1. SAGAR INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
Gandhinagar, BHOPAL
Advance Quantity Surveying and
Costing
Department of Civil Engineering
2. Estimation
• An estimate is a calculation of the quantities of
various items of work, and the expenses likely to
be incurred there on. The total of these probable
expenses to be incurred on the work is known as
estimated cost of the work. The estimated cost of
a work is a close approximation of its actual
• Estimation and costing in Civil deals with
calculating the quantities and its expected
expenditure to be incurred from particular
project.
3. Why do we need Costing and estimation?
• It helps us to decide whether rate of proposed
project match meets our funds available for the
project.
• Avoids unwanted loss incurred in project.
• Helps in inviting tender and quotation to arrange
contract.
• Gives an idea about time and its schedule of work
required for completion of project.
4. • What is Estimating and Costing?
– Estimating” is done before executing any project or job.
“Costing” is done after execution of any project or job. ...
It is an art of calculating the quantities of various items
of work that is required to be executed for completion
of any work and finding the cost of each items.
• What is the purpose of Estimating and
Costing?
– Estimation (or estimating) is the process of finding
an estimate, or approximation, which is a value that
is usable for some purpose even if input data may
be incomplete, uncertain, or unstable. The value is
nonetheless usable because it is derived from the
best information available.
5. Most Important term’s used in
Estimation
• Measurement Book
• Abstract sheet
• Schedule of rate
• Drawing of construction
6. Measurement Book
• “Measurement Book” is an important document in which
measurements are recorded for the work done by the
contractor, or for the materials received at the site or
services rendered
• • MB belongs to the Division – and is serially numbered
recording to whom issued, date of issue, etc (DEE/ SDO)
• Contractor payments are made based on the
measurements recorded in the MB
• It is considered very important accounts record and
maintained very carefully and accurately and form
substantial evidence in the court of law - should need
arises
• Measurements are written legibly so that transactions are
readily traceable
7. Recording of Measurements
• Each set of measurements should
commence with entries – Work Name as
given in the estimate / agreement
• Work location
• Contractors Name
• Agreement Number and date
• Work commencement date
• Work completion date
• Measurement recording date
9. • Writing the MB Manually
• Item specification is clearly written completely
• Actual Measurements executed - length, width,
depth etc entered in the respective columns
• Quantity is then computed (executed)
• Possibility of errors are more since manual
Writing Terminology in Measurement book
10. Abstract Sheet
• After the measurements are taken, abstract is
prepared duly carrying forward the quantities to the
abstract MB
• Advance Measurement Book
Serial
No
Item
descriptio
n
Rate Up to date bill Up to previous
bill
This month bill MB Page No
Qty Amount Qty Amount Qty Amount
Serial
No
Item
Description
Total
Qty
No Rate Total Rate Remarks
12. Preliminary Cost Estimate/Rough cost estimate
• The preliminary cost estimate is also called an abstract
cost estimate or approximate cost estimate or budget
estimate. This estimate is generally prepared in initial
stages to know the approximate cost of the project. By this
estimate, the competent sanctioning authority can decide
the financial position and policy for the administration
section.
• preliminary estimates are prepared with reference to the
cost of similar type projects in a practical manner. In this
estimate, the approximate cost of each important item of
work is displayed individually to know the necessity and
utility of each item of work. The items of work include the
cost of lands, cost of roads, electrification, water supply
costs, cost of each building, etc.
13. Benefits of Preliminary Estimates
• To get rough idea about total construction cost
• Get beforehand information regarding the
major material required.
• Helps in quick planning and initial execution of
project.
• Helps in managing the project budget and
costs.
• Allows the clients to choose the best contractor.
14. Plinth Area Cost Estimate
• Plinth area cost estimate is prepared on the basis of
plinth area of building which is the area covered by
external dimensions of building at the floor level and
plinth area rate of building which is the cost of similar
building with specifications in that locality.
• Plinth area estimate is obtained by multiplying plinth
area of building with plinth area rate. For example if we
require plinth area estimate of 100 sq.m in a particular
locality and plinth area rate of a building in same locality
is 2000 per sq.m then plinth area estimate is 100 X 2000
= 200000.
• Open areas, courtyards, etc. are not included in the
plinth area. If the building is multi-storied, the plinth
area estimate is prepared separately for each floor level.
15. Cube Rate Cost Estimate
• Cube rate cost estimate of a building is obtained by
multiplying plinth area with the height of building.
Height of building should be considered from floor
level to the top of the roof level. It is more suitable
for multi storied buildings.
• This method of estimation is accurate than plinth
area method. The rate per cubic meter is taken
into consideration based on the costs of similar
type of buildings situated in that location.
Foundation, plinth and parapet above the roof
level are not considered in this type of estimate.
16. Approximate Quantity Method
Cost Estimate
• In approximate quantity method cost estimate, the
total wall length of the structure is measured and
this length is multiplied by the rate per running
meter which gives the cost of the building. The rate
per running meter is calculated separately for the
foundation and superstructure.
• In case of foundation, rate per running meter is
decided by considering quantities such as excavation
cost, brick work cost up to plinth. While in case of
superstructure quantities like brickwork for wall,
wood works, floor finishing etc. are considered for
deciding rate per running meter.
17. Detailed Cost Estimate
• Detailed cost estimate is prepared when competent
administrative authority approved the preliminary
estimates. This is very accurate type of estimate.
Quantities of items of work are measured and the
cost of each item of work is calculated separately.
• The rates of different items are provided according
to the current workable rates and total estimated
cost is calculated. 3 to 5 % of estimated cost is added
to this for contingencies as miscellaneous
expenditure.
• The detailed Estimated should consist following
details and documents.
18. 1. Report
2. General Specifications
3. Detailed Specifications
4. Drawings/plans – layout plans, elevation,
sectional views, detailed drawings etc.
5. Designs and calculations – In case of buildings
design of foundations, beams, slab etc.
6. Schedule of rates
19. Revised Cost Estimate
• Revised cost estimate is a detailed estimate and it
is prepared when the original sanctioned estimate
value is exceeded by 5% or more.
• The increase may be due to sudden increase in
cost of materials, cost of transportation etc. The
reason behind the revision of estimate should be
mentioned on the last page of revised estimate.
20. Supplementary Cost Estimate
• Supplementary cost estimate is a detailed
estimate and it is prepared freshly when
there is a requirement of additional works
during the progress of original work. The
estimate sheet should consists of cost of
original estimate as well as the total cost of
work including supplementary cost of work
for which sanction is required.
21. Annual Repair Cost Estimate
• The annual repair cost estimate is also
called as annual maintenance
estimate which is prepared to know the
maintenance costs of the building which will
keep the structure in safe condition.
Whitewashing, painting, minor repairs, etc.
are taken into consideration while
preparing annual repair estimate for a
building.
22. Important term used in Estimation
• Contingencies:-While planning any
construction project, finalizing a budget is one
of the major steps in planning a successful
project. Designing and planning to project
considering where to spend money and
budgeting for all the work takes both attention
to detail and complete scope of the project.
However, all estimate is correct and accurate
there is some unforeseen issues or items that
come up where additional work will be needed.
This is where a contingency budget becomes
critical.
23. • To meet such unforeseen expenses an
additional amount of 3 to 5% of the estimated
cost of the work is provided in the total
estimates. Miscellaneous incidental expenses
that cannot be classified under any subhead
item, are met the amount provided under
contingencies.
• For example, there is an item of work cement
plastering in a 1:3 mix ratio with neat cement
finish, but during execution, it is desired to
provide nosing at the end of steps. As there is
no allocation of funds for this small work, the
cost of sub work may be met up from the
contingency fund.
24. WORK CHARGED ESTABLISHMENT:
• During the construction of a project
considerable number of skilled supervisors,
work assistance, watch men etc., are employed
on temporary basis.
• The salaries of these persons are drawn from
the L.S. amount allotted towards
• the work charged establishment. that is,
establishment which is charged directly
• to work. an L.S. amount of 1½ to 2% of the
estimated cost is provided towards
• the work charged establishment.
25. Departmental charge
• When the engineering department takes up
the works from the other department a
percentage amount of 10% to 15 % of
estimated cost is charged to meet the
expense of establishment , designing,
planning and supervision is known as
departmental charge.
26. • Contingencies – Indicates incidental expenses of
miscellaneous character which cannot be classified
under any distinct item. (3% to 5% of the estimated cost
is provided to allow for contingencies)
• Work-charged Establishment – Work-charged
employees are temporary staff whose services are
terminated at the expiry of sanctioned period but
usually one month notice is given. (1.5% to 2% of the
estimated cost is added)
• Tools and Plants – Normally contractor has to arrange
tools and plants. (1% to 1.5% of estimated cost is
provided)
• Centage charges or Departmental charges – Also
known as Supervision charges for works. To meet the
expenses of establishment, designing, planning,
supervision etc. (10% to 15% of the estimated cost).
When engineering department takes up work of other
department.
27. • Sub-Head items of work – Works like
earthwork, concrete work, brick work etc.
Under each sub head there are different
items of work.
• Sub-Work – Large project may consist of
small buildings. Detailed estimate of each
sub-work is prepared separately.
• Administrative Sanction/ Approval – It is
the formal acceptance by the department
concerned of the proposal. After the
approval, design, estimates etc. are prepared
and thereafter execution of work.
28. • Expenditure Sanction – It represents
allotment of money to meet the expenditure. It
is usually accorded by Finance Department.
• Technical Sanction – It is the sanction of the
detailed estimate, design calculation, quantities
of work etc. Technical sanction is accorded by
engineering department and execution of work
is carried out thereafter.
• Quantity Survey – It means estimating of
quantities of different items of works.
• Plinth Area – It is the built up covered area of
a building measured at floor level of any storey
by taking external dimensions of the building
at the floor level.
29. • Floor Area:-It is obtained after deducting area of walls
from the plinth area of building. It should include:
– Door and other openings
– Intermediate pillars and supports
• Circulation Area – It is the floor area of verandahs,
passages, corridors, balconies, staircases, lift etc. which are
used for movements of persons using the building. It is
further classified into Horizontal and Vertical.
• Carpet Area – It is the useful area of the building. It is
determined after deducting
– Circulation Area
– Sanitary Accommodations
– Kitchen, Pantry, Stores
– For office building approximate 60% to 75% of plinth area
– For residential buildings approximate 50% to 65% of plinth area
30. • Site Plan – Plan showing orientation of building,
boundaries of land, position of roads, drains,
sewer line, water pipelines and adjoining plots of
lands. North direction is also shown on one corner
of site plan)
• Layout Plan – Plan showing proposed buildings,
structures etc. showing their locations, size and
orientations. Roads, drains, pipe lines , electric
lines, parks etc are shown. The boundary, main
approach roads and adjoining areas are also
indicated.
31. • Report gives brief information of whole project. It should consist
of the following :
• Brief history (with proposal)
• Necessity and feasibility of project
• Selection of site
• Survey
• Brief description of works
• Nature of soil, topography of land etc.
• Basis of design calculations
• Arrangement for water supply, sanitation and electrical installations
etc.
• Roads and drains
• Temporary accommodations for staff, labour etc included in misc.
• Manner of execution
• Total cost and how to be financed
• Return or revenue income
• Rent statement
• Time of execution
32. • Electrification, Sanitary & Water Supply
• In building work for internal electrification,
sanitary and water supply works a
percentage about 20 % of the estimated cost
of building is provided . The provision for
this are as follows
• For Sanitary & water supply work :- 8% of
building cost
• For Electrification:- 8 % of building cost
• For Electric fan :- 4% of building cost
33. • Cost of electrification may vary from 5% to
8%
• Cost of water supply & sanitation may vary
from 5% to 8%
• And cost of fan may vary from 3% to 4%
34. • Complete set of estimation should have
• Title page of giving information about department,
division, District of sub division, estimate no, name of
work, amount of estimate
• Index of content, plan & drawing
• Report
• Design calculation
• General Specification
• Detailed specification
• Analysis of rate of different item
• Details of measurement and calculation of quantity
• Abstract of estimated cost
• Drawing plan elevation and section.
35. • Schedule of Rates – It is a list of rate of various
items of works maintained by engineering
department under the name “Schedule of Rates
Book”. “Road Metal Rate Book” is also maintained
by PWD.
• S.O.R is the list of rates of various items of
work.
• To facilitate the preparation of estimates ,
and also to serve as guide in setting rates in
connection with contract agreements
• .It is maintained in the form of printed
books known as schedule of Rates ( S.O.R ).
36. • It consists of group of items such as
excavation items , concrete items ,
demolition items , plumbing items ,
electrification works etc.
• S.O.R is prepared by Central Public Works
Department (CPWD) which is premier
construction organization of Government of
India
• The S.O.R consists rates about 2500-3000
items under different subheads like Building
work , Water supply , Sanitary etc.
37. • Various category of labors /artisans are required
for construction.
• The rates may vary from place to place.
• Sr no. Type of labors Rates ( per day )
1. Mistry 400
2. Mason 300
3. Male labor 200
4. Female labor 180
5. Carpenter 300
6. Blacksmith 300
7. Painter 250
8. White Washer 200
9. Plumber 300
10. Watch Man 200
38. 1. Driller 460
2. Assistant Driller 378
3. Special Heavy labor for driving sheet pile 460
4. Water meter Reader 336
5. Helper for Rig 321
6. Electrician with “C” Certificate 336
7. Electrician 588
8. Electrician with ITI and “C” Certificate 563
9. Electrician with ITI with “B” certificate 504
10.Electrician with ITI 460
11.Pump operator with ITI 460
39. 1. Pump operator without ITI 460
2. Laboratory attainder SSLC / 10th Std Passed
321
3. Filter bed operator 563
4. Filter Bed operator with ITI 460
5. Filter Bed operator without ITI 391
6. Carpenter Class 1 475
7. Carpenter Class 2 444
8. Cleaner Group1 259
9. Cleaner Group 2 245
10. Filter 1 class 438
11.Filter 2 class 409
12.Floor Polisher 382
40. • Prepare a preliminary estimate of a building
project with a total plinth area of 1500 sq
m.
1. Plinth area rate 950 per sq m
2. Extra for special architectural treatment 1%
of building cost
3. Extra for water supply and sanitary 1.5% of
building cost
4. Extra for internal installation 14% of
building cost
5. Extra for service 6% of building cost
6. Contingencies 3%
7. Supervision charges 8 %
41. • Solution:- Building cost :- 1500 Sq m @ 950 per Sq m
=1500*950=1425000/-
• special architectural treatment
(1425000*1.5)/100=21325/-
• internal installation (1425000*14)/100=199500/-
• water supply and sanitary (1425000*5)/100=71250/-
• Other Service (1425000*6)/100=85500/-
• Total (1425000+21325+199500+71250+85500)
=1802575/-
• Contingencies (1802575*3)/100 = 54077/-
• Supervision charges :- (1802575*8)/100=144206/-
• Grand total:- 2000858/-
