quarters of a million Palestinians had been made refugees. Over 500 towns
and villages had been obliterated and a new map was drawn up, in which every city, river and hilltop
received a new, Hebrew name, and all remnants of the Palestinian culture in Israeli territory were
erased. For decades Israel denied the existence of this population, former Israeli Prime Minister
Golda Meir once saying: "There were no such thing as Palestinians"(Frank Giles Sunday Times). In
1967 Israel decided to seize more palestinian land. Following the "Six Day War," in which Israeli
forces launched a highly successful surprise attack on Egypt, Israel occupied the West Bank and
Gaza Strip therefore successfully gaining another 22% of Palestein's original land. Is this occasion
similar enough to Yugoslavian actions to be labeled as ethnic cleansing? Or is the Palestinian
conflict one that deserves a different

Kosovo : Republic Of Kosovo
Introduction
Kosovo
Republic of Kosovo took its independence in 17 February 2008, although it's not known by all the
countries in the world. It is in the middle of Balkan and it is bordered by the Republic of Macedonia
and Albania to the south, Montenegro to the west, and territory of Serbia to the north and east.
Kosovo is a very small country with only 2 Million people . Its capital city is called Pristina, a very
alive part of Kosovo unlike the other cities where you can find an organized environment and quiet
people. They have 6 official languages which are Albanian, Serbian, Bosnian, Turkish, Gorani and
Romani, but 88 – 92 percent speaks Albanian. Since 2002 people in Kosovo were using the currency
of Euro which replaced the German 'Marka'. 95% of the population is Muslim.
Serbia
Republic of Serbia became an independent republic in 2006, is a member of the UN, CoE, OSCE,
PfP, BSEC, and CEFTA, but is still a candidate for EU. It is situated in central and southeast Europe
and is bordered with Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia, and
Montenegro; it also claims it has a border with Albania because of Kosovo territories. The capital of
Serbia is Belgrade which is also one of the biggest cities in the southeastern Europe, and with
around 7million people. Their official language is only Serbian and their currency is Serbian Dinar.
84% of the population is Orthodox Christian and they have guaranteed freedom of religion.
Kosovo and Serbia Conflict

The Pros And Cons Of The Kosovo War
Lately, globalization has created tendency including governance. Thereby, many states have
authorized international institution to intervene and mediate conflicts between global sides so as to
preserve human rights and protect innocent people. However, we occasionally notice that it is not
always the case as it was pretended to be. For instance, it is possible and true that such organizations
can fail to protect human life, even on purpose. United Nation Security Council is entitled to
maintain human rights in the global scale and thus it must intervene into conflicts which comprise
threat to innocent civil people. Nevertheless, the circumstance of the Kosovo war allows us to think
about and even question the legitimacy of this institution. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Death of majority of population indicates direct impact of the war in Kosovo that witnessed. The
diseases that have occurred in people was one of these indirect effects. As Josef Martinsen stresses
out that people still suffer from neurologically and physiological diseases which possibly those who
have witnessed the violent in the war (2010, 22). In the article of Josef Martinsen, various
interviews from people who witnessed the war are demonstrated, and while reading these
interviews, people become sad and shocked. For instance, it is shown that some children were
murdered in front of the mothers' eyes which resulted with mental diseases on them (Martinsen
2010, 43). Despite the fact that all these happened and were clearly demonstrated to readers, some
of people argue that United Nation Security Council actually made right choice by allowing the war
to happen. In contrast, these people go along with the idea that the adverse effects remained from the
war which affected Kosovo for long time and could not be fixed quickly and

The Conflict Of The Civil Republic Of Yugoslavia
1. Introduction
Whilst both Palestine have distinct cases for statehood, there cases have also many similarities.
Kosovo struggle for statehood has been going on since the collapse of Soviet Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia in 1992. Whilst the Palestinian campaign for statehood has endured since 1948.
Examining both of their cases under the theories of statehood and recognition, neither country
emerges with a conclusive case for statehood. However, Palestine has the objectively easier case. In
order to assess each case for statehood, first one must analyse the different eligibility for statehood
under the right to self–determination. Next, one must evaluate the cases for statehood in respect to
the different theories of statehood. Following that, one should evaluate each entity's case for
recognition. Having completed the above process, it will become clear whether either state or both
states have a strong case for statehood.
2. Self–Determination
For states to recognise an entity's status as a state, they must place great importance on whether the
entity has the right to self–determination. This right initially arose in the context of de–colonisation
after World War II as a demand for a people's equal rights to be independent and represented in front
of the international community. The right to self–determination is the right to 'freely determine their
political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development'. It has carried
over in some manner,

Peace in Yugoslavia From 1919 Until 1980 Essay
Peace in Yugoslavia From 1919 Until 1980
Peace in Yugoslavia meant unity. The country was a drawing together of different groups, which
held together from 1919 to the 1980. Before the First World War the Austria ruled the individual
countries of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia as well as other countries such as Hungary as part of the
Hapsburg Empire. The other big empire was the Turkish Ottoman Empire. All the individual areas
had different ethnic groups and religions. The Croats were Roman Catholic, people living in Bosnia
were mainly Muslim, as were people living in Kosovo. Serbia was a separate independent country,
ruled by its own King. The Serb religion was Christian Orthodox.
The Treaty ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
King Peter ruled until his death in 1921, when his son, who became King Alexander I, replaced him.
King Alexander had a Government dominated by Serbs, which made all of the decisions. He refused
to listen to wishes of Slovenes and Croats and would not give them any say in decisions concerning
their regions. In 1929, Alexander changed the country's name from the Kingdom of the Serbs,
Croats and the Slovenes and dismissed parliament so he could run the country as a dictatorship. He
used his Serb dominated Secret Police to deal with protests in Croatia and Slovenia. Members of
other ethnic groups were angered by the Kings dictatorship (especially the Croats who wanted more
control over their regions). A Croat resistance movement (formed as a result of the removal of
parliament) murdered Alexander during a visit to France in on 9th October 1934. He had, however,
been a strong King, with definite ideas about how he had wanted to run the country. His dictatorship
– unpopular as it had been with some groups, did help hold Yugoslavia together.
Following King Alexander's assassination, his brother Prince Paul ruled the country, on behalf of his
nephew, who was too young

Kosovo Essay
Kosovo
Kosovo is a southern province of Serbia, the core of the former Yugoslavia. Slobodan Milosevic is
currently president of Yugoslavia. He has been president in Serbia since 1989. In 1989, President
Slobodan Milosevic stripped Kosovo of its autonomous status and declared the Albanian language
unofficial. Yugoslavia came on the edge of economical collapse under his role. The crisis and war he
has started with Kosovo is his third war. Last year violence broke out between Serbian police
(MUP) and rebels known as the KLA, prior to that there were many years of political struggle
between Albanian organizations and the government of Serbia. NATO has decided to take military
action after unsuccessful peace talks with Milosevic. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both the KLA and the Serbs refused to accept the peace deal into two weeks of talks at Rambouillet.
In mid–March, KLA accepted the peace deal, but the Serbs refused. Milosevic then escalated the
crisis by launching another large–scale offensive in Kosovo. NATO's current air strike's today is the
principal objective in stopping and bringing down Milosevic. "Up to a 100,000 ethnic Albanian men
in Kosovo of fighting age have vanished and may have been killed by Serbian forces." "Serbian
forces have so far displaced 1.5 million ethnic Albanian men, women, and children in Kosovo".
"The air campaign is working, but not as quickly as we hoped". "We have conditions we have to
follow…especially the need to limit civilian casualties," and those conditions "degrade our
own military campaign". The rules the NATO military leaders were handed were: first, no casualties
on our side; second, no casualties on their side; and third, do it fast—before public opinion at
home collapses completely. Ground troops are precisely what it would have taken from day one to
achieve the West's premier purpose: stopping mass slaughter and mass expulsion. The alliance went
for bombing. To avoid being hit, NATO's planes flew high, killing many of the civilians they came
to protect. Ninety percent of Yugoslavia's population is of Albanian rather than Serb origins. Kosovo

Essay on Technology in Headrick´s Power over People
As we progressed through the course, Modern World, the students were able to see various
incidences of how technology either enhanced or deteriorated a civilization or a nation. One of the
primary reads in the course was Headrick's book, Power over Peoples. It is important to look at
Headrick's work and see just what is meant by his title, Power Over People. From what students
have gathered, this means the use of technology as a means to gain an edge over another
civilization, hence, using your power or technology to dominate another group of people.
Furthermore, it is important to note just what is meant by the term "technology." According to
Headrick, technology is "all the ways in which humans use materials and energy in the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Albanians were the majority and the Serbians being the minority. In this situation, the Serbians
oppressed the Albanians. In retaliation, the Albanians formed a terrorist group known as the Kosovo
Liberation Army (KLA) which was a terrorist group that fought for the rights of the Albanians. The
various actions taken by the KLA caused NATO involvement. Their involvement required a series of
air raids and bombings to flush the Serbian people out of Kosovo. However, the story gets much
deeper than that. As we delve deeper in to the situation, it becomes evident that negotiations were
close to being met; however, they failed due to NATO "military annex" (Gibbs). Once the
negotiation agreements failed, the US sided with the Albanians and proceeded to attack the Serbians.
In their attack, the US used it superior technology (planes) to gain an advantage over the Serbs.
Rather than constantly sending men in to harm's way, the US released a series of air raids to flush
out the Serbians. Now, from reading this one may think that the US fully achieved its goal by
flushing out the Serbians which they did, but there is more as well. According to Dr. Grant
Hammond, the US can say that they met their "goal" by purging Kosovo of the Serbians; however,
"can't say [they] "won" because [they] did not accomplish the established goals. As stated by
President Bill Clinton, these [goals] were "to demonstrate the seriousness of NATO's purpose so

The Threat Of Islamic Radicalization
Why has Islamic radicalization increased in a Muslim–majority country in Europe and what has
fueled its growth in one of Europe's poorest countries? Is it because of a lack of hope for the future
for many young Kosovars? Kosovo, a country in the Balkans, which claimed independence in 2008
and was embroiled in ethnic violence that resulted in genocide from 1989, now has to face the threat
of the growth of Islamic radicalization in one of Europe's only majority–Muslim countries.(Kosovo
Facts) As Kosovo is not a member of the United Nations and not recognized as a country by many
countries such as Russia, the country is very isolated from the rest of the world and along with
having to rebuild from the war, Kosovo is one of Europe's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Without Kosovo being financially afloat since independence because of isolation, there are very few
opportunities for young people in the country. For the Kosovars who continue to stay in a country
with very little economic opportunity, they cannot afford to leave and more importantly cannot leave
because there is no visa liberalization for Kosovo. According to the prime minister of Kosovo,"
After decades of isolation, there will be no longer waiting lines in the embassies, no more refusals.
We have not received a gift, but have deserved the liberalization."(Qafmolla) Since visa
liberalization would allow many Kosovars to live and work in Western Europe without fear of being
refused entry, many youth in the country would be able to work abroad and send money back to
their families in Kosovo. Also, without the visa liberalization of Kosovo, many youth lose the sense
that their country is a member of the global and more importantly a member of a European
community because of the isolation caused by the lack of visa liberalization. This creates a feeling
of disillusionment or disappointment for many of Kosovo's younger people. Since the country is not
accepted by the global community, "Disillusionment results from Kosovo's failure to gain greater
global recognition as a member of the international community." (Phillips) Since many people are
disappointed with the country because of its isolation, the

Kosovo: Conflicts Between Serbians And Ethnic Albanians...
Kosovo: Conflicts Between Serbians and Ethnic Albanians
I. Introduction
A. Thesis– The conflict between the Serbs and Albanians shows us the amount of intolerance with
religious, political, and racial conflicts throughout the history of the relationship between the Serbs
and
Albanians.
II. History of Kosovo
A. Battles
1. 1913 Albanian rebellion against Serbian officials.
2. The cause was the rape of an Albanian women.
B. Kosovo's extra problems
III. Religious conflicts
A. Albania religion
1. Islamic belief
2. The Koran criticised Jews and Christians
B. Serb religion
1. Serbian Orthodox
2. A division in the Christian belief.
IV. Political Conflict
A. Fascism
B. Democracy
1. Milosevic's wife a well–known communist.
2. Democracy had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the end of the war in Kosovo in October 1912, Edith Durham, a news reporter that was in
Montenegro at the time asked a wounded soldier why she can't go up to one of their posts in
Albania. The soldier would reply "We have not left a nose on an Albanian up there!" She would later
find out when she had a chance of visiting a northern Albanian outpost, where she saw Ottoman
Pham Pantoja 2
soldier's noses and lips cut off. A Danish reporter managed to get some news out of Kosovo where it
is reported that 5,000 Albanians had been killed in

Prishtina. The reporter would later wrote the Serbian campaign had taken on the character of a
horrific massacring of the Albanian population (Malcolm, 254).
During the reimposition of Serbian rule, the Serbian soldiers entered Kosovo in
October 1918 planning on revenge for the hostile attitude of the Albanians at the time of Serbia's
withdrawal from Kosovo in 1915. Albanians resisted against
Serb's onslaught. Even though Montenegrins helped the Albanians, 200 were killed at the beginning
and would later escalate. Serbian troops killed 6,040 people and destroyed 3,873 houses (Malcolm,
273). Serbs have tried to counteract their images as the good guys and the Albanians as the bad guys
by using Serbian media by accusing Albanian men raping Serbian women. A
Serbian Orthodox name Atanasije Jevtic wrote in his book that Albanians rape anything they can get
their hands on.

Kosovo Conflict between the Albanians and Serbia Essay
The land of Kosovo has been plagued with tension for hundreds of years being claimed by several
surrounding countries. The two biggest contenders, Albanians in Kosovo and Serbia have been
fighting for the land, which culminated in a full war from 1998–1999. The war brought international
attention to the war crimes committed by both sides, and proved that the two countries had years to
go before coming to a solution. The Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) led by Kosovo Albanians, and
the Serbian militia led by President Slobodan Milošević committed heinous crimes against their
enemies. Crimes range from ethnic cleansing to rape and destruction of whole villages. The violence
created a serious refugee problem that is still relevant today. ... Show more content on
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Serbia feels a cultural tie to Kosovo because it has many monasteries, churches, and religious sites
that are significant to the orthodox Christian faith, which is the main religion for Serbs (Malcolm).
The Serbian claim conflicts with the Albanian majority who believes they have a claim to Kosovo
because of they are the largest group. Throughout history Kosovo has been profitable because it
have many natural resources, such as metals like nickel, and it is known for its abundance of silver,
which has caused conflict because many countries have wanted to claim it. During World War Two,
Hitler used the mines in Kosovo for profit (Malcolm). Mostly, Kosovo has been coveted because it
is in a good location with many mountains guarding it and has always been a checkpoint for many
trade routes, which made it prone to conquests. Conflict can always be understood through history,
and Kosovo's strategic location is one main reason for the fighting. Kosovo used to be part of
Yugoslavia, but it was an autonomous province within Serbian borders. It had its own governing
body, which could make its own decisions, but there was still tension between the Serbs and ethnic
Albanians. After the break up of Yugoslavia, Albanians of Kosovo wanted independence, but
Slobodan Milošević took away their autonomy, which led Albanian separatists to declare Kosovo
independent, but it was not officially recognized (Chronology of Events

Human Invention : The Characteristics Of Humanitarian...
Humanitarian intervention has been defined as a state's use of "military force against another state
when the chief publicly declared aim of that military action is ending human–rights violations being
perpetrated by the state against which it is directed". It is seen as a more comprehensive challenge to
the sovereign state than either the idea of human rights or the expansion of international law, as it
involves the invasion of sovereign territory using military force.
The growth of the human rights regime in the 1990s meant states were held to new standards of
legitimacy, based on their observance of international human rights laws and norms.
Humanitarian interventions are more problematic to 'win' than traditional wars as the criteria for
success include bringing about a stable peace. This requires long term focus and resources as well as
sufficient military force. The interveners' attention tend to go back to their national projects, leaving
under–resourced UN/NGO teams to piece together states which may never be viable. This is why
most humanitarian interventions 'fail'.
Characteristics:
Humanitarian intervention involves the threat and use of military forces as a central feature
It is an intervention in the sense that it entails interfering in the internal affairs of a state by sending
military forces into the territory or airspace of a sovereign state that has not committed an act of
aggression against another state.
The intervention is in response to situations

Intervention Based On Humanitarian Ideals
The notion of intervention based on humanitarian ideals is not a novel concept in the realm of
international relations. Even Hitler maintained that his 1938 invasion of Czechoslovakia was
conducted to protect the lives of those Czechoslovaks endangered by their government (Bellamy,
2009). However, the doctrine of the 'Responsibility to Protect' (R2P) has attracted significant
mention in political discourse and academia since the end of the cold war – not least with the
surfacing of state–sponsored violence during the 'Arab Spring'. This essay, with the help of relevant
examples – such as Kosovo, Darfur, Libya and Syria – will aim to debate the notion that R2P will
only be utilised when it is in the interests of major powers.
The Peace of Westphalia (1648) – which ended the Thirty Years' War by instituting a political era
made up of sovereign states having absolute jurisdiction over all physical and political matters in the
confines of their territory – established state sovereignty as a central tenet of international relations
(Krasner, 1995–1996). The sovereignty of the State was a sacrosanct principle in the Westphalian
system – a value enshrined in Chapter 2.7 of the UN Charter, which asserts: "Nothing contained in
the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially
within the domestic jurisdiction of any state" (The United Nations, 1945).
With an aim to put to bed the debate surrounding the 1999 military intervention

Kosovo: How the Kosovar territory can get developing...
Kosovo: How the Kosovar territory can get developing economically and culturally through its
identity balanced between the ethnic strife and conflicts of interest between the Serbs, Albanians and
the international community? Richmond University – London
Romuald Maronese Dissertation Literature review
A such unexpected and international violent struggle burst out between Serbs and Albanians in the
former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia over the southern Serbian province of Kosovo1. This terrible
issue led to a 1999 meeting between Serbian and Albanian officials in order to make a peace
resolution and arrangements. This formal and official diplomatic meeting was organized by the
international community under the control of the French and the ... Show more content on
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It is in 1999, that the Department of Judicial Affairs (name after as DJA), was founded, to have the
role of judging the crimes committed in the civil wars such as the case of Kosovo. The mandate of
the DJA was made to create an independent and multi–cultural and impartial judicial system while
"ensuring short– term inter–ethnic and organized crimes are prosecuted and judged by international
judges and prosecutors". This service was also responsible for the
1 The separation of the former « Yugoslavia » (Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) during the
period 1991–92 « resulted in the establishment of five new countries: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia, and Federal Republic ofm Yugoslavia.
The former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia consisted of two former Yugoslavian republics, Serbia
and Montenegro. Serbia includes the provinces Vojvodina and Kosovo. In February 2003, the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia changed its name to Serbia and Montenegro ».
2 NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
2
Romuald Maronese Dissertation Literature review administration of the highest correctional system
in Kosovo, in order to identify people of all communities who are still missing from the war
atrocities in the Kosovo conflict, and establish a local judicial institution such as the Ministry of
Justice of Kosovo which should have been independent from both the Serbian and

Essay on Kosovo And Milosevic
&#8220;I wouldn&#8217;t mind if they needed to take [Yugoslav President Slobodan
Milosevic] out,'; said Chris Walter, 23, a college student living in Chagrin Falls, Ohio. I felt the
same way about Saddam Hussein. I think the longer you keep the problem around, the sooner it is
going to come back and bite you.';
From the Washington Post
April 18th, 1999
The horrors of the atrocities committed against Kosovo such as the targeted attacks on civilians,
&#8220;ethnic cleansing';, and most certainly mass murder have a greater impact globally than
what may appear on the surface. On a humanitarian level, all these situations are marked by the
same killing mixture of hope and despair &#8211; frightened women, terrified children, ...
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Addressing a huge gathering of Serbs assembled on the site of the battle of Kosovo Polje, where an
Ottoman army inflicted a crushing defeat on Serbian forces 600 years earlier, he launched a
campaign to restore Serbian greatness that resulted in the break–up of Yugoslavia, amid the worst
atrocities and violations of human rights since the end of the Second World War. While the
formidable Serb–led Yugoslav army was used against Croats too, the worst excesses and
&#8220;ethnic cleansing'; took place against the Bosnians, and later the Kosovars, both of
them Muslims.
What effects the Balkan region is its blood–soaked history, an ethnic jigsaw puzzle and, currently
the &#8220;Mad Serb Disease.'; Like the Bosnian tragedy, Kosovo&#8217;s misfortune
results equally from the dominant powers letting expediency rather than ethnicity determine the
Balkan borders. Like the Bosnian muslims, Kosovar Albanians were lumped into the artificial Serb–
dominated state called Yugoslavia &#8211; even though ethinicity, religion and geography
bound them to Albania.
Thus, Kosovo has been a pawn in the hands of the powers that mindlessly drew and re–drew the
Balkan map. Despite being 90 per cent Albanian, Kosovo is seen by the Serbs as the cradle of
civilization. Its north and east have sites of religious and historical significance to them. Hence the
Serb desire to

Nato 's Justification Of The Security Council
NATO's 11–week bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in March
1999 was a challenge in the history of the North Atlantic alliance. For the first time, NATO launched
an armed intervention outside its borders in order to avert a humanitarian crisis (Solana 1999: 114).
The bombing campaign was intended to stop Belgrade's repression of Kosovo's Albanian population
and to oblige the Milosevic regime to accept NATO's demands regarding the future political status
of Kosovo (Wippman 2001: 129).
NATO's decision to intervene in Kosovo without the authorization of the Security Council raised
doubts in the international arena among human rights activists about the legitimacy of the operation.
This essay will argue that NATO's intervention in Kosovo was legitimate because it was both legal
and just. In so doing, this essay will start by carefully reading the U.N. Charter provisions that
permit the use of force on limited grounds in order to set the legal conditions for intervention
(Mertus 2000: 1751). NATO's legitimacy in Kosovo will be scrutinized focusing on the emerging
body of international law, which permits intervention for humanitarian purposes. Likewise, a just–
war analysis will be applied to examine the morality of the decision to wage war, and the morality of
the means and methods by which the war was conducted (Schroeder 2004: 180). The essay will
eventually conclude that humanitarian intervention is now legal and widely accepted by most states

History Of Kosovo Essay
The Balance of Power Theory and It's Application to Kosovo
Ideas are the corner–stones of International Relations and Diplomacy. These ideas are often titled
theories, a term that grants the ideas a certain degree of credibility in application, though they
remain theories; they cannot be proved., only applied intelligently in hopes of arriving at the correct
conclusion. One theory concerning the Balance of Power (BOP) falls under the Neo–Realist analysis
of conflict within the International system. This Essay will attempt to apply this theory, somewhat
retroactively to the situation in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
German participation and support of the holocaust. Of course, most of the population was horrified
at what was happening, but as a nation of Germans, felt perhaps it was necessary for the survival of
their state.
2. States do not truly have common interests. If this were true, there would be no need for
supranational organizations, and supranationally binding treaties would also be unnecessary, as
interests would be tacitly agreed on.
Neo–Realism, as a result of the cold war, is marked by more a modern view of International
Relations, i.e. whereas Classicists would insist that a Balance of Power theory is what keeps the
world from the brink of war, a Neo–Realist attributes this to a combination of BOP and the Mutual
Assured Destruction theory.
1.B. Balance of Power Theory
The BOP Theory states that having a balance of power establishes equilibrium. Anarchy generally
equals insecurity, and insecurity and conflicts of interest are what produce constant competition
between states. In order to ease competition states seek allies and military power, which leads to a
balance of power. This formulation is a consequence of twentieth century war and state history, and
must be modified to be applied to different times periods. Medievally, this power structure would
have included the church and the power of its

Allegations Against The Kosovo Liberation Army
Two months ago Dick Marty's prominent report on human organ trafficking started a wind of change
for the newborn republic of Kosovo. In a detailed report named "Inhuman treatment of people and
illicit trafficking in human organs in Kosovo", Marty, a former Swiss prosecutor and member of the
Swiss Liberal Party, alleged serious crimes committed by the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)
during the war in 1999. As the report itself states, Dick Marty resorts to the same allegations written
in the book of the former Prosecutor at International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
(ICTFY), Carla Del Ponte. She revealed her memoirs and experiences within the tribunal in her
book "The hunt" in 2008, giving no concrete evidence but making ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Kosovo as an independent country is facing serious economic problems. Although the media
propagandizes its growth during the last two year, it is still the poorest country in the region and
decades will be needed to make obvious progress. For this reason Serbia's interest in a country like
Kosovo with very low level of development, high level of unemployment and serious debts, have
always surprised me. After Kosovo's independence, Serbia refuses to let go of the north of Kosovo
and continues to interfere by hoping that it can retain control of Mitrovica, where Trepca Mines are
located. Trepca has been a key source of development during Yugoslavia, as the statistics have
shown that it employed around 20,000 in the 1980s and produced 70% of the Yugoslav mineral
reserve; while Stan Terg, located in the southern Mitrovica, is controlled by Albanians and it is the
only region where the processing plants are still active and those controlled by Serbians are inactive.
That is why I believe that after the independence of Kosovo, Serbia's interest have shifted from
symbolic, historic claims to potential economic gains.
The Marty report is not a judicial document, but still it has been a headline around the world and a
major advantage for Serbia to blame Albanian criminals for what happened in Kosovo. However, no
one can guarantee that among many war crimes that have been committed during 1999, this cannot
be one of

What To Do About Ethnic Cleans Essay
WHAT TO DO ABOUT ETHNIC CLEANSING?
BACKGROUND PAPER
In 1994, unrest swept through the Maryland–sized African nation of Rwanda. Thousands of Hutu
extremists launched a massive assault on the Tutsi, who traditionally make up Rwanda's upper class,
killing hundreds of thousands of innocent people (Night Rider &#8211; 'most days';). The
United States immediately responded to this slaughter by turning the other way, denying that a
problem existed until years after the genocide had ceased. In 1999, ethnic cleansing (hostility
between ethnic groups) broke out in Kosovo in a less severe form. This time, instead of being killed,
the Kosovars were driven out of their homes and neighborhoods. This time, United ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This intended military escort function of the international community was averted, because of the
sudden and quite peaceful march homeward of the Rwandans before the coalition had mobilized.
Had the military escort occurred, there would have been potential for escalation of the Rwandan
problem into an international military crisis, should bloodshed of any kind have erupted during the
long march home of the refugees (Whaley). This potential for explosion of what some see as a
nation's domestic concern into military action crossing international lines is what can deadlock the
strategists, sometimes permitting ethnic cleansing to be substantially completed before a resolution
can be endorsed by all nations concerned about the matter.
Although ethnic cleansing has been present throughout history, we are only in the last century really
starting to acknowledge it as an issue that needs to be definitively dealt with on a global scale. The
incident that caused ethnic cleansing to be a major international issue was Adolph Hitler's extreme
ethnic cleansing of the Jewish, which made the rest of the world realize that if SOMETHING was
not done, the problem could spread to engulf the entire world. Especially in recent years, with the
major world powers' militaries sitting, these countries are now starting to intervene in other
countries' ethnic issues, such as Bosnia, Germany, Iraq, and Kosovo, as

Kosovo Conflict
The land of Kosovo has been plagued with tension for hundreds of years, being claimed by several
surrounding countries. The two biggest contenders, Albanians in Kosovo and Serbia have been
fighting for the land, which culminated in a full war from 1998–1999. The war brought international
attention to the war crimes committed by both sides, and proved that the two countries had years to
go before coming to a solution. The Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) led by Kosovo Albanians, and
the Serbian militia led by President Slobodan Milošević committed heinous crimes against their
enemies. Crimes range from ethnic cleansing to rape, and destruction of whole villages. The
violence created a serious refugee problem that is still relevant today. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The second story is about a famous Macedonian photographer, Aleksander, in London who is having
an affair with a married British woman, but decides to move back to Macedonia. The third story is
about Aleksander moving back and reuniting with his first love an Albanian woman named Hana.
This movie shows the personal effects of the ethnic conflicts and shows how far the conflicts
reached. The photographer's family does not approve of him seeing Hana because there is ethnic
tension between the Macedonians and Albanians. While the Albanians were taking over Kosovo,
fear spread to neighboring countries with an Albanian population especially western Macedonia, and
in one scene that fear is shown when Aleksander's brother says, "Damn Albanians. They breed like
rabbits," and another family member responds, 'They'll take us over" (Manchevski). Before the
Kosovo War, Albanians were setting themselves up to take over and make a greater Albania
(Binder), so this fear was not without merit. Also, Albanian refugees from the war were moving into
neighboring countries, which angered countries that could not support the large number of people.
The feeling of outsiders encroaching on their territory inspires hate and fear. In the movie everyone
can be seen holding a gun even the children because they are always ready to fight. The perpetuation
of violence never stops,

How Did Rome Attempt To Unify Albania?
Albanian is a country that has known conflict for centuries. The Macedonians, the Romans, Serbs,
and the Ottoman Empire have all occupied Albania. The Macedonians conquered the area in 4th
century B.C. The Romans held the country for several centuries. Under Roman control, the area
converted into several different provinces. One of these provinces, Illyricum is renowned for its
army recruits and would produce three of Rome's emperors. The Roman Empire also brought
advances to Albania. Walbank states, "The Romans built the Via Egnatia linking the coastal
settlements to other parts of the Balkan Peninsula. It became a major military and trading route
between the Adriatic and Byzantium" (p.72). After the Roman Empire split in 395 C.E., Albania ...
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They would became known as the Young Turks. The Young Turks claimed to be political reformists.
They promised the Albanians full rights under the law and schools that would teach subjects in
Albanian. However, they never followed through. Walbank states, "In March 1910, a revolt broke
out in Kosovo over a newly instituted tax levied by Istanbul. Although the rebellion was put down
within a few months...revolts continued to break out for next two years" (p. 79). In 1912, the
Albanians held so much land the Ottoman Empire allows those lands to become self–governed
within the Ottoman Empire. The adjoining Balkan states worried over the prospect of an Albanian
state and wishing those lands for themselves, attack the Ottomans. Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and
Montenegro attack the remaining Ottoman lands from all directions. Serbia, Greece and Montenegro
move to occupy Albania. Vlore one of the few Albanian cities not occupied becomes the site of a
national assembly. In November of 1912, 83 delegates established a government and declared
Albania an independent nation. The fighting will continue until the summer of 1913. After the war,
the powerful nations in Europe pressure the Balkans into a peace treaty with the Ottomans. In the
peace accord with the Ottoman Empire, Albanian borders are established and are nearly the same to
this day. The nations of France, Britain, Germany, Russia, and Austria–Hungry acknowledge
Albania as an

What Is Military Coercion and What Factors Determine Its...
Military coercion strategy has long since existed as a means to enforce a desired set of outcomes,
behaviours, or policies. The definition of coercion covers a lot of theoretical ground, including both
compellence and deterrence. The successes and failures of military coercion can be seen through the
mechanisms of, Destruction, Punishment, and Denial that theorists have argued are part of the
methods of coercion. The effectiveness of military coercion may be linked to the credibility,
capability and communication of a threat. These factors that determine what military coercion is are
highlighted through historical examples, including the Cuban Missile Crises, nuclear warfare,
counterinsurgency and the Kosovo air campaign.
A clear ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, like destruction this process of punishment can be costly as well logistically troubling.
Lastly, denial seeks to change an enemy's will to resist this achieved by reducing their perceived
capability for resistance and reducing the enemy's perceived options to a choice between
surrendering now or later. This can be seen through the strategies of counterinsurgency, denial can
be seen as a way of manipulating the costs of expanding insurgent activity to new locations. Russia
currently uses the idea of denial when considering an approach of isolating centres of any insurgent
activity from areas of non–violence, so as to avoid any reprisals of insurgency and convince such
groups of an inability to succeed. Needless to say, denial is inherently linked to destruction as both
mechanisms seek to make the objectives of any enemy unachievable in some sense and essentially
focus on attacking the military resources and infrastructure so as to coerce them into taking an
alternative approach or to stop all intentions.
Dr K Mueller further argues that coercion stems from the 'three Cs' – Credibility, Capability and
Communications . These few factors will assist in determining whether military coercion is
successful or has failed. According to Mueller a threat will only carry 'coercive weight to the degree
that the adversary believes the coercer will actually carry it out if compliance is not forthcoming.'
Ultimately, the

Globalization Is A New Of Level Of Interdependence
"Globalization has produced a new of level of interdependence among us. The economy and
multinational supply chains do not abide by political boundaries. A computer ordered in Brazil is
designed in California and assembled in several other countries. Economic integration was the first
strong evidence of a new era" – Eduardo Paes. It can be seen now that globalization is something
that cannot be stopped. This process of international integration has come as a result of an
interchange of world views, ideas, product, and other aspects of different cultures. The rapid
development of transportation and telecommunication and furthermore the internet, has boosted
globalization greatly and as a result a greater interdependence of economic and cultural activities.
Interdependence is one the main factors of the economic welfare of the countries. Both regional and
international organizations preach this idea among their member states and this is one of their main
objectives. Nevertheless regional and international organizations have different geographical areas
of operations and different laws which at some cases might result into conflict with each other. Both
the European Union and NATO, in which I'll focus my essay on, show proof that there might be
cases where the UN's and international law's influence is nullified. I believe that regional
organizations should be in a continuous cooperation with the international organizations, but it
should be regional organizations as the

Examples Of Ethnic Cleansing
Butcher of the Balkans Imagine being in a place where your ethnicity could get you murdered. Not
only murdered, but murdered in the most brutal, tortuous, and agonizing way. If you were not
murdered, you were most certainly threatened with the possibility, or other unthinkable actions;
perhaps toward your children or wife. Your ethnicity is being pushed out from their homes all over
the country and forced to live in horrid conditions. Imagine, all of your friends, family, and
acquaintances of that same ethnicity living in constant fear that today could be their last day. What
do you do? Run, hide, or maybe fight? The forces committing these atrocities are much stronger and
much more powerful than your people, and the human instinct for survival is very strong, so it is
logical to forgo fighting and run or hide instead. These dilemmas which seem surreal to most
Americans ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many other instances of ethnic cleansing throughout history, however, even with the idea
being essentially as old as time, the term, "ethnic cleansing," according to Gerard Toal and Carl
Dahlman, "did not appear in the Western lexicon until it was quoted from an anonymous Western
diplomat in an April 15, 1992 article in The New York Times" (18). The term was being used to
describe the actions of Slobodan Milošević between 1987 and 1997. The horrible crimes Milošević
committed against any non–Serbs around the Balkan Peninsula earned him the infamous title of the
"Butcher of the Balkans" (Cohen 22). Milošević's reign of terror may be broken down into three
main offices, the President of the Presidency of the Socialist Republic of Serbia, the President of
Serbia, and the President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. These three distinct time periods
brought about ever–increasing hardship and oppression for non–Serbs within the region, and each
are definitive in Milošević's nationalist campaign for Serbs, with an eventual climax of evil of

Genocide Throughout History Essay
Genocide Throughout History Throughout the history of mankind, horrific acts of genocide have
been committed. The Crusades, the Native American being murdered by the Europeans, the Forced
Famine in the Ukraine and the Killing Fields of Cambodia are all examples of genocide
(Altman,55). The word genocide comes from the Greek phrase genos meaning race or tribe and
Latin root cide meaning to kill (Altman,13). Genocide can be defined as acts committed with intent
to destroy, in whole or in part a national, ethnic, racial, religious group by killing members of the
group, causing serious bodily of harm to members of the group, deliberately inflicting on the group
conditions of life calculated to bring about it's physical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Nazi's accomplished their goal by rising to power, using techniques such as propaganda. Hitler
portrayed his victims as evil (Altman, 14). The term Hitler used was "Untermenschem" meaning
subhuman (Ayer, 9). Jews were not the only victims of the Nazi's. Gypsies, communists, male
homosexuals, Jehovah witnesses, Poles, political enemies, and the physically and metally
handicapped also suffered (Ayer, 9). Even thought Hitler killed many people, Jews were his most
targeted victims. Hitler's process of exterminating his victims was inhuman and extremely
organized. Hitler used the Jews as a scapegoat for all of Germany's problems. Hitler made glorious
speeches to his people about the importance of the Third Reich Empire or "master race." Hitler
strongly believed that German speaking people were superior to all others. Hitler explained to his
people the necessity of an empire and "lebensraum," translated to living space. Hitler began to act
upon his goals when he established the Nuremberg Laws. These laws placed sever restrictions on
Jews by not allowing them to own businesses or shop in stores owned by members of the Third
Reich. The transportation of Jews into ghettos came about. Ghettos were designated areas in
Europe's cities that were blocked off. Jews 3 were forced to live in the ghettoes, in horrible
conditions. On average there was approximately 13 people to a room. The starvation of the Jew's in

Sharon And Lena
Sharon and Lena are staff members of Helping Hands, an interfaith agency apart of Inter–Faith
Community Ministries and located in Rochester, New York. The agency offers several services to
include a refugee resettlement program. Lena, who is ethnically Albanian, serves multiple roles
within the agency because of her language skills and experiences as a Kosovan refugee. Sharon,
Lena's supervisor, has been placed in a difficult position because of the complaints she's received
from her Serbian clients and other caseworkers in relation to a poster in Lena's office depicting a
photograph of Kosovo.
Problem Statement
Sharon, the protagonist, is faced with the problem of the growing distrust and dislike towards Lena,
particularly from other caseworkers and the agency's Serbian clients. While Sharon has no problem
with Lena's poster and views Lena as an asset to the agency, Sharon is unsure whether Lena's poster
and her involvement in prayer vigils, especially since Lena is Albanian and is not religious, goes
against the agency's mission to build relationships of trust.
Contextual Analysis Sharon recognizes the strengths of having Lena as an employee; however, her
caseworker employees and Serbian clients disagree. One ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Since the Kosovo War was an ongoing event at this time, it may be too soon to have an Albanian
individual working with Serbian clients. This strategy would improve the relations between the
Serbian clients and the agency, however this strategy does not suggests Lena cannot work with other
refugees and aid caseworkers with her language skills as needed. The risk of implementing this
strategy is the possibility of Lena becoming angry and believing these action are unfair, thus
impacting the quality of her

Kosovo Research Paper
Can Kosovo ever be a strong enough country to stand on its own is a question that we have to ask!
Will they ever become a place that will be able to grow to a power nation? With their enemies next
door to them; will they be able to stand and fight for their country? Do they have enough resources
to help them just to get started on a road back to be a country that the people will be proud of? With
the US and all their allies helping them; what state will we be in financially with all the other debt
that we have? These are the question I have to ask you concerning this country, the country of
Kosovo! Kosovo was once part of Yugoslavia from the year 1918 until 1989. In the year of 1989
was the fall of Yugoslavia. During that year, NATO stepped in to assist Kosovo in declaring its
independence from Serbia, a nation that have suppressed this country for many years. Even though
Kosovo has declared their independence from Serbia it is not recognized by many countries. The
U.S and many European countries recognize them as being an independent country, but Serbia, all
their allies and some of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Serbians believed their ancestors were present first in the land while the Muslim believes
otherwise. They believed that Albanians do not deserve the country, because the people came after
the sixteenth centuries, which would not put them in the land before the Albanians. Also Serb
believes that because their ancestors fought and lost so much blood that they should be rightful
owners of the land. The main reason Serbia wants to keep Kosovo under them is because they look
to Kosovo as the heart of their state. According to the constitution of 1974 both Serbia and
Albanians have historical claims to Kosovo. It also gave affirmative action programs for the Kosovo
people. The war continues to go on today and will continue to go on even though Kosovo have
declared their

Conflict In The Bros Research Paper
The Conflict in the Balkans
The conflict in the Balkans is interesting because for years, reporters and politicians have touted it
as being the result of ancient ethnic hatred. The first phase of Yugoslavian disintegration can be
attributed to the conditions of the people living in Kosovo, an autonomous province of Yugoslavia.
In 1981, the socioeconomic conditions in Kosovo were far worse than those in the other republics of
Yugoslavia. Poverty was rampant and unemployment was around twenty percent as compared to
about two percent in Slovenia that same year. The standard of living in Kosovo was deplorable and
whatever aid was given to the province by the federal government was mismanaged. Another
significant problem with this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Milosevic took away their right to govern themselves and as a result, he gained the attention of the
United States Congress. Annual human rights reports submitted to the White House by the
Department of State read like a prison record when it came to Serbian abuses of the people of
Kosovo. Unfortunately, Congress was not in agreement with how to treat the reports of the abuses in
Kosovo. The Bush Sr. administration was more interested in keeping Yugoslavia together and
concerned more about the breakup of the Soviet Union and the potential tragedy that such a thing
might cause. The problems of Kosovo were not viewed as important or of any interest to the
national security or economic prosperity of the United States therefore no action was needed. The
State Department catalogued massive human rights violations by the Serbian leadership in Kosovo
yet the Bush Sr. Administration did nothing. Little was said about what was going on in the region
and the American press because of the instability in the former Soviet Union said even less. The
Central Intelligence Agency was the first to predict the breakup of Yugoslavia in September of 1990.
This breakup, as examined by experts in the embassy in Belgrade and in Washington, was certainly
seen as potentially violent and leading to war.
Milosevic attempted to cripple the economy of Slovenia by boycotting Slovenian goods and services
in Serbia, Vojvodina, and Kosovo. What Milosevic managed to do was

The Battle Of The Kosovo War
The first battle of the Kosovo war which was meticulously planned with stomach revolting malice
was less than a mile from my house and it resulted in the death of over 50 members of the Jashari
family. As the Serbian Army surrounded the three homes the Jashari's began to prepare for the
onslaught that was to come. Although less than 20 men had arms they valiantly defended their
house, their land, and most importantly their family from a determined and well organize Army.
These men, farmers by trade, equipped with simple Kalashnikov rifles defended their homes and
lives for hours and didn't allow for their bloodthirsty enemies to advance even one step towards their
precious brothers, sisters, mothers, and fathers. The amount of power ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
We drove through the narrow dirt roads that winded through the hills. We were cautious not to run
into the Serbian Army as they would want us to head South out of the country rather than North
towards our cousin's village. We finally made it to our cousins after what seemed like a never ending
trip although we only traveled ten miles. Our cousin's village would be our home for now, it was
better than being dead but we would soon learn that death could be easier to obtain than picking an
apple from a tree. The days slowly passed and every night we would hear the roar of gun fire. My
mother would rock me to bed to the sound of those shots and the explosions in the distance. The war
raged on and people in the cities were in need of food. At the time we had plenty of food so my
father Gani and his nephew Besnik decided they would enter the city to sell some crops. Gani and
Besnik loaded their small car with apples, plums, berries, some flour, and corn. They set off for
Mitrovica and planned to take the backroads all the way there. Their plans were soon useless as they
were required to get off of the backroads. Gani and Besnik drove onto the main road that leads to
Mitorvica and travelled on that road for a little over a mile. They spotted an armored vehicle
belonging to the Serbian Army and decided to continue driving past it. Unfortunately, the vehicle
turned around and began following them. Gani had a hand grenade in the center

The Effects Of Violence On Groups And Out Groups
This paper aimed to determine whether or not violence affected in–groups and out–groups.
Specifically, the paper was looking at how and if violence affected divisions between in–groups and
out–groups. The conductor(s) used the postwar community in Kosovo for the research and
experiments. The researcher(s) found that violence does have an affect on in–groups/out–group
divisions. The researcher(s) found that violence is shown to increase the division between in–groups
and out–groups when the distinctions are already evident. Additionally, researcher(s) found that
local communities that experience more violence were more uncertain of people outside their local
communities. I think that this manuscript should be rejected because although the researcher(s) is
missing a major true experiment component, there is not a good argument for causation over
correlation, and the paper does not address the reliability and validity. The experiment used in this
manuscript is very well put together and thoroughly explained. The researcher(s) gives a very
detailed account of the experiment, as they should incase other researchers want to recreate the
experiment. It is important that other researchers are able to recreate the experiment because it
shows reliability. However I would recommend this paper for rejection because the experiment is
lacking a control group. According to Bachman and Schutt (2013), true experiments must have at
least one experimental group and one control group,

Ethnic Conflict : Kosovo : Spatial Context
Ethnic Conflict: Kosovo
Spatial Context: The Kosovo war took place in the Southern part of Yugoslavia, which is located in
Europe. Neighboring states of Kosovo include; Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and
Bulgaria, as you're able to see in Image A. Kosovo is part of a region known as Western Balkans,
which was of course also known as the former Yugoslavia. Image A Image B
Demographics:
In one of my sources, it is mentioned that Kosovo is "home to a predominantly ethnic Albanian
(Kosovar) population." That being said, the demographic makeup of ethnicities comprised of about
90% of Albanians, Serbs consisted an estimated amount of 10% of the population, Roma (Gypsies)
constituted 3%, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, in 1974 a new constitution was made in the Constitution of the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia that gave equal standing between Serbs and Albanians, thus causing a shift
of power and nationalism in which what was labeled "Albanianization." During this time, many
Serbs argued that Albanians were trying to make Kosovo "ethnically pure" by using "discrimination,
intimidation, and violence to drive Serbs out of the area" (FAS); many Albanians said it was due to
"the Serbs' discomfort at the shift in power from the Serbian minority to the ethnic Albanian
majority" (FAS), thus indulging a disliking against one another especially because in 1961 Serbs
made up nearly 30% of the population, but by the time of the Kosovo conflict (1998), they only
made up 10%. There were a vast variety of differences between the two ethnicities but Josip Broz
Tito held Yugoslavia together through dictatorship and the promotion of togetherness between all
ethnicities during his presidential term which lasted from 1953 until his death. After his death in
May 1980, the states began to push for further independency and the political system he made to
keep slight peace between all ethnicities began to fall apart. By 1981, "massive student
demonstrations erupted in Kosovo" (Scribd), beginning with issues such as universities being in
poor conditions (i.e. Pristina University, University of Kosovo, etc.), it quickly

Using the International Relation’s Theory to Explain the...
The Kosovo Albanian War drips with International Relations' theory. Steeped lavishly with
interactions, mostly violent unfortunately, there is ample breeding ground for one's crop of theory.
With societal rifts of anguish, for each side unable to appease the other, the land slipped into an
entrenched ideology of nationalism against one another. The extent of the war pre–dates NATO and
the UN, institutions that made a firm stand in Kosovo, and even the whispered declaration of war.
Theory provokes the profound understanding of engagement, with the Kosovo Albanian Conflict
subsiding nicely among the shelf of examples.
According to the Oxford Handbook of International Relations, one of four defining principles of
Classical Realism is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kosovo acted in means that were congruent with achieving independence, as many fights for
freedom before them demonstrated (Oxford, 133). Serbia acted to remain in power of territory and
people. NATO and the UN acted to prevent further crisis and deaths, also against international
criticisms. The United States and Western allies acted to demonstrate their power over and to control
their spheres of influence.
Anarchy, the third principle demarcated by the Oxford Handbook of International Relations,
establishes that the absence of an international government provides feeding ground for self–help to
accumulate (Oxford, 133). Though NATO and the UN act as international interventionists, they are
not an international government, and as much as the United States to assert itself as an international
policeman, it does not step its foot into every state's affairs. Without an international government in
place, the Kosovo Albanian Conflict was able to happen. Self–help for all parties was an inevitable
aspect of the bloodshed. Kosovars and Serbians alike felt like they were dying and killing for a
cause they believed in.
Power Politics divide international relations into control and resources. These facets allow politics to
turn into a dance of power and security. Exhibited as the fourth principle, Power Politics are ever–
present in most international affairs. States try to secure themselves from others, and in doing so, try
to exert power (Oxford, 133) . Power

The Humanitarian Intervention Since 1990
9823942 POLI10601
Word Count: 2077
With reference to one example of a humanitarian intervention since 1990, assess whether it was
'humanitarian'.
Key:
FRY – Former Republic of Yugoslavia On March 23rd 1999, the National Atlantic Treaty
Organisation (NATO) began a three–month period under the name Operation Allied Force, which
involved the bombing of the Former Republic of Yugoslavia. Allegedly, the reason for this was to
prevent the ethnic cleansing of Kosovar Albanians in Serbia under Slobodan Milosevic's regime.
NATO itself has provided justifications as to why they intervened in the FRY, with multiple scholars
supporting the reasons given. However there are several scholars who reject the justifications put
forward and believe for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not gaining permission from the UN, fatalities and casualties caused and the environmental
repercussions will be discussed to showcase how the intervention cannot be labelled 'humanitarian'.
NATO's intervention in the FRY is deemed humanitarian due to it being seen as a way to stop 'any
further human catastrophe'(Cohn 2002:80) in Kosovo due to the tensions between the Kosovo
Liberation Army (KLA) and the Yugoslav Military. There was a fear that it would result in the ethnic
cleansing of many Kosovar Albanians under Milosevic's regime. As a result of the war between the
two armies, it had left approximately 1500 Kosovar Albanians dead and over 300,000 had left their
homes to hide in the mountains of Kosovo due to the fear of being killed. (Roberts 1999:112). The
huge numbers of Albanians fleeing their homes resonated with a large proportion of Europe.
Because of this, NATO had made it clear that they were going to try and bring the Albanian refugees
9823942 POLI10601 back to their homes and had promised to do so. (IICK 2008:89). As NATO
was intervening due to their attempt to save Kosovar Albanians, many see this as being a
humanitarian justification because they were trying to protect lives and stop the destruction caused
by the ethnic cleansing of Albanians under Milosevic. There seems to be the belief that an
intervention can be deemed humanitarian if it attempts to save the lives of others,

The Trafficking Of A Global Economy
Human trafficking in a global economy has resulted in the commodification of human souls. In this
nomenclature of institutionalized proliferation of terror in a post–conflict, post–communist
democratized Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH), the trafficking of women has become a manifestation
of the grosser changes evolved by globalization in the mainstream market culture of the sex trade.
As Bosnia entered into bloodshed with the members of former Yugoslavia between the years of
1992–1995, the 'cleansing' of non–Serbs from Bosnian territory would later be known as one of the
largest massacres and acts of genocide in history (Srebrenica). Leaving the nation so tattered by
post–war reconstruction, political decentralisation and finally Alija ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Further, with Bosnia's postsocialist change, pornographic directors, brothel owners and 'pimps'
seeking new talent for sex tourism amongst others, congregated to the war torn states to sell, buy
and negotiate other business deals with former Yugoslavs desperately seeking to improve their own
circumstances .
Another factor that greatly influenced the influx of trafficking in Eastern Europe has been the
rearrangement of the international labor market and of social inequalities including nationality,
gender, race, class and citizenship that have differentially shaped this 'reorganisation' of the labor
market . It is cofounding how essential class is as a variable in sex trafficking, subdivided into the
following: poverty, urban and rural areas. In this crossroads of east and west and with the fall of
Balkan territories it suddenly became easier and cheaper to move women from Eastern to Western
Europe . As traffickers capitalized on porous borders and relied on political and military instability
to glide across states without interruption, allow traffickers to create supply chains to satisfy the
growing demands for sex workers across the Balkans and Eastern Europe.
The gendered nature of the trade conceptualizes from laws, customs and taxes that have historically
and universally disseminated the economic exploitation of female sex work . This gender–biased
discrimination often

Albanian-Americans in New York
The erupting Balkan Wars in the 1990's stumble on Albanians occupying the United States. The
Albanian community plays a strong role in the highly concentrated population within the boroughs
of New York City and it's Metropolitan area. Albanian Americans ethnic homes generally consist of
Montenegro, Kosovo, and Albania. In previous years, dealing with economic struggles in these poor
Balkan countries, and social and ethnic discrimination from Serbia, Albanians made movements
away from the home they once resided in. Immigration within the Albanian community into New
York City was due to issues leading up to the Balkan war in Kosovo in the 1990s. Through
immigration, the Albanian ethnic group has accomplished many lifestyle changes, and will ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this time, Civilians were forced to leave the only place they knew as home. As Serbian
police force Albanians out of their homes, Priština, Kosovo's capital is being drained of its ethnic
identity. One refugee being forced to move to the Macedonia border said, "Then at two o'clock we
were in the train. So many people it was difficult to survive. Very difficult. I thought I saw death
with my eyes" (BBC news). These series of events depict the issues and struggles Albanians endure
during the Kosovo War. Albanians fear is being able to create a safety environment for their own
families. A main concern as well was if these Albanian families will ever return to their homes. The
war for ethnic cleansing in Kosovo was already in progress. Furthermore, Serbians would also be
put in a difficult decision, whether to end the war within Kosovo or to endure inescapable NATO air
strikes. As ethnic cleansing had just began to take place in Kosovo, people were also fleeing the
country into neighboring areas such as Montenegro and Albania, fearing economic and social
instability. At this point, many reports of up to thousands of ethnic Albanian civilians are found
lifeless. As Serbian forces initiated ethnic cleansing against Kosovo Albanians, Nato air strikes had
begun targeting Yugoslavia's air defenses for an 11 week period. Ultimately,

Conflict Between Conflict And Conflict
The 1990s conflict in Kosovo is one that has been identified as a result of a long running and
intractable dispute. The dispute identified is one between Kosovo's Albanians or Kosovar, and the
Serbians. The reasons for the dispute stem from several issues, each can be attributed to increasing
the intractability of the conflict.
The issues that have been identified stem from ethnic issues, or political. In the Kosovo region the
ethnic issues are generally from the vast differences between the Albanians and the Serbs, this is
attributed to other issues such as rising ethnic tensions, and racism between the two groups. Another
issue that has been identified is the strong and underlying senses of nationalism that run through this
region on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though the battle was lost, this forged a strong connection between the Serbs and Kosovo.
Influential Serbian poet and writer Matija Beckovic talks of the Serbian sentiment of their status in
Kosovo, "Kosovo would be Serbian even if there were not a single Serb living there." This quote
provides an insight into what is highly likely a Serbia–wide perspective of the situation in Kosovo.
From this it is evident that a strong attachment between the Serbs and Kosovo was still present when
this quote was presented. This suggestion, if true would strongly contribute to the intractability of
the conflict, as the Serbs would be less likely to give up a land that they feel is connected to their
national heritage.
This disagreement between the two groups is an example of the issues that surround Kosovo, and
how these two groups disagree on a base level. If neither party can agree on an issue so simple as
who was there first, it suggests that further issues will arise, contributing more to intractability.
At the end of World War 2 (1945) Kosovo became part of the greater nation of Yugoslavia, a
communist state lead by Josip Broz Tito. Under Tito Yugoslavia encompassed the republics of
Croatia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. Kosovo fell as an autonomous
province under control of Serbia.
With Kosovo as an autonomous province they had the same voting rights as the larger

Virtual War : Kosovo And Beyond
The production of modern technologies has created the possibility of "risk free war making."
Michael Walzer, a prominent moral philosopher, believes that the possibility of a risk–free war is a
positive thing. A soldier has a right to fight from a distance so long as their weapons can aim
accurately at their military targets. Michael Ignatieff, on the other hand, is concerned that a risk–free
war can create serious moral problems. In his book Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond, Michael
Ignatieff presents the audience with the potential moral implications of a riskless war, or rather a
"virtual war." In what follows, I will argue that Ignatieff's idea of a virtual war is outdated in the
sense that, in modern warfare, the morality of a virtual war is circumstantial. Although his argument
is outdated, it is still relevant, and I will defend his premise that the ability to fight at a distance does
create a moral problem in modern warfare.
In the post–Vietnam era, the American way of war is characterized by a risk–free and casualty
averse war waged with the expectation of impunity, or rather the freedom from the consequences of
an action. This new way of war is referred to by Ignatieff as a "virtual war." Ignatieff constructs his
argument around the NATO intervention conducted on humanitarian grounds in Kosovo in 1999. It
is important to note that Ignatieff was in favor of the Kosovo intervention and does not condemn the
use of technology in order to minimize casualties. He makes

Kosovo War Research Paper

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Kosovo War Research Paper