Lombroso’S Biological Theory Of Crime Essay

Lombroso’s Biological Theory of Crime Essay
Lombroso's biological theory of crime:
The most vivid example of the biological determinism is the theory of Cesare Lombroso. Lombroso
based his theory on the assumption that criminals have certain physiognomic features or
abnormalities. Lombroso wanted to be able to detect future criminals in order to isolate them from
the society. This gave criminology a strong push to create new methods of dealing with criminals
and prevent crimes. Lombroso implied that prisoners had common facial characteristics. If to
exaggerate criminals in Lombroso's theory can be identified through the shape of their skulls,
asymmetry of the face and head, large cheekbones, ears and lips, long arms and a twisted nose.
Lombroso's theory is the oldest one and it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lombroso considered this "born criminals" to be the "atavisms" of the society.
All the biological theories are based on the notion that biological markers foreordain criminal
behavior. The core of all these theories is that genetic factors or any abnormalities which are
inherited or acquired throughout the life, predispose individuals to the criminal behavior.
Lombroso's theory gave life to probably almost every single biological theory that appeared
afterward.
Among the biological theories the XYY syndrome occupies a special place, as it analyzes why
males are more often subjects to become criminals due to the presence if an extra Y chromosome.
As this syndrome is in the first place associated with the low IQ–level of such males which seems to
be a much better explanation. IQ shortage causes the inability to adjust in the contemporary social
world that requires constant activity and flexibility. People facing these difficulties are left with no
other choice that to turn to criminality. It all starts with low performance at school which results in
the awareness of the "irretrievable dissimilitude" from others which later on results in deviance.
Also such diseases as Organic Brain Syndrome, ADD or hormonal changes according to the
biological theories play a very important role in the inclination to any criminal activities.
Later in his career Lombroso modified
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Personal Narrative: Deliberating The Existence Of God
I am going to start off by saying I do not believe nor deny the existence of God, or any Gods at that.
I am agnostic – someone who does not have faith or disbelief in God; a fact–based way of thinking.
I am agnostic because I believe in physical evidence and facts. I do not deny that there is a higher
being, but I cannot say I believe in it either. To boil it down to the main reason, there is just not
enough evidence to prove it one way or another. In elementary school, my Sundays always began
with an early awakening to go to church, followed by CCD. I hated it. As a kid, knowing that
Sunday is the last day before the school week starts up again, I would have rather been anywhere
else than at church and at CCD. I was such an active kid that being forced to sit for hours and
"learn" on a Sunday was outrageous to me. However, this was the Roman Catholic tradition and I
would just have to stick it out until tenth grade. After my confirmation, my parents told me I could
make my own choice when it came to going to church, and my decision became more obvious.
Going to church was always an important thing on my dad's side of the family. Any and every
holiday, we were there – same row, same pew. I was a kid, and kids have to do what their parents
told them to, and going to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I love science, and this was what started the downfall in my catholic belief. I began learning about
the big bang theory and evolution, which absolutely fascinated me. At this point in my life, with all
of this knowledge about evolution, I started to believe in science and the physical facts, not religion.
With keeping evolution in mind, I believe humans came from apes/monkeys, not from Adam and
Eve or any other religious story. I believe this because of physical evidence. Physical evidence
comes in many different forms, and what I have learned has greatly affected my religious belief. An
example of this is the fossils and

Why Evolution Is True Summary
Why Evolution is True Book Review
A majority of the population falls prey to the idea of creationism and its relative, intelligent design,
however these concept's when mentioned lack substantial evidence. Darwin's theory of evolution by
which life on earth evolved by natural selection, is vast and contains a variety of splendid scientific
validation. Jerry Coyne the author of "Why Evolution is True" explains that despite Darwin's lack of
knowledge on DNA and genetics his original theory as stated in "The Origin", are the fundamental
blocks for the modern theory of evolution. The topic of evolution when discussed evokes much
emotion, this is because Holy literature not only has been the law of the land for centuries but also
serves as a road ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most important evidence of evolution is found beneath our feet. In chapter two Coyne opens up
with a quote form Charles Darwin: "The Crust of the earth is vast museum; but the natural collection
have been made only at intervals of time immensely remote." The fossil record provides some of the
best evolutionary evidence. Utilizing fossils has been around for hundreds of years. All fossils are
formed the same way, needing a specific group of circumstances to occur. The organism must find
their way into water, sink to the bottom and get quickly covered by sediment so that they don't decay
or get scattered by scavengers. These rare circumstances are why a majority of fossil records are
complete. The first 80 percent of the history of life were soft bodied organisms not containing any
bone or teeth. This is why there is no evolutionary record of the origin of life. To this day we only
have fossil evidence for about 1 percent of all species that have ever lived on earth. Although these
records do not contain a good representation of life on earth, fossils can be utilized to display
evolutionary patterns. Proof that evolution occurs can be found in the rocks. In 2004 Neil Shubin
found a transitional form between fish and amphibian called Tiktaalik roseae. What is so important
about Tiktaalik is that he was not only a transitional organism but he was found in the right age of
rocks. Scientist use rocks and

Summary Of Giorgio Agamben's Homo Sacer
Giorgio Agamben's book Homo Sacer begins by addressing the topics of bare life and meaningful
socially contextualized life in relation to the philosophical terms of zoē and bios respectively.
Agamben toys with the idea that sovereignty naturally coincides with bios, whereas zoē is only
"included in politics in the form of exception." (Agamben 10) This assertion runs parralel to the idea
of atavism, which is essentially the principle that humans can often revert to primal and ancestral
behaviors when left unchecked by society. This reversion is generally regarded as a violent and
undesirable; philsophers such as Hobbes would certainly feel that atavism is partially responsible for
the life of man being "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short," which is a core thematic component
of his work Leviathan. (Hobbes 78) Despite Agamben and Hobbes's shared notion that primitive
behaviors fall outside the natural sphere of politics and are relatively negative, there is a strong case
to be made for atavism's role in positive human sociopolitical structures. One such positive instance
is familial structures. Although the concept of sovereignty can be expressed through the father figure
and paternal subjugation, and the concept of bare life can be established philosphically by the figure
of the mother and an individual's birth, it it nontheless true that human beings seek out families and
attempt to live in concordance with their parents', siblings', and childrens' needs and desires

Crime Control Policy Is Grounded Into Two Conservative...
Introduction
According to Garry Potter, PhD, crime control policy is grounded into two conservative traditions in
the United States. Both conservatives are assumptions that assumes that classified traditions are of
social organizations are established around values that have a positive impact on society, while the
other has a reform that is subversive and radical in which become rebellious (2011). However, crime
control is conservative; which is based on two reasons. First, it is the attempt to control and prevent
criminal behavior which displays no interest in producing an elaboration of crime and criminality.
Second, terms of a separation between criminals and non–criminals, for example the behavior has to
be prevented or punished for a solution to the problem of crime. However, according to Gottfredson
and Hirschi (1995) crime control policy in the United States is unguided by theory. Programs that
sow disdain based on ideas why crimes occur are favored. Theoretical criminology has changed to
administrative criminology due to comparison of the crime and the nature of the crime. However,
once theory is established; the government is responsible for controlling crime according to Hirschi
(1993).
When noting crime control policy there are discussion on why it is needed. Multiple categories must
come into play on deciding what crime control policy is based one. Crime control policy is based on
psychological, sociological and biological understanding of criminality.

Cerebral Physiology Essay
"Cerebral physiology" was a euphemism for phrenology, a now–discredited pseudo–science. But
make no mistake: in its day, phrenology was on the cutting edge of brain science. First, different
areas of the brain were associated with different mental capacities or faculties. And, as the brain
developed, it shaped the skull. For Lombroso, the criminal was the product of a vitiated nervous
system. Both the brains and skulls of criminals demonstrated evidence of atavism; in other words,
criminals were evolutionary throwbacks, no less, and their skulls and faces bore the signs of
degeneration. Lombroso believed that there is a criminal anthropological type, or rather that there
are several such types which correspond to habitual modes of criminal conduct. It is true that he
recognized that environmental forces might prevent the individual from expressing these in
tendencies to certain kinds of action in acts. Lombroso autopsied ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
From this data he concluded that they share a similar thinning of hair, lack of strength, and weight,
low cranial captivity, receding foreheads, highly developed frontal sinuses, ... darker skin, thicker
and curly hair, and large or handle–shaped ears (p.86). Law is defined by the social and legal
institutions, no in biology (Morley & Hall, 2003). Therefore the attempt to determine what
constitutes the act of criminal behavior can cause an variety of activities, this is the reason
researches focus on a more broad context of antisocial behavior. Authors Morley and Hall (2003),
who have investigated the genetic influences on criminal behavior, point out three different ways to
define antisocial behavior. First is equating it with criminality and delinquency, which

Understand The Causes Of Delinquency
Much time has been spent trying to understand what causes delinquency. Theories such as Cesare
Lombroso's atavisms, Merton's strain theory, and the deterrence theory, have been developed to try
to find the correlation between cause and effect. There is no single risk factor that will lead an
adolescent to delinquency. Risk factors, individually, only contribute a small portion to the increased
risk. It is safe to assume that the more risk factors an adolescent is exposed to then their chance of
delinquent behavior is higher. According to the World Health Organization, "a risk factor is any
attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a
disease or injury." To make this more relevant, a risk factor can be personal traits or any
characteristic of someone's environment, family, and community that is connected to the possibility
of a child becoming delinquent. FAMILY ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whether the family consist of mom and dad or mom and mom, the function is the same. A
successful family is typically able to provide a loving household in which the child can learn
necessary values and skills. They are the child's initial exposure to what it is like to be a responsible
and contributing part of society. When a family is unable to offer a stable foundation they begin to
face challenges. Problems in the family are commonly cited as variables that can lead to
delinquency. Research points to dysfunctional parenting, abuse, family size, and neglect as some of
the concerns that can influence the quality of a child's life. Large families and indifferent parental
attitude can create an environment where a child feels rejected. In a home where the parent's
attention is always divided, the child might be encouraged to act out as a way to seek

Similarities Between Dr Jekyll And Mr Hyde
Man or Monster: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Degeneracy was not just confined to the lower classes,
criminals, and other dregs of society, but applicable to the upper class as well. Jekyll was a well
renowned doctor, but he still grew impatient of having to be morally upright all the time. He seeks
to rid himself of these burdens by releasing his Other self. According to Jekyll's narration, both he
and Hyde existed before the discovery of the salt that enabled them to become seperate: "I learned to
recognise the thorough and primitive duality of man; I saw that, of the two natures that contended in
the field of my consciousness, even if I could rightly be said to be either, it was only because I was
radically both" (Stephenson 49). "Man is not truly one, but truly two," Jekyll relates, appearing to
support the theory suggesting that each brain hemisphere might house a separate personality, indeed,
a separate soul (Stevenson 48). The dual hemisphere theory states that the left side of the brain is the
rational side while the right side can be described as the instinctual, chaotic side. "[O]ne would have
to argue . . . that Jekyll would tend to focus his personality in the civilized, rational left hemisphere,
while Hyde would give ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The way Stevenson portrays Hyde's violent upbringing and being thrust into society, is starkly
contrasted in the end when, contrary to what Jekyll thought he was, he became a well mannered,
peaceful individual. Him tidying up the room before he dies, with the kettle being over the fire and
the stacks of paper neatly lined up on the desk, show someone, not possessed by uncontrollable
rage, but by a spirit consumed with the pain of being forced into a world of high standards that he
was forced to adapt to. He was born to deny these ideals, but in the end,

Stereotypes In Chinua Achebe's 'Things Fall Apart'
Maya Wallace
Professor Washburn
English 160A
10 March, 2016
Response 4.0 The novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a response to the European
depiction of Africans and African culture. Today, prejudice of cultures, or groups of people, is
displayed in the media on a daily basis. There has been efforts in the past several years to integrate
culture and diversity in many classrooms across the nation to generate awareness and acceptance.
By acknowledging the history of people and cultures from the past in literature readers are able to
submerge themselves to several engaging perspectives that trigger reconsideration of stereotypes.
Achebe's novel corrects European formed essentialism and offers readers an Afrocentric perspective.
The Igbo society has laws in place that govern the people's actions. Murder and acts of violence do
not go unpunished. When a woman from Umuofia is killed in the market at Mbaino, the people of
Mbaino must make retribution. When Okonkwo beats his wife during the Week of Peace, he must
make sacrifices to the gods to atone for his wrongdoing. The Umuofia community also rituals,
similar to today's Supreme Court, to settle legal and personal disputes. Hospitality is also highly
valued by the Igbo people. In the novel, we learn ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Igbo culture has been changing over time. Even at the time of the novel, the Igbo culture is
different than in its former days. For example, when Okonkwo beats his wife during the Week of
Peace, his punishment consists of offering a goat, a hen, some cloth, and a hundred cowries to Ani.
However, this has not always been the punishment. Ofbuefi Ezeudu, the oldest man of the village,
commented that in his father's day, the offender was "dragged on the ground through the village
until he died" (31). This establishes that old customs and traditions have already begun to

The Perspective : Crime And Science Meet
Biosocial Perspective: Crime and Science Meet
As time continues to progress so does science and from this has come out many criminological
perspectives–including feminist, Marxist, and modern biosocial, but what is the purpose of each
perspective? And more importantly, how do they benefit traditional criminological theories? Simply
put the purpose of each perspective to take a look at something that traditional theories ignored
while also explaining why it's important we take a look at this ideal when considering why crime
might occur.
For the sake of this paper, the focus will be placed on modern biosocial perspective and the vast
benefits it has brought and will continue to bring to the field of criminology.
Modern Biosocial Perspective ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, these theories had negative policy implications through a eugenics movement which
encouraged the sterilization of criminals, voluntary or not, euthanasia (Rose, 2000), chemical
castration, and preventative incapacitation (Simon, 2006), to name a few. While this might be a dark
part of history in criminology it's important it's addressed because biosocial grew out of this dark
past once science began to advance and once the notions of eugenics and determinism were no
longer found in criminology (Gibson & Rafter, 2006). Through twin studies and DNA testing,
scientists have found that there is a link between genetics and criminality but that those genetics and
biochemical imbalances do not determine an assured life of crime just because you have a father that
is in the criminal justice system (Mednick et al., 1977). Rather, it's a mix of biology and
environment that can create a criminal or not.
Discussion
Application of Biosocial Perspective to Traditional Theories
One of the great benefits of the biosocial perspective is how it can be applied to various traditional
theories like general strain theory, social learning, and self–control (Wright & Boisvert, 2009).
Examples of the application of biosocial to the previously mentioned theories can be seen in self–
control. When you consider the science of our brains, it has been found that self–control is

Essay on Criminology
Figuring out why people commit crimes is one of the central concerns of criminology. Do most
criminals act rationally after weighing the costs of crime? Is society ever to blame for an individual
to commit a crime? Do mental diseases or even genetics factor into whether a person will live a life
of crime. Over the years, many people have developed theories to try to answer these questions. In
fact, the number of theories of why people commit crimes sometimes seems to equal the number of
criminologists. I explore these questions and much more in the paper that follow.
The foundation of classical criminology is its central belief that individual criminals engage in a
process of rational decision making in choosing how to commit crime ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As a part of this relationship individuals gave up some of their liberties in the interest of the
common good, with the purpose of the law being to ensure that these common interests were met.
For Beccaria, this meant that the law should be limited and written down so that people could make
decisions on how to behave. More importantly, punishment was to ﬁt the crime not the individual
and was to be certain and swift (Williams & McShane, 2010). Offenders were to be seen as
reasonable people with the same capacity for resisting offending behavior as non–offenders. The
guiding principle of the criminal justice process was the presumption of innocence; and in this
general framework punishment was to be seen as a deterrent to criminal behavior. The central
concern of the law and the criminal justice process was therefore the prevention of crime through
this deterrent function.
Bentham's concern was upon utilitarianism which assumes the greatest happiness for the greatest
numbers. He believes that individuals weigh the probabilities of present and future pleasures against
those of present and future pain (Postema, 1998).
It should be noted however that the classical school of thought has had an enduring inﬂuence as
many legal systems are built on some of its key precepts. The idea of intent for example, emphasizes
the importance of the state of mind of the individual and their capacity for making choices. Notions
of proportionality in relation to punishment are

The Clustered Regularly The Short Palindromic Repeats (...
The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR Associated
System (CAS) is an advancement in technology that transformed a previous protein–based targeting
(TALEN and Zinc Finger) process used to target and splice genes or DNA sequences. CRISPR–
Cas9 was discovered in 2013 by Feng Zhang from the Broad Institute and MIT. CRISPR–Cas9
targets specific base pairs using small RNA that can be easily swapped for many different RNA
targeting sites. This allowed CRISPR–Cas9 to surpass the previously used splicing methods such as,
Transcription Activator–Like Effector (TALE) and zinc fingers. TALEs and zinc fingers are banded
to DNA through a direct protein–DNA interaction. This was a long and tedious process that required
proteins to be redesigned for each new target DNA site. CRISPR–Cas9 made the process of genome
editing more efficient, effective, and precise by using RNA and proteins ("CRISPR"). CRISPR–
Cas9 is a natural system that helps bacteria defend against attacking viruses known as
bacteriophages. This process begins with the "CRISPR sequences [bookending] short stretches of
DNA that bacteria have copied from invading phages, preserving a memory of the viruses that have
attacked them in the past" ("CRISPR"). These sequences are then transcribed into short RNAs that
guide the Cas proteins to match the viral sequences. The Cas proteins destroy the matching viral
DNA by cutting it from the strand.
Since the discovery/invention of the

Understanding Violence: The Virginia Tech University...
On April 16, 2007, Seung–Hui Cho, a 23–year–old college student, shocked the nation when he
perpetrated the deadliest shooting massacre in U.S. history. The violent rampage took place on the
Virginia Tech University campus in Blacksburg, Virginia, where Cho was a senior majoring in
English. Before turning the gun on himself and delivering a fatal gunshot to the head, Cho murdered
more than 30 of his classmates and University faculty; numerous others were injured. In a strange
twist, several days after the tragedy, a package determined to have been mailed by Cho during the
shooting spree was received at NBC News in New York. The package contained photos of Cho
posing with guns, as well as video clips and various pages of Cho's writing. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Modern biology is focused more on understanding behavior, like violence and crime, through
research on indicators and influences. Rather than attempting to determine a single root cause,
researchers are discovering markers of predisposition and identifying factors of risk. In a recent
interview about his new book, The Anatomy of Violence: The Biological Roots of Crime,
criminologist and professor at the University of Pennsylvania, Adrian Raine asserts that there is a
"biology of violence" that should not be ignored; "Just as there's a biological basis for schizophrenia
and anxiety disorders and depression... there's a biological basis also to recidivistic violent
offending" (Gross, 2013). According to Raine, there are documented biological factors associated
with violent behavior, however, "biology is not destiny, and it's more than biology" (Gross, 2013).
One area of increasing scientific research is focused on the role of environmental factors. An
interesting connection between behavior and environmental toxins is the possible link between lead
exposure in children and later violent crime. Raine hypothesizes that environmental lead exposure of
young children in the 50s, 60s and 70s corresponds to a later rise in violence in the 70s, 80s and 90s;
a similar correlative decrease in both environmental lead and later violence suggests a causal
relationship (Gross,

Cesare Lombroso: The Scientific Study Of The Criminal Mind
Are criminals born criminals or are they bred into criminal ways and that they resemble the earliest
kind of mankind characteristics. Can you really identify a person as a criminal by their physical
characteristics.
Criminology is an area of sociology that focuses on the study of crimes and their causes, effects, and
social impact. "The responsibilities of a criminologist's job involves analyzing data to find better
ways to prevent, deter, and prevent future criminal actions" (Criminologists). Basically it is the
overall study of a crime. Even though Cesare Lombroso's theories have been Scientifically
discredited, he had the merit of bringing up the importance of the scientific studies of the criminal
mind, a field which is known as criminal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In his theory, criminals are born as such not made into criminals; in other words stating that it is the
nature of the person not the nurture, that results in criminal wrongdoing. He was known for studying
characterology which means the study of a relationship between physical and mental traits. For
example, the way a person behaves and the way a person looks. In 1851 while he was examining
"autopsied" the skull of a notorious Italian criminal Giuseppe Villela, he discovered a dip or
depression in the occiput or the base of the skull. That dip in the skull reminded him of the older
types of apes and other animals. That is when the atavism theory started. That the criminal was an
early stage of evolutionary man with knowledge and responsibility intensity of the common ape.
Lombroso started off with two main categories the born criminals and the insane criminals. The
insane criminals were then divided into three subcategories: occasional criminals, criminaloids, and
habitual criminals. "Criminals were supposedly 'genetic misfits' who were born to break the rules
that governed the lives of civilized" (Wedel). The final categories after the revision were criminal
epileptic in which a person who's aggressive and violent episodes occur automatically after an
epileptic fit or uncontrollable seizure. Next is a criminal moral

What Is The Theme Of The Movie Skin
The movie Skin directed by Anthony Fabian is a very thought–provoking and inspiring biographical
film. The movie is based on the real life events of Sandra Laing and her struggle for self–
identification, acceptance, and isolation. The movie Skin, takes place during the apartheid era, in
South Africa. Fabian directed a cast members Sophie Okonedo, Sam Neill, and a host of other
supporting actors to tell the fascinating story of Sandra Laing. The movie was released in 2009 and
received good reviews at the box office. The overall consensus from movie goers was the acting was
great, the story line was easy to follow, and the overall theme of the movie was sad but inspirational.
The central message of this drama is to show the prejudices and inequalities that Laing had to
encounter due to a genetic defect called a "throwback" which dictated how she had to live her life. ...
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Laing was the only girl but she did have two brothers. Laing was very happy with a traditionally
normal upbringing until she went to boarding school. It was at boarding school where she
discovered how different she really was and it is at this point, her life would change forever. Laing
was expelled from boarding school because she did not look like the other children and the teachers
and administrators did not want her there. Laing was born with a genetic case of atavism resulting in
her complexion being much darker than her family and the average white person. Free
Dictionary.com states, "Atavism is the appearance in an individual of characteristics presumed to
have been present in some remote ancestor; reversion to an earlier biologic type, a throwback." It
has been speculated that Laing's condition is a result of a non–white

Warrior Gene Influence Human Behavior
In today's society, violence occurs every minute somewhere in some shape or form. It continues to
be a plague that causes humans humility, pain, and death. Both the scientific and criminal justice
fields have been stumped for years by the question of "where does the influence of violence come
from?" Nature versus nurture has always been one of the most prevalent arguments relating to this
topic. The nature argument is based on the belief that an individual's biology/DNA contributes to
their behavior, where the nurture argument believes that the environment one is exposed to is what
actually influences their behavior. According to Hickey, biological positivism was the method of
applying the scientific method to the task of determining who was a criminal (48). Criminologists
such as Franz Joseph Gall and Cesare Lombroso were among the first to propose ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advances in technology within the fields of medicine and biology have allowed researchers to
investigate deepen into why humans behave the way they do. The issue that is of interest these days
is the study of the "Warrior Gene." There is debate on whether or not the Warrior Gene has an
influence on an individual's behavior and if it can be used to determine if someone will commit
criminal acts. On one side you have those that claim the warrior gene can be related to aggressive
and violent behavior. "In fact, humans with a low–activity form of the MAOA (Monoamine Oxidase
A, or the warrior gene) gene are much more prevalent in groups with a history of warfare" (Hickey
49). The opposition claims "nature and nurture are inexplicably linked and that there is always an
environmental component to human behavior" (Hickey 49). The question is, does a warrior gene
make people more prone to violence? I will summarize the yes and no sides of the argument while
also providing my own opinion on the

The Role Of Social Darwinism In The Call Of The Wild
Jack London's The Call of the Wild is a novel written during the literary era of Naturalism. It is
about a pampered dog, Buck, who was thrown into the Alaskan wilderness and becomes part of a
team of sled dogs. Eventually, he becomes the leader of a wolf pack. Naturalism takes place during a
time in America known as the Gilded Age. During the Gilded Age, the ideas of Social Darwinism
take hold. Social Darwinism is "a term scholars use to describe the practice of misapplying the
biological evolutionary language of Charles Darwin to politics, the economy, and society" ("Social
Darwinism in the Gilded Age"). But how is London's novel a zeitgeist of Naturalism? Jack London's
The Call of the Wild is a zeitgeist of Naturalism with its usage of ... Show more content on
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It is during this time that "call of the wild" strengthens in Buck, and he goes into the forest and
befriends a wolf. When Buck returns, he finds out that Yeehat Indians have killed everyone at the
campsite. As a result of Buck's sheer rage at finding Thornton dead, he kills some of the Yeehats and
then becomes the leader of a wolf pack.
According to the article American Naturalism: A Webliography and E–Anthology, determinism is a
common theme in Naturalism. It is the belief that actions and events are determined by outside
forces. Atavism can arguably be one of these forces, as it is the tendency to revert back to the
primitive ("Atavism"). Another theme in Naturalism is Darwinism, which stems into Social
Darwinist beliefs. One of their beliefs is in laissez–faire capitalism, which is a type of economy in
which the government does not interfere with businesses with matters such as tariffs and regulations.
They advocated it because "they believed that government should not interfere in the 'survival of the
fittest' by helping the poor..." ("Social Darwinism in the Gilded Age"). The survival of the fittest
plays a big role in Social Darwinism because they believed that "businessmen and others who were
economically and socially successful were so because they were biologically and socially 'naturally'
the fittest" and that "...they reasoned that the poor were 'naturally' weak and unfit..." ("Social

The American Cinema 's First Phase
`American Cinema's first phase (up to around 1917) is characterised by an onscreen coming to terms
with the nation's transformation into a 'mature industrial society' (Jon Lewis, "Early Cinema", P.3)
with all its attendant thrills and anxieties.' Discuss.
An evolution of society occurred with the dawn of the twentieth century, an undeniably American
progression. With a sudden introduction to technologies only just tangible, Alexander Graham Bell's
telephone in 1876 and Henry Ford's car in 1908 amongst a few of these newly invented
accomplishments, divisions in wealth and subsequently class became even more distinguished than
before. An exodus to the urban landscape had begun at the turn of the century, "between 1880 and
1920 the proportion of Americans living in urban centres grew from 26 to 51 percent" (Lewis, 3),
and as the melting pot of New York grew under the divided class system and overwhelming
industrial progress crime inevitably took a hold in the streets and behind closed doors. D.W Griffiths
borns into the world the first ever gangster movie, an "urban folk take" (Merritt, 161) that was
"intended to portray the evil of the gangster in New York." (Merritt, 158). Created a social expose
Griffiths gangster movie takes an intimate snapshot of the streets of the urban jungle and gives the
audience a reality they didn't realise they were living.
Griffith's exposes the newly industrialised working class almost instantly, as we watch a poor
musician sell his violin in

Comparsion of Jack London's The Call of the Wild and John...
This is the four line epigraph present on the first page of The Call of the Wild by Jack London.
Before you try to find how this section of "Atavism" by John Myers O'Hara, relates to the theme of
The Call of the Wild, you must understand the words used. "Nomadic" means moving around and
not staying in one place. O'Hara uses these words in a weird order, because it seems like it should
say that your nomadic longings are leaping. The first line of this epigraph says that if you stay in one
place for a long time, your instincts (old longings from ancestors) to move from place to place (to be
nomadic) are going to flare up. "Chafing" means to cause annoyance. By using the phrase "Chafing
at custom's chain" O'Hara means that you are being annoyed by traditional ways. "Custom's chain"
refers to these traditional ways. Therefore the feelings to want to become nomadic are clashing with
the feelings of following tradition's ways. "Brumal" means wintry. O'Hara is using this as a
metaphor with the direct meaning being waking up from winter hibernation, but the deeper meaning
is the realization or awakening of the need to break away from traditional ways. "Ferine" means
wild and "strain" in this case means type. When O'Hara uses ferine as an adjective to describe strain,
he is referring to the wild side we each have due to our natural instincts. All in all "Old longings
nomadic leap, Chafing at custom's chain; Again from its brumal sleep wakens the ferine strain,"
means we are

Criminality: Criminology and Extra Y Chromosome
Criminality has been sociologically defined as a form of deviant behavior from the norm and the
acceptable rules of society. A more generic definition of criminality is a behavioral predisposition
that disproportionately favors criminal activity. It is based on the premise that the act or acts
committed by an individual violates the natural rights that are given to the person by birth and or by
right. The statement "Are criminals born, or made?" is wide reaching and still the subject of many
debates.
Each year when Crime in the United States is published, many entities–news media, tourism
agencies, and other groups with an interest in crime in our Nation–use reported Crime Index figures
to compile rankings of cities and counties. These ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1901, Enrico Ferri, one of the fathers of positivist criminology, was invited to deliver a series of
lectures at the University of Naples. Ferri used the occasion to admonish classical criminologists
and to advance the principles of positivism. (2)
He approached the study of criminals from a sociological perspec¬tive, that is, by studying the
criminal's relationship to society rather than the criminal's individual personality or physical traits.
He also recommended that society focus on the preven¬tion rather than the punishment of crime.
William Sheldon had similar ideas, however these were mainly based around body types. He
described three basic body types and different temperaments that corresponded with them. These
were: Endomorphs who would be soft and round with relaxed personalities; Mesomorphs who were
athletic and tended to be aggressive; and finally Ectomorphs who were thin frail and introverted.
Sheldon rated these physical attributes in any given individual, and gave ratings of 1 – 7 to indicate
the degree of each body type they possessed then the person would be given a three–digit rating
showing his or her possession of these characteristics. Sheldon compared these ratings between a
group of 200 male delinquents, against 200 non–delinquent students. He found that the delinquents
were significantly higher in mesomorphy and lower in ectomorphy. He concluded that a Mesomorph

Call Of The Wild Summary
This is the scene when Buck was sold as a sled dog by the gardner named Manuel. Manuel sold
Buck arbitrarily without permission of his owner. This occurrance is very important, because this is
where the story all started and made Buck to go through atavism.
"And with a exception of a solitary man, no ,one saw them arrive at the little flag station known as
Collage Park. This man talked wiyh Manuel, and money chinked between them." Chapter 1: p.11–
12
Buck was beaten with the club by the man in a red sweater in this shot. This event took place when
Buck got out of the crate after painful days of no water and food. This happening progress the story
because it tought Buck the hostile reality that awaits him later. It was his first impact on his life and
a lesson of loyalty towards human. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was the first time for him to actually kill a life and it marked the dramatical turning point for
Buck's awakening of the wild nature.
" Buck stood and looked on, the successful champion, the dominant primordial beast who had made
his kill and found it good." Chapter 3: p.76
This picture depicts the scene when Buck was once again sold to the party of 3 people; Mercedes,
Hal, and Charles. This incident was significant because it was the beginning of the distress days for
Buck caused by stupidity and ignorance of human. It also greatly affects Buck's life afterwards by
being a peg to meet John Thorton.
" Dog and man watched it crawling along over the ice.... They saw Charles turn and make one step
to run back, and then a whole section of ice give way and dogs and human disappear." Chapter 5: p.

Engine Of Evolution Chapter Summaries
Chapter 1– What Is Evolution?
In chapter one of the selected text given it goes over six main components being: evolution,
gradualism, speciation, common ancestry, natural selection, and nonselective mechanisms of
evolutionary change. These six components are broken down from the larger idea that life began
with one species and eventually broke off and evolved into many new and different branches of
species. Even in reading this, I do not believe that we all came from one species. I feel that evolution
is true to an extent that while species do evolve over time (which is the concept of gradualism) we
did not all evolve from one parasitic creature. To start simply the first component evolution in itself
to me means that overtime a creature ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The main lesson of biogeography is that only evolution can explain the diversity of life on
continents and islands." (Coyne 109).In convergent evolution 3 of the six components discussed in
chapter 1 are working together. These 3 components are common ancestry, speciation, and natural
selection. If evolution did exist, ancestors of species today that lived in the same place, when dug
up, should be fossils that resemble organisms today.
Chapter 5– The Engine of Evolution In this chapter of the selected text for the course they talk of the
three things involved in adaptation. First and foremost, there has to be variation in the population,
second, the variation has to come from genes changes, and the third is that the genetic variation
must affect the probability of offspring." Evolution by selection is a combination of randomness and
lawfulness."(Coyne 118). I also learned that the only difference between natural selection and
artificial selection is that on one hand the changes occurring are being made to happen by a breeder
(artificial) whereas the other is random selection due to environmental and survival changes

The Positivist Schools : The Positivist School
The Positivist School La'Brittani Poole–James Dr. Lee Grambling State University 07/16/2017 The
Positivity School was introduced after the Classical School era. Moyer wrote, "Even though the
Classical School was modified by the Neo–Classical School, it continued to dominate the study of
crime until the latter part of the 19th century. During this period, society was transformed from the
agrarian–based aristocracies of 18th–century Europe and the rural farmlands of the United States
into a complex industrialized society. The rational emphasis of the Classical School was replaced
with a scientific approach to the study of multiple factors that explain that causes of crime" (Moyer,
2001, p. 29). This new theory was very new for theorists considering the fact they were told that
people have a free will to the choices they make. Then, in another theory they're told that these free
willed people choices could be affected by age insanity or incompetence. Now, theorists during this
time are being told that crime is not rational behavior that can be deterred, but crime is caused by
features within that person. Moyer stated, "This new theory argued that crime was not rationally
reasoned behavior that could be deterred and controlled by punishment" (Moyer, 2001, p. 29) The
Positivist School was a new theory, by a new theorist, who shared his views on his life (as the father
of school), society, and crime and punishment. Cesare Lombroso is the creator of the

The Link Between Science And Crime
The link between science and crime was originated days back in 1840's in Europe and when Spanish
physician Soler made reference to the concept of the born criminal.
No one in the history of criminology has a reputation like Cesare Lombroso.
Darwin 's hypothesis of development, with its startling decisions and cautious arrangement
frameworks, in view of point by point physical portrayals of many finch mouths and ocean turtle
carapaces, is a prime sample of this new science. Taking up from where Darwin left, Cesare
Lombroso 's deliberate investigation of criminal physiognomy tried to support society by
recognizing crooks. Lombroso particularly inspired by the thought of Charles Darwin that some men
are hereditarily closer to their primitive heritage of the concept of born criminal.
Lombroso was a multifaceted researcher who took a gander at for all intents and purpose each part
of the lives, minds, bodies, state of mind, words, lifestyles, and practices of criminal guilty parties
with expectations of discovering the conclusive reason for crime. He was the pioneer in actuation of
investigative systems to criminology. Lombroso turned into a well known positive criminologist.
The essential thought behind constructive criminology is that lawbreakers are conceived as being
what is indicated and not made into criminals; as it were, it is the way of the individual, not sustain,
that brings about criminal inclinations. Lombroso 's fundamental theory was his concept of atavism,
that

Call Of The Wild As A Zeitgeist Analysis
The Call of the Zeitgeist
Jack London's The Call of the Wild is a novel written during the literary era of Naturalism. It is
about a pampered dog, Buck, who was thrown into the Alaskan wilderness and becomes part of a
team of sled dogs. Eventually, he becomes the leader of a wolf pack. Naturalism takes place during a
time in America known as the Gilded Age. During the Gilded Age, the ideas of Social Darwinism
take hold. Social Darwinism is "a term scholars use to describe the practice of misapplying the
biological evolutionary language of Charles Darwin to politics, the economy, and society" ("Social
Darwinism in the Gilded Age"). But how is London's novel a zeitgeist of Naturalism? Jack London's
The Call of the Wild is a zeitgeist of Naturalism with its usage of Atavism, and a key ideology of
Social Darwinism, which is the survival of the fittest.
As mentioned before, London's novel is about Buck, who lives a comfortable life on a Californian
estate. However, Buck gets kidnapped by a gardener, so that he could pay off his gambling debts,
and sold to Alaskan sled drivers. When he arrives in Alaska, a friend he made on the trip over, is
killed horrifically when she attempts to befriend a dog who attacks her. Another dog, Spitz, laughs at
her death and develops a rivalry with him. Over the course of the novel he starts to subvert Spitz's
command and ultimately fights him, winning and becoming the leader of his sled team. However,
the sled team gets new drivers by inexperienced people joining the search for gold. Their
inexperience causes some dogs to die from exhaustion. On one trail, a man, John Thornton, tells the
drivers that the ice is dangerous because it is too thin. They refused to listen to him, but Buck was
too tired to move, causing one of the drivers to start clubbing him. Despite Buck's beatings, he
refused to get up, resulting in Thornton stepping in and taking him, saving him from death. A new
dog is put in place as leader and they move on the trail, but they fall through the ice and into the
frigid river where they presumably die. Under Thornton's ownership, Buck has nothing much to do,
save for small tasks, as Thornton is busy prospecting for gold. It is during this time that "call of the
wild"

Jerry Coyne 's Why Evolution Is True?
Jerry Coyne's Why Evolution Is True?
Sainte Leo University
Mallory Ansel
Abstract In this paper, I will discuss the theory of evolution and the concepts applied throughout the
chapters of Jerry A. Coyne's, Why Evolution is True. In each section, I will summarize the chapter,
explain what the contents of that chapter mean to me, and explain how I apply them to my belief
system. You may notice throughout the paper I switch between support of evolution and support of
creationism; and this is because it is truly how I stand on the subject.
Jerry Coyne's Why Evolution Is True? Evolution is the process by which all species have gradually
developed from a singular common ancestor. The evolutionary theory has developed over time; it
states that all species (mammals, insects, birds and reptiles alike) all originated from a single celled
organism that existed roughly 3.8 billion years ago. The scientific use of the word "theory"
proclaims something that is as solidly established as any scientific fact. When using the word theory
scientifically, it is defined as an idea that has evidence and fact to back the truth of the assumption.
In science, a theory is only true as long as there is no evidence to disprove it 's conclusions. As it is
known today, evolution is a theory that explains the diversities, yet similarities between all species
that have ever walked the Earth.
My Personal Beliefs Before This Course Coming into Your Inner Fish, I was uneasy but excited. I

Mccrory's Budget Apology
The connecting factor in McCrory's Budget Includes Money for Eugenics Victims and State Issues
Apology for Policy of Sterilization is the usage of sterilization in the early 1900's lasting all the way
up to the mid '70's. Thousands of people were involuntarily sterilized in order to stop their genes
from continuing on. The goal at hand using sterilization was to help tidy up the genetic pool and it
was a very popular movement. This violation of human rights was devastating to thousands of
families and the state of California has issued and apology for everyone who had to experience this,
whereas North Carolina is proposing House Bill 7 that would allow victims of involuntary
sterilization to be compensated with a lump sum of money as an apology

Correlation Between The Factor Personality Model And Job...
IB Math Studies Internal Assessment The Correlation between the Factor Personality Model and Job
Satisfaction Name: Makeda Scott Exam Session: May 2015 Teacher Name: Ms. Fernandez School
Name: Boyd H. Anderson High School Date: November 17, 2014 The Correlation between the
Factor Personality Model and Job Satisfaction Introduction The "big five" are broad and general
categories of personality traits, from which multiple subdivisions under the broad headings stem. It
is a model used by many psychologists to attempt to determine and understand personality. The five
categories are as follows: a. Openness – This category consists of characteristics such as
imaginativeness and insight, and those who score higher in this trait ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Personality shapes almost every aspect of an individual's life, and being satisfied with one's job is
not an exclusion. The way an individual outwardly and inwardly assesses themselves, their position
and their career, will play a role in their job performance, and ultimately their job satisfaction, which
is defined by some merely as how content an individual is with his or her job, whereas to others, it is
more complex. Job satisfaction to them involves multidimensional psychological responses to one 's
job. The Correlation between the Factor Personality Model and Job Satisfaction Statement of Task
The main purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the link between the Big Five Factor of
Personality and overall job satisfaction. To conduct this investigation, the Barrick and Mount (1991)
meta–analysis of the correlation between job performance and the Big Five Personality Model will
be used as a guide. Over the last 20 years, unanimity has developed that the five–factor model of
personality, more frequently referred to as the Big Five (Goldberg, 1990), can be used to define the
most remarkable aspects of personality. The Big–Five structure has become metaphysical across
scopes, cultures, and sources of ratings (McCrae & John, 1992). The Big Five has been researched
in areas of industrial–organizational psychology, predominantly regarding job performance (Barrick
& Mount, 1991).

Environmental And Genetic Traits Of Criminals
In order to analyze the environmental and genetic traits behind criminals. It is very important to
understand the theories that describe the major features of delinquents and the reasons of why
certain persons engage criminal acts. The environmental and genetic are striking factors and they
merit rigorous examination. To begin with, it is very remarkable to know that there are several
reasons of crime and it takes different forms of how people commit it. However, it is extremely
important to define criminal behavior in order to begin. According to Hollin (1992) criminal
behavior can be defined as "an act that violates criminal law and may therefore be followed by
criminal proceedings and attract the appropriate punishment" (p.10). Early Theorists

Chapter 3: Remnants By Jerry Coyne
In Chapter 3: Remnants, Jerry Coyne takes another angle in explaining evolution, and he uses
various examples to prove how remnants plays into the evolution theory. Those scientists find ways
of connecting the smallest similarities to prove evolution, like vestiges organs. For Example, we see
the evidence with ostriches' wings, and various non–flying bird that lost the use of this vestigial
trait. By using the embryo and bad design to further prove evolution, Jerry presents a very
compelling argument since, the following chapters explained evolution and the uses of fossils to
verify evidence; during, Chapter 3 Jerry Coyne, uses vestiges, embryos, and bad design as proof for
the evidence of evolution. In this case, of vestiges being used to

Ralph's Characters
Atavism, the retrogradation of philosophy and evolutionary traits, is consequently the result of
prolonged exposure to primal environments. However, the consequences can lead to wrongful
ethical and moral actions. Considering the allegorical tale, Lord of the Flies by William Golding,
one must consider the island being a representation of the human mind itself. The only structure and
object that a human can retain whilst dismissing all else is the presence of their own thoughts, their
own reality. Shaped by external stimuli, all humans have the innate traits demonstrated in novel's
characters. From Simon's innate value of morality, through Ralph's impulse for democracy, and
including Jack's incentive towards savagery, these natural–born instincts ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At a fundamental level, Jack is a crazed killer who has an insatiable blood lust. In addition, he was
also the only one to bring an actual weapon onto the island. Jack argues, "'We needed meat.' Jack
stood up as he said this, the bloodied knife in his hand" (71). Indubitably, Jack is a representation of
the overpowering impulse for bloodlust, power, and savagery. His craving for meat directly led to
his atavistic primal tendencies, signified by his barbarism and splintering of the original tribe. In
addition, his original knife symbolizes the increased possibility of killing in the human

Naturalism In Call Of The Wild
Jack London seemed to be a socialist at heart, however, in his book Call of the Wild he writes with a
under developed naturalism perspective. Naturalism in literary terms applies two major tenants. The
first being heredity and environment are the significant forces that shape human beings. The second
tenant conveys that the author presents life exactly as it is in reality. Some writers may omit
insignificant details that slow the flow of a passage down. However, a naturalistic style will include
these details. The author writing in this style strives to be objective and detached preferring to write
as if he were observing the characters in their natural setting and then reporting what he has
witnessed. London sometimes strays from this style ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hair of this man was long and matted, and his head slanted back under it from the eyes. He
uttered strange sounds, and seemed very much afraid of the darkness, into which he peered
continually, clutching in his hand, which hung midway between knee and foot, a stick with a heavy
stone made fast to the end. He was all but naked, a ragged and fire–scorched skin hanging part way
down his back, but on his body there was much hair. In some places, across the chest and shoulders
and down the outside of arms and thighs, it was matted into almost a thick fur. He did not stand
erect, but with trunk inclined forward from the hips, on legs that bent at the knees. About his body
there was a peculiar springiness, or resiliency, almost catlike, and quick alertness as of one who
lived in perpetual fear of things seen and unseen

Biological Theories Of Criminal Behavior
"Biological Theories of Criminal Behavior" Many biological theories of crime have been developed
to explain the analysis of crime and criminality. Scientific studies of research have formed theories
as to what makes a criminal a criminal and what social factors can contribute to criminality. As a
result, criminology scientists Cesare Lombroso, William Sheldon, and Sandberg believe that the
presence of certain physical traits made it more likely that an individual would become a criminal.
The three scientist each share significant theories of criminal characteristics, criminal personality
and criminal behavioral tendencies. Criminologist Cesare Lombroso studied scientifically the "born
criminal" Atavism theory, which he believed modern criminals share physical characteristics with
primitive humans, Sheldon studied the somatotype theory, the three body types relating to an
individual personality and Franz Gall discovered and studied the phrenology theory, "bumps on the
head" could indicate certain criminal tendencies. Each theorist philosophy of criminality conveys a
scientific hypothesis as to what biosocial elements of crime establishes an individual as a criminal.
In 1987, while conducting an autopsy of the brigand Villella, Lombroso experienced an unusual, but
interesting epiphany while examining the skull of criminal Villella Giuseppe. Cesare Lombroso
discovered an indention at the base of the skull that he perceived to be commonly shared only
amongst apes.

Biological Explanations Of Crime Essay
In today's society, there is a surprising amount of criminal research done by sociologists but most of
our explanations can be better explained by biological and psychological approaches. Why does
crime exist in all cultures? No matter where you go or visit you can be sure that there is crime
occurring. Its important to remember that there are quite a few explanations for the causation of
crime, but I will do my best to include them all. Let's begin by examining the biological
explanations of crime. I will only be going over the modern biological perspectives on crime and not
talk to much about studies that lacked proof, but there will be some theories that have been around
for a while. The biological explanation of crime is built on the

Hearing And Responding To Jack London's The Call Of The Wild
Hearing and Responding to the Call of the Wild At the beginning of The Call of the Wild, Jack
London presents a quotation from "Atavism," a 1902 poem by John Myers O'Hara that encapsulates
one of the main motifs of the novel: "Old longings nomadic leap, Chafing at custom's chain; Again
from its brumal sleep..[brumal: winter] Wakens the ferine strain.". [ferine: savage, fierce, wild] One
characteristics of naturalism is Determinism theory of Heredity. In the novel heredity is mainly
represented in "atavism". "Atavism" is one of the themes of the call of the wild. It is an animal's
recovery of the instincts of his wild ancestors. For Buck, this recovery involved repeated visions of
his primitive past, which usually occurred late at night when ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The man could leap high and swing in trees. "And closely akin to the visions of the hairy man was
the call still sounding in the depths of the forest. It filled him with a great unrest and strange desires.
It caused him to feel a vague, sweet gladness, and he was aware of wild yearnings and stirrings for
he knew not what. Sometimes he pursued the call into the forest, looking for it as though it were a
tangible thing, barking softly or defiantly, as the mood might dictate." (Chapter VII, "The Sounding
of the Call"). Buck's experiences in the northland wilderness awakened in him the long–dormant
instincts of a wild carnivore. When he acted on these instincts–by killing the moose, for example, or
befriending the "wolf brother"–he was responding to the call of the wild. His atavism–that was, his
reversion to the behavior of his canine ancestors–gradually transformed him into a wolf like creature
that prefers to live in a savage environment in which he must fight and kill to live. In the last chapter
of The Call of the Wild, there was always a scene that Buck felt the call of the life in the wild
drawing him away from mankind, away from campfire and towns, and into the

Influences On Victorian Gothic Literature
Influences on Victorian gothic literature; religion, psychology, science and spirituality.
Many great authors such as Mary Shelley and Bram Stoker indulged in the world of the supernatural
with gothic novels such as Dracula and Frankenstein. However the origins of such tales and the
Victorian obsession with the paranormal are not commonly explored. The gothic genre in fact dates
back as far as 1765. The classic English gothic novel began with the author Horace Walpole and his
novel, "The Castle of Otranto: A Gothic Story." Walpole claimed that he had found an ancient
manuscript which he then translated, thus creating his story. However, from what seems to be a
recurring theme in Victorian spiritualism, this also was revealed as being false. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a clear divide within the gothic genre which develops the perception of the church and
religion during the Victorian period. On one hand many gothic novels view the church as an evil
which corrupts society, whereas on the other hand religion and symbolism are the bringers of peace
and eradicators of evil. For example within Bram Stoker's Dracula, the cross of the Christian faith is
seen to drive away evil spirits and even Vampires. This portrays the Christian faith as a saviour of
man, showing the willpower of God. Yet in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, God's creation is
questioned when man essentially takes life into his own hands, in the form of Victor Frankenstein
creating the monster. Both sides of the argument are controversial, forcing gothic literature into
genre which continues to cause controversy today. Although gothic literature and the church seem
be inherently different, there are some featured similarities. Both the church and gothic fiction
depend upon society to drive forwards their success. The gothic feeds upon the confusion of society,
and at the same time the church is fuelled by the idea of safety from the supernatural. The church is
in fact utilised in many gothic novels. For instance the church is a symbol for sanctuary, peace and
rituals, all are common themes of a gothic novel. It is evident that both do not only depend upon
society, but also upon one another for

What Is Bellamy's Looking Backward
In Bellamy`s Looking Backward, Julian West falls into a hypnosis induced sleep for one–hundred
and thirteen years. He wakes up in the twentieth century in the same place but a completely different
century. In this essay I will analyze some of the literary genre discourses Bellamy uses in chapters
nineteen through twenty–four. Bellamy discusses how crime was considered an illness and that the
people that committed a crime needed medical attention. Another scientific discourse Bellamy use is
the physical health between the nineteenth century and twentieth century. In chapter nineteen
Bellamy explains the new legal system, and on how crime has become an illness. "Dr. Leete
explains to Julian that there are not any jails now a days. All cases of Atavism is treated in hospitals"
(150) . Dr. Leete explains to him that the classless society and the giving of riches or wealth have
reduced crime. There was no need for police officers, lawyers, or prisons. Why was there a need to
commit a crime if you ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Riches debauched one class with idleness of mind and body, while poverty sapped the vitality of
the masses by overwork, bad food, and pestilent homes"(165). The wealthy in the ninetieth century
did not really care too much for physical education, and the poor would just work and work just to
make a living, so their health would decline or get worse. In the novel West was really fascinated on
how healthy the twentieth century was. "The labor which is required of all is limited to the period of
greatest bodily vigor, and is never excessive: care for one's self and one's family, anxiety as to
livelihood, the strain of a ceaseless battle for life"(165). Since the twentieth century was physically
healthy, did they have doctors ? Did they need doctors ? What happened if one`s health got bad ?
Insanity and suicide was very common in the ninetieth century rather than the twentieth

Employment Issues In Charlie's Flowers For Algernon
How has Charlie changed? After reading the novel "Flowers for Algernon", many ask the golden
question. Some say the surgery had a positive effect on Charlie, as he gains intelligence and
understanding. However, that is not the case. Charlie's life was negatively impacted by the surgery
because of employment issues at his workplace, his regression, and he becomes more unfavorable
aware. First, the Charlie's life was negatively impacted by the surgery because of employment issues
at his workplace. As mentioned in the novel, Charlie states, "Mr. Donnegan showed me the petition.
Eight hundred and forty names, everyone connected with the factory" (Progress Report 11). This
evidence proves that there were employment issues in Charlie's workplace.

Summary Of Cesare Lombroso's 'Atavistic Criminal'
In his essay, Stephen D. Arata uses Cesare Lombroso's "atavistic criminal" as a starting point for his
analysis of Edward Hyde. According to Lombroso's model, criminals are born not made, and can be
identified by their physical deformities such as, "enormous jaws, high cheek bones, and prominent
superciliary arches."(233) They are "throwbacks to man's savage past," to use Arata's words. (233)
He that, when the novel was published, many readers saw the markers of the Lombrosan criminal
born out in the physical description of Hyde; his being referred by Utterson as as "troglodytic" being
the most clear–cut example. (240) Arata then ties the atavist description of Hyde in to the class
discourse of the period, noting how it was customary for the lower classes to be associated with
atavism and physical deformities. However, Arata believes that due to Hyde's proclivities–
particularly those pertaining to vice–he is meant to caricature the bourgeois rather than the
proletariat. His depravities, Arata believes, adhere those of the Lombrosan criminal, viz. "an
inclination for excessive idleness, love of orgies, and an irresponsible craving of evil." (235) Such
vices are not those of the destitute working–class but of a "monied gentlemen", he argues, which
would make him, "a companion of Jean Floressas des Esseintes and Dorian Gray, not Vilella." (235)
He then references Max Nordau, who, in his book Degeneration (1895), argued that the degenerate
population "consists chiefly of rich

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