Hindu Cosmology and Fractals in Ancient Indian Philosophy

Cosmology In Hinduism Research Paper
Fractal Cosmology in Hinduism
Madison Etman
Chaos & Fractals
Dave Feldman
Final Project
March 5, 2016
It seems odd to think that mathematics could be closely connected to religious belief systems, but it
is very true. Mathematics, like religion, helps to explain the unexplainable. Humans tend to notice
patterns and similarities in nature, finding them soothing and within reach of understanding. These
calming patterns are very often found in religious buildings, art, and philosophies as well as in
mathematical theory. For example, Sacred Geometry is a method of explanation that finds incredible
similarities between many religions, methods of thought, and philosophies that ascribe geometric
shapes to cosmological deities. It finds similarities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Everything equates to the infinite universe and every atom is a universe in itself. Spiritual
consciousness (chit) is an infinite and eternal concept, it is formless and changeless, simpler than the
simplest concept and more complex than any other concept. Consciousness is infinitely mirrorlike,
according to this belief, creating an infinite fractal by connecting all that is and all that has been. In
Hindu philosophy, consciousness is the eternal and central reality that is often reflected in geometric
patterns and temple
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Hindu 's May View The Arches Of Islam
Hindu's may view the arches of Islam with appreciation of their quality and craftsmanship while
simultaneously regarding them as dull and unadorned, additionally questioning the logic
implemented in the creation of beautiful arch–lined architecture that is dedicated to serve and honor
Allah, with no discernable indication as to who is to be worshipped. The lack of representational
deities might be confusing as Hindus leave no abstruseness as to whom is venerated, exhibited in the
affluent ornamentation of temples with recognizable objects of worship reflected everywhere
(Dehejia par. 6). The second pillar of the "Five Pillars of Islam," is "salat or the obligatory prayer."
Prayer is central in a Muslim's daily life as it is required five times daily (Molloy 416). In visiting
the Friday prayer service at the Denver Islamic Society, the melodic chanting of the Imam as he
called believers to prayer was beautiful and awe–inspiring. The Arabic language combined with the
deep, clear, dulcet voice of the Imam garnered reverence and devoted responsiveness. Before prayer
was conducted parishioners were allowed to go and properly wash themselves in preparation for
sacred prayer. Upon completion of this holy cleansing ritual, believers stood shoulder to shoulder
facing Mecca as they systematically chanted, bowed, arose, chanted, prostrated, arose, and so on
until the prayer ritual was concluded. Devotion and unity within the Islamic community is no doubt
strengthened by this

Essay About Prambanan
Prambanan temples, Yogyakarta province, Indonesia: One of the world's most historic and sacred
Hindu icon.
Religious sites are usually not a favorite place to visit on vacation, but this one is a big exception.
You will definitely want to set your foot on this place! It's Prambanan temple, one of the largest
Hindu temples and also one of the most exotic tourist destinations in the world.
Astonishingly beautiful temple
Majestic Prambanan
Prambanan is a religious site with momentous historical significance. It's actually a complex
consisting of hundreds of temples but most of them have collapsed due to nature force. Only the
major ones, six of them, are rebuilt. These astonishingly beautiful temples were built in the ninth
century by Mataram ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The good news is, the complex is surrounded by a large park with numerous shady trees. Benches
are provided here and there on shady spots in which you can get away from the heat, relax and enjoy
the beauty of the temples from a distance.
Feed spotted deer in the park
Feeding the deer at Prambanan complex
Prambanan is not just a place for lifeless historical sanctuary but also living creatures. The large
green area of Prambanan Park is also inhabited by numerous spotted deer. These beautiful creatures
with their marvelous antlers are kept within iron fence and visitors are allowed to feed them with
leaves provided by the staff. It's sold in a bundle for IDR 2,000 (USD 0.14) each.
Watch Ramayana ballet performance for less than 20 USD
Ramayana dance inside Prambanan complex
Your experience in Prambanan does not stop here. After enjoying the beauty of the temple and
learning a great love story of Rama and Shinta, you are offered to find pleasure in watching an
attractive ballet performance. The show performed by professional dancers is based on the story of
Ramayana, thus called Ramayana

The Reign of Suryavarman Ii Lives
The Reign of Suryavarman II Lives As one of the seven wonders of the world, Cambodia's Angkor
Wat, is the largest temple to ever be built on the face of the earth. Although many, including the
Smithsonian Network Institution (SNI), deem Angkor Wat as, "a symbol of one of the greatest
empires in the history of Southeast Asia", it is perhaps highly noted as a "wonder", because for
centuries, "the sacred structure remained lost within the tropical forests of Cambodia, along with the
history of the young king who built the temple", notes SNI. The story behind this king supports the
idea that, there will never be a time in the world, nor has there ever been, when people of bravery,
nobility, and strength of mind were not needed. In many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The temples are all so symbolic, which helps us understand their cosmology and religious ideologies
(Freeman & Jacques 47). It has also been recorded that the temple contained a statue of Vishnu, but
at some point, temples were converted to Theravada Buddhist worship. Suryavarman however,
chose Hindu sources as the subject matter– Ramayana and Mahabharata epics, were specifically
carved on the two panels. Meanwhile, the Heavens and Hells were carved on the W and E parts of
the S gallery (Freeman & Jacques 54). Other temples such as Chao Say Tevoda was built during
Suryavarman as well, but recently, Chinese began to restore it. In some ways, this symbolically
represents the profound effect Suryavarman and his creation of temples had on the religion and
ideology in the Eastern world, and the future between Cambodia and China. As a result of
Suryavarman's dedication to create reflections of gods and religion, it is inferred that religion and
society were intimately linked throughout the Angkorian period. Suryavarman's reign is also notable
for his internal and international warfare. In other words, his military efforts is what helped set him
apart from the other kings. The walls of the religious shrines that Suryavarman created consist of
bas–relief scenes, which offer the history and glory of the Khmer Empire. For example, the third
gallery shows the king standing astride an elephant in a military procession moving

Sri Ganesha Temple Of Utah
Andre Bunker
Sri Ganesha Temple of Utah The Sri Ganesha temple of Utah opened for worship on May 2, 2003.
They are still adding on to the temple which I witnessed on my visit on November 9, 2015. The
ethnic Hindus of Utah used the Dream Circle until the temple was ready for worship. There are
around 10,000 Indians in Utah today. The history of Hinduism does not involve a person who started
the faith. The Hindus came to the United States for the excellent jobs here.They immigrated to Utah
in the beginning of the last century. There was great difficulty in coming up with the money to build
the temple. A couple of years of searching went into locating the perfect land parcel for the temple.
The temple design is different from that of a normal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One Hindu, Preeya Prakash is just as normal as the next person. She is obtaining an education like
most other people. Some people inquired of her of where she came from even though she was born
in the U.S. Preeya was encouraged by her parents to do more than just school all the time. She
doesn't feel as if she had ever been harassed here. Like others, Preeya doesn't want to feel out of
place, she wants to be like everyone else. She feels other religions need to know they are not
superior in any way, shape or form. Like most others she would like to marry to someone with her

Research Paper On Travel And Tourism
Introduction:
India is one of the most beautiful locations in south Asia is also among the popular countries of the
world. Tourist hub welcomes more than 5 million tourists from different locations of the world. A
trip to this beautiful country can reveal numerous mystic things regarding its culture, art, tradition,
history etc. Tourists are more attracted towards the cultural diversity of this country from Kashmir to
Kanyakumari. Each tradition symbolizes the flavour and aura of the place.
India:
India is a beautiful and bamboozling place, an endlessly fascinating country that is often challenging
and always surprising.
Stretched between the golden beaches of the Indian ocean and the snow–capped peaks of the
Himalayan mountains lies an incredible tapestry of natural and man–made wonders –astounding
temples, mystical monasteries, frenetic cities, pristine national parks and some of the most iconic
monuments.
Visiting India is an assault on the sense. Sights, sounds, smells and sensations are all experienced at
maximum intensity. India is the one of the world's greatest melting pot's where an incredible
diversity of cultures, religions and ethnicities live in surprising harmony.
1. Hospitality
The hospitality industry is a part of larger enterprise known as travel and tourism industry. The
travel and tourism is a vast group of business with one goal in common providing necessary and
desired products services to customers and travels.
Accommodation facilities

Tourism And Tourism In India
 Introduction:
In this writing I am going to spread the light on the travelism in India. India is the one of the most
beautiful country in the world. This country is known for its culture, multi languages and for its
traditions. India welcomes 5 million tourists every year. There is lot of tourist attractions in India. It
comes in the best tourist countries in the world.
 India:
India is a beautiful and bamboozling place, an endlessly fascinating country that is often challenging
and always surprising.
India has number of golden beaches and snow covered peaks of Himalaya mountains and incredible
man made wonders outstanding ancient temples and wonderful national parks and some of the most
iconic monuments.
Sounds, feelings are all experienced at maximum intensity. India is an incredible country of culture
diversity, religions and ethnicities live in surprising harmony. This country is also very safe for solo
travellers.
1. Hospitality
The hospitality is the major part of travel and tourism in India. In hospitality the needs and desires
of customers are fulfilled by the attendants moreover living facilities also plays a important role in
hospitality. Accommodation is one of the main part of travel and tourism.
a. The food
Food India is also known for it's the variety of its traditional foods in the whole world. Number of
travellers from long distance to have the taste of it. India has number of dishes which you never
forget the taste of that in your life. Here is

Role Of Fractal Geometry Of Indian Hindu Temple Architecture
Role of Fractal Geometry in Indian
Hindu Temple Architecture
Dhrubajyoti Sardar
M.Arch Scholar, Architecture & Planning Department
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
E–mail: ar.dhrubajyotisardar@gmail.com
S. Y. Kulkarni
Professor & Former Head
Architecture & Planning Department, IIT Roorkee
Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
E–mail: syk_iitr@yahoo.com
Abstract– The self–similar recursive geometry is known as Fractal. Hindu Philosophy describes the
cosmos as holonomic and self–similar in nature. In the connection of this context, fractal theory is
being followed in Indian Hindu Temple Architecture much before the discovery of Fractal Theory.
This paper is an attempt to find out the role of fractals in different elements of Indian Hindu temples.
The study has extended from the site plan level to the minute detailing level. The discussion covers
the elementary idea about the fractal theory and the basic structure of Hindu temples with supportive
and self–explanatory visuals and analysis of the topic. It also focuses on the behavioural actions of
fractals in Hindu temples and on the reasons behind its successful occurrence.
Keywords– Fractal geometry; Hindu cosmology; Hindu temple architecture; Iteration; Self–similar;
Repetition
Introduction
Ancient Indian mathematicians were very skilful in geometry. They used the knowledge of
geometry in other disciplines also. They derived many of the comprehensive conclusions with the
help of geometry.

Religion's Reflection in Architecture
How have architectural styles reflected the philosophies, religions, and politics of various cultures
throughout history?
I would like to focus my discussion on religion's reflection in architecture and hope it will not be too
lengthy.
Religion forms the foundation of cultural identity and has decisively shaped world civilizations
based on differing, but not exclusive, views of ultimate value: mercy and benevolence in Buddhism,
morality and ethics in Confucianism, respect in Shintoism, devotion and mystical unity of divine
Self in Hinduism, obedience and perseverance in Judaism, love for the Creator and one's fellowman
in Christianity, and submission to the will of Allah in Islam.
Shrine–like buildings found at Catal Huyuk in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The product of two streams of development, one in the Mediterranean and the other in south–central
Asia, Muslim architecture is fundamentally centered upon worship. At its heart is the mosque,
whose characteristic domes, minarets, and stylized decorative art encouraged contemplation and
prayer.
After the destruction of the Temple and dispersal of Jews from Israel in 70 C.E., Judaism focused on
family ritual and synagogues that housed prayer sanctuaries which faced Jerusalem. By the fifth and
sixth centuries, many Arabs respected the non–sexualized symbols of Judaism, its ascetic
monotheism, and the Jewish devotion to family life and education. The Arabs called the Jews
"People of the Book," and Jews and Arabs lived side by side in peace.
Resources:
Boston College
The Art of the Ancient Mediterranean
The World's First City http://www2.bc.edu/~mcdonadh/course/huyuk.html HistoryWorld
History of Buddhist and Hindu Architecture
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab96 Teaching Comparative
Religion through Art and Architecture
Sacred Spaces in Shinto Jinja (Shrine) Shinto
University of California, Berkeley http://ias.berkeley.edu/orias/visuals/japan_visuals/shinto.HTM
China.Org.Cn

The Temple Of Heaven http://www.china.org.cn/english/kuaixun/75120.htm Wikipedia
Early Christian Art and Architecture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian_art Wikipedia
Islamic

The South Asian Collection Of The Asian Art Museum
The South Asian collection of The Asian Art Museum, in gallery four, houses The Hindu Deity
Brahmani [Figure 1], originally from Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu state and is dated approximately
875–950 AD. The artist is unknown. Her dimensions are 29 X 21 X 10 inches. In Hinduism,
Brahmani is the shakti of the god Brahma, the creator of the universe and senior member of the
Hindu Trinity, and is one of the seven mother–goddesses that may have been located in the temple
of her origin ("The Hindu Deity Brahmani"). The sculpture was created during the Chola Dynasty,
also known as the Golden Age of Tamil Culture, and carved from either granite or hornfels granite.
The Dravidian style of art and architecture attained brilliance under the Cholas, and the dynasty's
triumphs are considered the greatest in South Asia containing some of the most beautiful
masterpieces ever produced in India (Dehejia, 1990). This sculpture is an excellent representation of
this goddess, confirming that the artistic vision of the Chola dynasty is paramount in Indian art.
Equally as stunning, ornate temples were built to house sacred symbols to help Hindu devotees
comprehend the incomprehensible. The temple is considered the dwelling place of the deities and
sculptures of Hindu gods set there is a visual representation used to generate a sense of reality of the
invisible. The temples provided a space for worshippers to perform rituals, leave offerings, touch,
and feel the Gods. The purpose of the marvelous art

Architecture And Modern Architecture
KobeeVanDine Mrs. Rabatin Language Arts 1 18 October 2017 Architecture Because of architecture
people have homes and can survive. It is interesting to consider that architecture began in the Crude
Ages. Within architecture, buildings must have to main types of structures. Modern architecture is a
type of architecture that focuses more of aesthetics than on function. In order to understand this
topic, it is first necessary to know about architecture's history, the fundamentals of architecture, and
the modern aspect of architecture. The first thing one must understand is the history of architecture.
Architecture started during the crude times (Nardo). The first towns/cities where constructed with
bricks (Nardo). One of the first cities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Classification of the different construction types for buildings. In fire–restive construction the walls
are masonry or reinforced concrete and have a 4 hour rating. Noncombustible constructions major
difference are the components have a 2 hour rating unlike the fire restive which has a 4 hour rating.
Ordinary constructions exterior walls are masonry or reinforced concrete. In which the interior
structural members are partly or entirely of wood in smaller dimensions than required for heavy
timber or steel. Frame construction is that in which exterior walls are wholly of partly wood it
includes bricks or stone veneer, stucco or sheet metal over wood. The third thing one must
understand are features of modern architecture. The modern movement was an artistic and
architectural movement that embodied the unique early twentieth notion that artistic works must
look forward to the future without overt references to historical precedent (How to evaluate
modern). The work shows innovation and modern technology (How to evaluate modern). The
design reflects on social patterns of the 20th century (How to evaluate modern). The work shows
skill at composition, handling of proportion, scale, material and detail (How to evaluate modern).
Modern design has tech or spatial properties to rely on rather than décor (How to evaluate modern).
The lack of decorativeness in the building gives it the clean

The Khmer Empire: Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam
The Khmer Empire or Angkor Empire was formed around 802 to 1431 AD in what is now
Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and southern Vietnam. The Khmer people settled near the Mekong river
stretching from the delta to the Cambodia–Laos border. Khmer emerged from the Funan and Chenla
kingdoms who vassal most of southeast Asia. The Khmer refers to the ethnic people of the region,
while Angkor means Capital City' or 'Holy City' and has come to refer to the capital city of the
Khmer Empire. At the height of the Khmer empire the capital was filled with more than a million
people. Jayavarman II, a former Khmer official who had been taken captive, returned from the
kingdom of Java and declared his independent from the kingdom and his position as god–king in
802 AD. Prior to the formation of Khmer its predecessor the kingdom of Chenla had torn apart by
warfare. Jayavarman II who was of Khmer descent however was originally from Java. It is believed
that the people of Java wanted to install Jayavarman as a figurehead to gain more power over the
region. Rather than let this happen Jayavarman made his claim to the throne through ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is because of Hinduism that Jayavarman and his successors were able to claim the throne as god–
kings. During the age of Angkor many temples were built in tribute to the gods Shiva and Vishnu.
The temples were built using the finest arts and materials. While after Hinduism, Buddhism was the
second largest religion in the empire, however it was less prominent. Both Hinduism and Buddhism
were very important to not only organizing the empires religious system, but the social and political
system as well. The Hindu rite of devarāja allowed for kings to have absolute power over the entire
empire. In the 13th century, Theravada Buddhism became prominent in the royal court when it was
introduced from Sri Lanka. This led to a decline in the belief of Hindu gods and in the

Cultural Tourism
Cultural heritage tourism (or just heritage tourism or diaspora tourism) is a branch of tourism
oriented towards the cultural heritage of the location where tourism is occurring. The National Trust
for Historic Preservation in the United States defines heritage tourism as "travelling to experience
the places and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past," and cultural
heritage tourism is defined as "travelling to experience the places and activities that authentically
represent the stories and people of the past and present."
Culture has always been a major object of travel, as the development of the Grand Tour from the
16th century onwards attests. In the 20th century, some people have claimed, culture ... Show more
As a result heritage tourism can be seen as a blend of education, entertainment, preservation and
profit.
Nearly five thousand years back flourished India's first major civilisation along the Indus River
valley. The twin cities of Mohenjodaro and Harappa now in Pakistan were ruled by priests and held
the rudiments of Hinduism. These civilisations are known to possess a sophisticated lifestyle, a
highly developed sense of aesthetics, an astonishing knowledge of town planning and an
undecipherable script language. The Indus civilization at one point of time extended nearly a million
square kilometres across the Indus river valley. It existed at the same time as the ancient
civilizations of Egypt and Sumer but far outlasted them. Surviving for nearly a thousand years the
Indus valley civilisation fell to tectonic upheavals in about 1700 BC, which caused a series of
floods.
The coming of the Aryans around 1500 BC, gave the final blow to the collapsing Indus Valley
civilisation. At the dawn of Vedic ages the Aryans came in from the North and spread through large
parts of India bringing with them their culture and religious beliefs. The Four Vedas or the important
books of Hinduism were compiled in this period.
In 567 B.C. the founder of the Buddhist Religion Gautama Buddha was born. During this time lived
Mahavira, who founded the Jain Religion. The Indian subcontinent is full of caves and monuments
devoted to these religions and are worth a visit.
Two

The Architecture Of The Golden Temple
The Architecture
The Golden Temple, Harmandir Sahib is special because it is the only temple that builds in the
middle of square tanks and there is water all around the temple. Besides that, it is famous for its
architectures and the glittering combination of pure gold domes and pure white marble. In addition,
the exterior of the temple is covered with gold and it is looks amazingly beautiful compared with
other temple. The dome of temples is gilded with 750 kg of pure gold. After that, there are 100kg of
gold were applied and decorative marble was added to the inverted Lotus shaped dome. The interior
of the temple also decorated with gold. Next, the Golden Temple has four different directions
entrances which symbolizes people from four directions of the earth are welcome to enter the
temple. Lastly, the architecture of the Golden Temple draws and paints on both Hindu and Muslim
artistic styles. It represents a unique co–evolution of the two styles. Last but not least, most of the
temples have statues inside or outside of the temple, but Golden temple do not have any statues of
any demi–gods or goddesses (Tejwant Singh, 2014). Most of the decorations are fresh flowers. ...
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The door frames of the dome are 10 feet tall and 8 feet wide and the door panes are decorated with
artistic style. Harmandir Sahib is a place for mental solace and also provides the rarest of art work.
The art that displayed in Harmandir Sahib is either Islamic art or Hindu traditional art. Most of the
exterior upper portions of the walls of the Harmandir Sahib are covered with beaten copper plates
and heavily gilded. The main of the decorations are floral and abstract. There are also some panels
are representing the human figure. For example, the lower represent Guru Nanak flanked by Bala
and Mardana whereas the upper represent Guru Gobind Singh on

The Religious Symbolism and Architecture of Angkor Wat and...
Introduction
Built by the Khmers between 802 and 1220 AD, the ancient temples of Angkor Wat exist as the
remaining relics of a historically and religiously rich city. While many other historical and religious
structures in Cambodia have disappeared due in part from being constructed out of vulnerable
materials like wood, Angkor Wat still remains as a symbol of the divinity of its former kings, as well
as for the palace itself. Likewise, Indonesia's Borodubur temples exist as the single remaining
structures of the city. The temples of Angkor Wat and Borodubur hold several similarities within
architecture and symbolism, both being heavily based on religious belief. However, different
features within both structures, architecturally and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Decorative elements through out the towers and galleries present their own characteristics and fulfill
specific needs within the temple. The towers are formed into the shape of the ever–popular lotus
buds, and the galleries are used to expand the many passageways of the temple. Also, the axial
galleries within the temple are used to connect several enclosures. Characteristic decorative
components of Angkor Wat include narrative and historical bas–reliefs, pediments, and devatas. The
bas–reliefs located in the gallery of Angkor Wat holds a special signification for Angkor Wat. The
gallery displays heaven and the underworld in which garudas and lions are holding the celestial
palaces. These gerudas indicate that the palaces were floating in heaven, comparing Angkor Wat to
the palaces of the Gods. This display furthers the idea that Angkor Wat acts as a liason between the
world of Heaven and Earth. Because the palace physically remains on earth but spiritually resides
within heaven, the palace acts as communal place for believers to gather.
The bas–reliefs and pictures did not only serve to decorate the palaces, or depict stories of the past.
They hold the important task of transforming the palace into a "celestial dwelling" or heavenly
place. Further evidence to support this notion is

Bali : A Cultural Performance And Drama
Indonesia is one of the biggest Muslim countries in the world, populating over 250 million people.
With that said, there is one island in Indonesia where the majority of the people are Hindus, Bali.
Bali is not a huge island but it is one of the most attractive tourist spots in the country. Bali has
become the most Hindu dominated island, from daily rituals to the architecture of the buildings,
everything has Hindu influences. However, Hinduism in Bali has been a deviation of Hindu where
they are strongly influenced by Animism and Old Javanese traditions. To this day, Bali contains
mostly Hindus and there are no signs of it subsiding; in other word, Hindu has deeply rooted in all
aspects in Bali. Performances, like Tari Kecak, are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With Muslim dominance in the country, Bali wasn't affected by this implementation due to some
cultural differences between the other Islands. Today, Hindu still strongly dominated the Balinese
community and only consisting 10% of every other religion. (Picard and Madinier, The Politics of
Religion in Indonesia: Syncretism, Orthodoxy, and Religious Contention in Java and Bali) (Leo)
(Bernet Kempers)
All religion in the world has their deviation from the original religion that was first introduced,
Hinduism in Bali is no different. Since the original Religion in Indonesia, Animism, it is inevitable
that other religion in the country are influenced (like Catholic and Muslim in Java) by some degree.
Some animals and object became sacred in some of the religion. Animism is the belief that
supernatural essence exists in inanimate objects and animals. It first entered Indonesia in around the
first century, right before Hinduism. But soon loses ground with other major religion in Indonesia,
now it's a small percentage. Why does animism need to be brought up in this topic? Animism had a
great influence on the culture and deviation of Hinduism that makes what Bali as it is today.
(Rafique) (Bernet Kempers)
Bali is the image of an Indian culture and old Javanese combination, where the Hinduism is the part
of India and Animism is the part of Old Javanese; this being the reason why many architectures in

The Importance Of Folk And Popular Culture
For one of my cultural visits I went to a Mexican restaurant, El Molcajete, in Geneva, IL. In this
restaurant I observed elements of folk and popular culture which included the music that was
playing there, which was mariachi band music which made the place feel more authentic to Mexico.
The music from the mariachi band was a piece of their folk culture they had, because they used
violins, trumpets, guitarron a spanish guitar used in most Spanish music, and a vihuela a five
stringed guitar with a high pitch. Some of the popular culture that was there was the outfits the
servers were wearing which was a plain old t–shirt and some black pants, and it was more popular
culture because nowadays servers wear a shirt and pants that match what the theme or idea of the
restaurant is. I categorized the mariachi band as part of the folk culture because the instruments that
they were using were traditional instruments used in Mexico to produce the Spanish sound. The
servers' outfits I categorized as popular culture because of the fact that servers in many restaurants
nowadays wear the same clothing that is casual, making it an element of popular culture. In my
opinion I think that the folk elements are seen around but not practiced in everything that is in the
restaurant, due to the exposure to the popular culture of our world. In the restaurant, some tools or
utensils used in the restaurant include a basket that holds tortillas warm, but does not make them
soggy or cold because of a

How Did Rome Influence The Construction Of Ancient Rome?
The Republican–period Temple of Portunus (also known as the Temple of Fortuna Virilis) can be
linked to both Greek and Etruscan precedents, as seen through a comparison of temple plans. From
the Etruscans the Romans took the elevated podium, columned porch, and single flight of stairs in
front leading to the cella. From the Greeks they took the Ionic order for the frieze and the columns,
as well as the suggestion of a peripheral temple, even though freestanding columns are used only on
the porch. Instead, engaged (half) columns are attached to the exterior walls of the cella. We can see
these influences on the design of the Temple of Portunus, but the synthesis of these elements in new
and unusual ways give the building its telltale Roman character.
During the Indus Valley period, cities were built according to a grid pattern of intersecting streets.
Buildings were made of brick. Later Hindu cities seem less organized. But similar rules of planning
were laid down in Hindu architectural manuals. In Buddhist India small trading towns formed as
centers of commerce, linked by trade routes. Structures were built of brick or mud. They often had
pillared halls, balconies, and vaulted roofs with dormer windows.
India's most recognizable building activity dates to the Indus Valley cities. Among India's ancient
architectural remains, the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the most spectacular piece of ancient Indian art specimen is the Rock–cut structure. In the
Bihar (east) and Maharashtra (west), we had the remarkable Buddhist and Jain monuments. Chaityas
and Viharas are those rock–cut structures that were hewn out for Buddhist and Jain monks. Chaityas
were places of worship while Viharas were residence of monks. The Rathas at Mahabalipuram are
yet another great specimen of rock–cut architecture in ancient India. Later, the Buddhist and Jain
monks had caves which are the places of worship and residence. These caves started in the western

Similarities Between Hinduism And Buddhism
Learning about both Hinduism and Buddhism, particularly about the art and architecture of both
cultures made me realize they are not that different as I thought first. Both cultures are beautiful and
rich, and if someone takes a deeper look can see that they are depending on each other. Many people
forget that Buddha was born into a Hindu society, and his views and beliefs which led to a brand
new culture are based on Hinduism. Of course I am not saying the two are the same because that
wouldn't make any sense. However, the similarities are visible, just the way differences are visible
too, and these things make both cultures so amazing. First I would like to point out some of the
similarities and differences between Hindu and Buddhist faiths which I think are important to
understand their art. Both religions put karma and reincarnation into the center of believes. Both
religions believe in several spiritual practices in attempts to get beyond the thinking mind and into a
state of relaxation and awareness. However, they do not share their gods, in Hinduism they share
their religion with many gods and goddesses, and in Buddhism there is no god, Buddha himself was
a leader. Knowing the two cultures basic views and believes it is easier to compare their art and
architecture, since mostly they are based on the religions.
The first similarity which I think is very oblivious is the stupa. Stupas are present in both cultures
and the base for the temples in Hinduism and Buddhism

The Challenges Of The Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was one of the great dynastic powers of the medieval Islamic world and its
nature has always been of captivating interest to historians of India and Europe alike. Ruling as large
a territory as the Indian subcontinent with such a diversity of people and cultures was an extremely
difficult task for any ruler to accomplish in the Middle Ages. Quite in contrast to their predecessors,
the Mughals created an empire and accomplished what had hitherto seemed possible for only short
periods of time. From the latter half of the sixteenth century they expanded their kingdom from Agra
and Delhi, until in the seventeenth century they controlled nearly all of the subcontinent. They
imposed structures of administration and ideas of governance ... Show more content on
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the Taj Mahal is distinguished as the finest example of Mughal architecture, a blend of Indian,
Persian, and Islamic styles. One of the most beautiful structural compositions in the world. It was
built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān (reigned 1628–58) to immortalise his wife Mumtāz Mahal.
But according to Stephen Knapp, a well known researcher on Taj Mahal, it was not built by Shah
Jahan and he writes, "There is ample evidence that the Taj Mahal was never built by Shah Jahan.
Some say the Taj Mahal pre–dates Shah Jahan by several centuries and was originally built as a
Hindu or Vedic temple/palace complex and Shah Jahan merely acquired it (by brute force) from its
previous owner, the Hindu King Jai Singh." Not only Stephen Knapp but many other researchers
like Yogesh Saxena, V S Godbole and Prushottam Nagesh Oak (or P N Oak) hold a similar view and
P N Oak is the most prominent and pioneer among scholars who worked to discover the real author
of Taj

Before I really get into my personal experience at the...
Before I really get into my personal experience at the Durga temple, I would like to begin my
experience paper by throwing a light on my religion. I personally belong to a Muslim family and
have practiced Islam throughout my life. Islam is one of the monotheistic religions, which means
people only believe in one God usually referred as Allah. All the individuals, including me, believe
that everything in this world has been created by all mighty Allah. He has the power and authority of
diminishing and raising thing. Islam is based on its five pillars; Namaz (prayer), Roza (fasting), Hajj
(pilgrimage), Zakat (Give away), and Jahad (struggle in way of Islam). In contrast Hinduism has
many different deities and all of them have a specific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I went to the temple in the afternoon, because the timing for the Hanuman pooja was seven o'clock
pm. When I arrived at the temple I was shocked just by looking at the lights. The whole temple was
surrounded by the colorful lights, which made me feel like that I am in another world. As I walked
closer to the temple I saw the sign of swastika on the security gates of the temple. I asked the
purpose of this sign from a person who was standing outside the temple, he said, "this symbol stand
for good fortune, luck, and well–being". As I moved forward I noticed that there is a huge bell
hanging from the roof of the temple, as the people were walking upstairs they were ringing the bell.
I did the same thing as the other people were doing, just to make sure that they do not fell any kind
of disrespect. I have always seen those kinds of bells either in the movies or dramas, but not in real
life.
After enjoying all this, finally I got a chance to go inside the temple. When I entered the temple
there were two installs, one on my left the other one on my right side. On this stands there was all
the stuff available that a person need to perform a pooja. Hinds call this concept as "samagri". The
incremental's that were present on the table consists of metal plate, flowers, coconut, cloth, and
leaves. As I moved further I saw the sign, which was indicating the direction of the main hall. On
top of the door of the main

Hinduism : History And History Of Religion And Culture In...
Hinduism is one of the oldest religion and there is no history of how it started. It is one of the
dominant religion and culture in India (Unit 3). Due to its history, Hinduism is a religion that
comprises of traditions and has evolved due to social and political events overtime. The early Hindu
civilization started after the Aryans gained territory of the Indus valley area and it is believed they
laid the basis of Hinduism (Unit 3). While the beliefs of Hinduism are not well known, the culture
and traditions of Hinduism is influenced by sacred architecture and objects.
The Indus valley civilization was marked by arts and crafts and monumental architectures. Without
these sacred objects, rituals cannot be carried out and there will not be anything to represent the
religion. According to archaeological evidence, figures of deities like gods and goddesses were
found relating to religious practices of the people in that area which is believed to have been
Hinduism. Buildings found were believed to be temples where sacrifices and rituals were carried
out. The Aryans who lived in this territory believed in many gods and goddesses. These scared
objects and edifices that were left behind covey some of the beliefs of Hinduism and its teachings.
The sacred book is important as it sets the foundation of what attitude is expected in the society. It
contains the beliefs of the religion. There are four Vedas namely: The Rig Veda which contains the
hymns, Yajur Veda which is a

Construction Modeling And Cosmos : Study Of Indian Temple...
Kaushik.k
Pa101814
Professor.urvi DESAI
Introduction IN ARCHITECTURE
November 1,2014
Construction modeling AND COSMOS
Study OF INDIAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE
Chapter by chapter list
1.introduction ............................................................................................. 3
1.1 Aim
1.2 Objectives
2.the HINDU TEMPLE ................................................................................ 5
2.1 Elements of Hindu sanctuary
2.2 Material of Construction
2.3 Evolution of Architectural Styles
2.4 Developments in Temple Architecture
3.the GEOMETRY OF HINDU TEMPLE .............................................................................. 11
3.1 Cosmology and Hindu Temple

3.2 The Concept – Vastupurashamandala
3.3 The Plan
4. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS .............................................................................. 13
5. Development TECHNOLOGY .............................................................................. 14
6.conclusion .............................................................................. 16
Book reference
Presentation
"Construction modeling is that extraordinary living inventive soul which from era to era, from age
to age, returns, perseveres, makes, as indicated by the way of man, and his circumstances asthey
change. That is truly architecture.".. Honest Lloyd Wright
"Construction modeling is the lattice of civilization"..lethaby
An investigation of history of

Tourism in India
Tourism in India
Tourism is the largest service industry in India, with a contribution of 6.23% to the national GDP
and 8.78% of the total employment in India. India witnesses more than 5 million annual foreign
tourist arrivals and 562 million domestic tourism visits.[2][3] The tourism industry in India
generated about US$100 billion in 2008 and that is expected to increase to US$275.5 billion by
2018 at a 9.4% annual growth rate.[4] In the year 2009, 5.11 million foreign tourists visited India.
Majority of foreign tourists come from USA and UK and Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Delhi and Uttar
Pradesh were the top four states to receive inbound tourists. Domestic tourism in the same year was
massive at 650 million. Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(It is also known as the Lotus Temple.) ▪ The Hawa Mahal in Jaipur also known as Palace of Winds
is major attraction in Jaipur. ▪ The Taj Mahal Palace is an icon of Mumbai. ▪ The Victoria Memorial
in Kolkata
Nature Tourism
India has geographical diversity, which resulted in varieties of nature tourism.
▪ Water falls in Western Ghats including Jog falls (highest in India). ▪ Western Ghats ▪ Hill Stations ▪
Wildlife reserves ▪ Deserts
[edit]Wildlife in India
Main article: Fauna of India
India is home to several well known large mammals including the Asian Elephant, Bengal
Tiger,Asiatic Lion, Leopard and Indian Rhinoceros, often engrained culturally and religiously often
being associated with deities. Other well known large Indian mammals include ungulates such as
thedomestic Asian Water buffalo, wild Asian Water buffalo, Nilgai, Gaur and several species of deer
and antelope. Some members of the dog family such as the Indian Wolf, Bengal Fox, Golden Jackal
and the Dhole or Wild Dogs are also widely distributed. It is also home to the Striped Hyaena,
Macaques, Langurs and Mongoose species. India also has a large variety of protectedwildlife. The
country's protected forest consists of 75 National parks of India and 421 Sanctuaries, of which 19
fall under the purview of Project Tiger. Its climatic and geographic diversity makes it the home of
over 350 mammals and 1200 bird species, many of which are unique to the subcontinent.
Some well known

What Is The Culture Of India Essay
The culture of India is the way of living of the people of India. India's languages, religions, dance,
music, architecture, food, and customs differ from place to place within the country. The Indian
culture, often labeled as an amalgamation of several cultures, spans across the Indian subcontinent
and has been influenced by a history that is several millennia old. Many elements of India's diverse
cultures, such as Indian religions, yoga and Indian cuisine, have had a profound impact across the
world.
Religions
India is the birthplace of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, collectively known as Indian
religions. Indian religions are a major form of world religions along with Abrahamic ones. Today,
Hinduism and Buddhism are the world's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sen observes that external images of India in the West often tend to emphasise the difference – real
or imagined – between India and the West. There is a considerable inclination in the Western
countries to distance and highlight the differences in Indian culture from the mainstream of Western
traditions, rather than discover and show similarities. Western writers and media usually misses, in
important ways, crucial aspects of Indian culture and traditions. The deep–seated heterogeneity of
Indian traditions, in different parts of India, is neglected in these homogenised description of India.
The perceptions of Indian culture, by those who weren't born and raised in India, tend to be one of at
least three categories, writes Sen:
Exoticist approach: it concentrates on the wondrous aspects of the culture of India. The focus of this
approach of understanding Indian culture is to present the different, the strange and as Hegel put it,
"a country that has existed for millennia in the imaginations of the

Symbols And Symbols In Ancient India
SYMBOLISM OF TREE, LOTUS, SERPENT & WATER BODIES IN EARLY INDIAN
ARCHITECTURE "Symbolism is the use of symbols or signs to represent symbolic meanings,
ideas or qualities. It's done by investing signs & symbols and their possible meanings. In short,
symbolism is the system of symbols and representation." In early Indian architecture, symbols were
widely used to invoke different meanings. Symbols had mythical as well as philosophical meanings
bestowed upon them. So these symbols embody more a religious purpose than an artistic–aesthetic
purpose. Decoding the different meanings of a single symbol itself is problematic. A single symbol
itself carries a variety of meanings which should be understand along with myths, stories as well as
the context in which it is placed. Also people interpret it with their ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
All these symbols act as a link between the divine and the earth. In one way or the other, purpose of
the religion is to view it all as connected to 'god'. According to myths and beliefs, everything is
related to the divine. BIBLIOGRAPHY Zimmer, Heinrich– Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and
Civilization, ed. Joseph Campbell, USA, the Bollingen Series 6, Pantheon Books 1946 Sastri,
Krishna H– South Indian Images of Gods and Goddesses, Madras Government Press, 1916
Fergusson, James– History of Indian and Eastern Architecture Vol.1, London, John Murray 1910
Fergusson, James– History of Indian and Eastern Architecture Vol.2, London, John Murray 1910
Coomaraswamy, Ananda K– Yakshas Part–2, Washington DC 1931 Fig.1 F Krishna On The Tree,
Kumbakonam. Kr Picture courtesy: Sastri, Krishna H– South Indian Images of Gods and Goddesses,
Madras Government Press, 1916 Zimmer, Heinrich– Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and
Civilization, ed. Joseph Campbell, USA, the Bollingen Series 6, Pantheon Books

Avatar : God On Earth
Avatar: God on Earth is the "coming down" to earth of a god in Sanskrit theological terms. In many
parts of the world, the idea of a god being born in human form was becoming established during the
first century during the Common Era. Early on, there were stories about the "coming down" but
there were a couple major differences in the stories. In the first story it is said that the "ancient gods
came down to earth as gods, the avatar is a god in a truly human form – (17)," The gods are thought
to walk, eat drink, and do everything just as we do as humans. The gods are incarnated in the womb.
They are then born, where they proceed to grow up, teach, save the world, and then die. The second
story states that the avatar figure is a savior figure. They claim to have at least two ways to prove
this innovation. The god saves the world from power, like Satan or demonic kings, that are viewed
as evil. He also secures a place in heaven for the individuals who put their faith in him, saving them
from hell. Amongst the avatar religions they practice the ritual of placing faith in the savior god,
instead of the ritual of sacrifice practiced in other religions. The avatar gods have a common pattern,
they are well–known. Usually the avatar god is not conceived through sexual acts, thus making it
special. Being exceptionally pure, a mother is chosen to carry the god. The mother is notified that
her child has a "special destiny" by and angel or prophet. The birth of the god is swarmed with

Comparing Buddhist And Hindu Architecture
Lesson 2 Hindu and Buddhist architecture both have an extended history on sensuousness involved
in their religious buildings. The Khajuraho's Vishvanatha (Lord of the World) Temple built in 1002
CE during the Chandella dynasty consist of four towers each of which extend higher than the other.
This temple was dedicated to Shiva (the destroyer god in Hindu), and it was constructed to signify
Shiva's mountain home. While he is known as the god of destruction he is also recognized as the
regenerative force of the Hindu religion. The northern Indian style Visvanatha Temple's exterior
walls exhibit the idea of Shiva's regenerative force by depicting humans, gods, and yakshis (a
female earth spirt recognized as a symbol of fertility in Hindu, and

The Washington Memorial Honors A Special Purpose That...
Monuments and memorials serve a special purpose that symbolize events and/or people that have
made an impact. The Washington Memorial honors the first president of the U.S., George
Washington, the Statue of Liberty is a universal symbol of freedom, and the World Trade Center
honors those who were involved in 9/11. All of these monuments and memorials are very popular;
however, there is a little known architectural masterpiece called Angkor Wat or "temple city" in
Cambodia that is worthy of discussion. Located at Angkor, Cambodia, it was built in the early 12th
century for King Suryavarman II. The building was to be his temple and capital city, which was
dedicated to the Hindu God, Vishnu. After some time the Hindu religious site turned ... Show more
Vishnu is also related with the west which now makes Angkor Wat accepted to serve as a temple and
a mausoleum for Suryavarman II. This monument is also famous for having over 3,000 charming
apsaras (nymphs) carved into the walls. Even though there are over 3,000 each one of these are
unique and there are 37 different hairstyle on each. Unfortunately, many of these apsaras were
damaged while trying to clean the temples with certain chemicals. The German Apsara Conservation
project is still restoring them as much as possible. (Source C).
Angkor Wat floats on "a large rectangular piece of land" called a moat. This water surrounding it is
believed to have life–giving and purifying qualities and it is the central to Khmer cosmology and all
varieties of Hindu religion. The avenue is 475m wide and lined with naga balustrades (seven–
headed serpent) that lead to the main entrance of the central temple. These seven–headed serpents
represent power, water, and fertility in Hindu. While walking down this avenue there are two
libraries and two pools. The northern pool is a fairly popular spot to watch the beautiful sun rise.
When entering the pathway you will first see the central temple. The stairs leading up to this tower
were extremely steep, because reaching the kingdom of these gods was supposed to be "no easy
task." It consists of three stories (overall being approx. a few hundred feet

Research Paper On Hinduism For India
Hinduism for India
By Samuel Milton Hinduism For India
Culture of India
The culture of India's way of living of the people of India. India's religions, language, music, dance,
food and architecture changes from place to place in different parts of the country.
History of Hinduism
Hinduism is the major religion for India, 79.8% of the population are identifying themselves as
Hindus, which means that there 96.63 of Hindus in India. Most of the Hindus in India belong to
Shaivite and Vaishnavite denominations. India is one of a few countries in the world were the
majority of people believe in the of religion Hinduism.
The culture originated in India between 1500 and 2000 BC. As a result of this Hinduism considered
to be the successor

The Pantheon in Rome and the Candi Prambanan in Indonesia
Around the world people have been known to dedicate themselves and their families to a certain
type of religion or God. Practicing religion has been a major part of peoples' daily rituals for
centuries. Believing in a higher power than ones own takes full dedication to that certain religion or
God(s). In order to give respect and be able to apply action into these beliefs it has became a
tradition around the world to build a place of worship. These places of worship are referred to
differently across the world depending on location and the religion being practiced. More
specifically the Temple is a building that is devoted for worshiping but also is known to house a
multitude of religions depending on its location. For example, the Romans have been known to
house their Gods in Temples usually with a multitude of columns to incase a statue of a God or
Gods. Similarly, the people of Indonesia have been building decorative Candi (Indonesian word for
Temple) to praise and worship their Gods.4 For instance, the Romans constructed The Pantheon,
dedicated to the Gods of Ancient Rome compared to Candi Prambanan built by the Indonesians in
order to worship the concept of Trimurti. 3 The link between these two cultures can be seen in the
way that both Romans and Indonesians worship their Gods in Temples with the use of separate
sacred rooms and what these Temples represent for their culture, but are able to be separated by their
choice of architectural form, style and use of

Unity in Diversity
Unity and Diversity: Finding the Proper Balance Unity and diversity are both qualities to be desired
within society. Both, when balanced with one another, provide for the strongest form of society in
which all are unified under some ideas, but differences are tolerated and accepted. One of the
strongest factors of determining the present status of unity and diversity is the current state of affairs
within a community. The current state of affairs can be altered by a number of issues, some planned
and recurring, such as elections years, and some unexpected altogether, such as natural disasters.
Within the global community, the current state of a variety of affairs greatly affects the balance of
unity and diversity amongst the global ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Society:
According to Eugene M. Makar, the traditional Indian culture is defined by relatively strict social
hierarchy. He also mentions that from an early age, children are reminded of their roles and places in
society. This is reinforced by the fact that many believe gods and spirits have integral and functional
role in determining their life. Several differences such as religion divide culture. However, far more
powerful division is the traditional Hindu bifurcation into non–polluting and polluting occupations.
Strict social taboos have governed these groups for thousands of years.In recent years, particularly
in cities, some of these lines have blurred and sometimes even disappeared. Nuclear family is
becoming central to Indian culture.
Important family relations extend to as far as gotra, the mainly patrilinear lineage or clan assigned to
a Hindu at birth.In rural areas it is common that three or four generations of the family live under the
same roof. Patriarch often resolves family issues.
Among developing countries, India has low levels of occupational and geographic mobility. People
choose same occupations as their parents and rarely move geographically in the society.
Family:
India for ages has had a prevailing tradition of the joint family system. It's a system under which
even extended members of a family like one's parents, children, the children's spouses and their
offspring, etc. live together. The

330 Million Gods: Religion And The Stages Of Life
The common ground of religions in the world is that they claim the existence of god/gods who holds
the power beyond human ability. Each religion explains its existence in their own unique ways and
implement it to people's lifestyle. The film, 330 Million Gods, seeks to understand the Hinduism
way of explanation. This documentary mainly focuses on the Hindu concept of divine, religious
practices, and the stages of life. Also, the documentary illustrates how Indian lifestyle blends into its
religion in the big cities – city of Benares and rural areas – village of Bhith Bhagwanpur. The most
interesting points of this film presents to me are the idea of many gods with different sets of ability,
how the Hindus practice the religion, and the concept ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It covers the basic subjects of Hinduism and gives good illustration of religious practices to people
with no experience of Hinduism. The film mainly focuses on the Hindu approach to god and number
of gods' images. The movie is a winner of Royal Television Society award and a Red Ribbon at the
American Film Festival. From my own perspective, this film is a good sorcery to introduce yourself
with Hinduism and helps to understand how Hindu lifestyle fits into its religion. Also, there are
couple interesting points I made above to further investigate to expand your own knowledge towards
15% of the world population's

Hinduism In Bali Essay
Hinduism in Bali
Indonesia is one of the biggest Muslim countries in the world, populating over 250 million people.
With that said, there is one island in Indonesia where the majority of the people are Hindu, Bali. Bali
is not a huge island but it is one of the most tourist attraction spots in the country. Bali has become
the most Hindu dominated island, from daily rituals to the architecture of the buildings, everything
has a Hindu influence. However, Hinduism in Bali has been a deviation of Hindu where they are a
strong influence from Animism and Old Javanese traditions. To this day, Bali contain mostly Hindu
and there are no signs of it subsiding. Performances, like Tari Kecak, are influence by the Hindu
story and a ritual of Hinduism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With Muslim dominance in the country, Bali wasn't affected by this implementation due to some
cultural differences between the other Islands. Today, Bali is mostly Hindu dominated community in
the country and only consisting 10% of every other religion.
All religion in the world has their deviation from the original religion that was first introduced,
Hinduism in Bali is no different. Since the original Religion in Indonesia, Animism, there some its
influence in other religion in the country. Some animals and object become sacred in some of the
religion. Animism is the belief that supernatural essence exists in the inanimate objects and animals.
It first enters Indonesia in around the first century, right before Hinduism. But soon loses ground
with other major religion in Indonesia, now it's a small percentage. Why does animism need to be
brought up in this topic? Animism had a great influence on the culture and deviation of Hinduism
that makes was Bali as it is today.
Bali is the image of an Indian culture and old Javanese combination, where the Hinduism is the part
of India and Animism is the part of Old Javanese; this being the reason why many architectures in
Bali is influenced by. For example, the architecture is followed by several philosophies, one being
the mostly known philosophy, Tri Hita Karana. Tri Hita Karana is a concept that combines of 3
factors: Atma (Human), angga (nature) and khaya (god); these factors come from Hinduism.
Buildings such as Ngurah rai

Ancient Egyptian Empire
From Foundation to Empire
Imagine standing in the center of the Angkor Wat Temple, in Khmer Empire, witnessing history
unfold right in front of your eyes. Ever since the beginning of the Ancient Egyptian Empire, there
has been many advancements throughout time, in terms of construction. Buildings signify the riches
and worth of the people in a society, which in turn creates jobs and attracts tourists. On the other
hand, the money wasted on the construction of buildings, can have an effect on the overall wealth
and daily life of the people. Ancient Egypt, Medieval Khmer Empire and Masdar City are all
examples of societies that use their riches to their advantage through construction.
The Ancient Egyptians were well known for the great buildings ... Show more content on
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Masdar City is a huge attraction to tourist all around the world, due to the fact they run on clean
energy, it also has great education and great businesses. Students, professors and businessmen have
been granted the job of becoming a part of Masdar City.
Ancient Egypt, Medieval Khmer Empire and Masdar City have been using their riches and worth to
construct buildings, which leads to jobs and tourism will increase exponentially. Today, places all
around the world are benefiting from the past buildings and monuments that were created
throughout history and today are creating new and highly advanced buildings that will shape our

Lakshmi Mandir
Shri Lakshmi Mandir (9292 Magnolia Ave): On April 6, 2017 I walked a couple blocks down from
school to visit the Shri Lakshmi Narayan Mandir (Hindu Temple). On arrival, the first thing that was
uniquely different from my own church is that all the members of the church had their shoes off and
were walking around the temple floor barefoot. As for the appearance, I quickly noticed a great deal
of decoration and gold colors, with shrines and pictures of various gods and other deities. In the
corner of the temple was a circle of mini stone statues that each possessed a name of a planet. I also
was pleased to find the little elephant boy statue because I was fascinated by his story told in class.
Another thing that I picked up on was the amount ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this service, we were instructed to sit in the chairs in the back of the room instead of
standing with the other church members during prayer and worship. I had some trouble picking up
everything from the second service, but I did catch some primary themes. The Imam spoke about a
story of a blind man who was able to miraculously see again. However, others judged the man for
various reasons. He also spoke about the conflict of a student and a teacher who simply did not
understand each other at first. Nonetheless, after some time, the teacher begins to take time to listen
to the student and attempts to understand the student's background.
After the service the church provided us with a great meal that included spiced chicken and Eastern
flat bread. Like many of the other locations I visited, the church members at the mosque were very
welcoming and I appreciated their willingness to share their worldview with

Harmandir Sahib
Ancient architecture is always very appealing in the variety of temples and pilgrimages throughout
India. Each structure displays its own features and aspects in reflecting the Indian style of
architecture. This particular architecture is based on the Sikh principals who have designed vast
temples and pilgrimages from early to the late Sikh structures.
A golden temple sitting in the middle of a pool of water commonly known as the Pool of Nectar, A
temple for those who believed their elders have created a living symbol of the spiritual and historical
traditions for the Sikh community. A place which glisters with gold covered exterior stands in the
middle of a square tank filled with the water for the pure which brings forth a ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The frame door of the arch is 10feet high and 8feet 6inches in width. The panels on the door are
decorated with artistic style which opens the door on to the bridge leading towards the main building
of Sri Harmandir Sahib; measuring to 202 feet in length and 21 feet in width. The bridge connects
with a 13 feet wide circumambulatory route (Pardakshna). Thus running it round the main temple
and it leads to the 'Har ki Paure' (steps of God). The temples main assembly is based on providing
functionally. The front side is faced by the bridge and is decorated with repetitive cusped curves and
the roof of the first floor is at the height of the 26 feet and 9 inches. On the top of the first floor, a
four feet high bulwark rises from all the sides which has also 4 'Mamtees' from the four corners of
the central hall from where the main reservation rises; lies a small square room bearing three gates.
A low fluted dome is situated on top of this room, having lots of lotus petal motives starting at the
base where an inverted lotus supports the 'Kalash' and 'Chhatri' at the end. Sikhism architecture
represents a distinctive synchronization between the Muslims and the Hindus method of
construction work and thus reflects the best architectural examples in the world. It is quite ofeeten
quoted that these kinds of designs have created an autonomous Sikh school of architecture in the
antiquity of art in India. (Jathedar Avtar Singh)
The Structure of the Golden

Buddhist and Hindu Temples Essay
Hindu and Buddhist cultures are both rich in religion and expressing their faith through art. The
Buddhist culture was formed by Buddha who went out to discover the causes of pain and suffering.
Once Buddha realized what the cause was, he provided a set of four guiding principles know as the
"Four Noble Truths" that are exercised in Buddhism (Kleiner, p. 13). The Four Noble truths are
"Life is suffering, the cause of suffering is desire, one can overcome and extinguish desire, the way
to conquer desire and end suffering is to follow Buddha's Eightfold Path..." (p. 13). These truths are
expressed in the following of Buddhism and commonly carried out through art. Buddhism is
practiced throughout Southeast Asia and southern India where ... Show more content on
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The stone fence surrounds the whole stopa to restrict the outside world from the sacred burial
mound. The dome shape of the stopa represents the mountain of the world. The toranas are large
stone pillars that are placed in the cardinal points of the stone fence, north, east, south, and west.
Directly on top of the stupa sits the harmika. This harmika is a rectangle shape stone fence that
represents an area of the gods. In the center of this harmika extends the yasti, a pole like structure
protruding towards the universe representing the axis of the universe. There are three chatras that are
pierced through the yasti. The chatras are stone discs that represent the union of the earth and the
"heavenly paradise" (Kleiner, p. 15). The stupas are walked around in a clockwise manner by
Buddhists because that is the same movement of the earth around the sun. This is known as
circumambulation. The theory of circumambulation is that it "brings the devotee into harmony with
the cosmos" (p. 15). This is the standard blueprint to which all stupas are constructed, thus allowing
the Buddhists to circumambulate the structure. The Great Stupa of Sanchi is located in Sanchi,
which lies in central India. The Great Stupa follows the same basic structure blueprinted for all
stupas. What makes this one so unique is that it stands fifty feet high and has two different levels
that are designed to be circumambulated. There are four gates that the Buddhists enter

Hindu Cosmology and Fractals in Ancient Indian Philosophy

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