3. - Roman empire: extends from England to Europe to Asia Minor to Egypt
- 211 BCE: Marcellus, Roman general brought back works of art from
Greek city of Syracuse
- Begins craze for Greek art
- 146 BCE, Greece becomes a Roman province
- Style draws heavily on Greek influence, but one that also becomes a
mix of various styles
Eclectic style: one that is distinctly Roman
4. Roman Republic: (510 - 27 BCE.)
Historical Context:
- Last Etruscan king thrown out in 509 BCE.;
ROMAN MYTHOLOGY(Rome founded by Romulus
who kills his twin brother Remus: 753 BCE)
- Constitution established w. Senate, and two consuls
(basis of much European law today)
- Humanists, like the Greeks: contributions include
law, language, highways, aqueducts, government,
engineering, cement, arts & military might
- Lovers of anything Greek
5. Art:
Strengths: veristic
busts/sculptures, painting &
murals, marble statues, mosaics
Subjects: ruling class (older
men), mythology, portraits,
architectural vistas, landscapes
Style: highly naturalistic, with
accurate proportions and weight
placement, use of light/shadow
(modeling), and use of
perspective
6. Head of a Patrician
1st cent (BCE)
Marble
Bust form
Veristic style
Influenced by which
Greek style?
7. SCULPTURE
- Men from distinguished families in Republic Rome
place high value on family heritage; few women
- Lineage preserved in veristic sculptures
- super realistic- created to celebrate one’s status
- Every detail recorded, include: lines and folds
- No attempt to idealize
- Face is serious, determined, experienced- qualities
valued in Rome
- Bust form: head and shoulders; Romans believed
bust sufficient (Greeks insisted on full length,
believing all parts inseparable
- Kept in cupboards and paraded at funerals and other
events
8. Architecture:
Strengths: temples, forums,
arches, barrel vault, groin
vaults, large civic and
cultural buildings, use of
cement
Style: mix of Etruscan,
Greek and Roman design;
large imposing structures;
Colonnades and arcades
12. City of Pompeii, becomes a Roman colony; Naples area
Latin as official language, 80 BCE
buried by volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius, August 24, CE 79
13. - It remained covered until 1700’s (still
being excavated today)
- Ruins present us with an entire Roman
city during the late Republic and Early
Empire periods
Aerial view of Amphitheater, Pompeii (c. 70 BCE.)
- Amphitheater: double theatre
- could seat 20,000 spectators
- used cement barrel vaults to create artificial mountain of earth
- place where gladiators and animal hunts took place
14. Atrium of the House of the Vettii, Pompeii (62-79 BCE.)
- Wealthy merchants’ home: includes entryway, atrium, Impluvium,
- Pompeii- wealthy area with many homes having murals
18. The Alexander Mosaic, 1000 BCE
Roman floor mosaic (Republican Rome)
Born: July 356 BC, Pella, Greece
Died: June 323 BC, Babylon
19. Darius III: Fearful, about to retreat
It measures 8 ft 11 in × 16 ft 10 in.
The mosaic is believed to be a copy
of an early 3rd-century BC
Hellenistic painting.
20. Issus (333 BC)
the second major battle
between Alexander the
Great and the Persian Empire,
and the first to
feature Darius III. The battle
was fought in what is now
Turkey. Before the battle,
Darius was able to surprise
Alexander and cut him off from
the main force
of Macedonians. However, the
battle ended with Darius fleeing
the field and the capture of his
tent and family. The battle was
the subject of a 1528 painting
by Albrecht Altdorfer
21. ROMAN REPUBLIC DOMESTIC
PAINTING:
Pompeii provides a complete record of
the changing fashions of interior design
Four Distinct Styles:
1st Style: INCRUSTATION (MASONRY)
(c. 200- 80 BCE.)
2nd Style : ARCHITECTURAL /
ILLUSIONISM (80-15 BCE.)
3rd Style: ORNATE- linear fantasies on
monochromatic background
4TH Style: INTRICATE- illusionism returns;
eclectic
22. PAINTING TECHNIQUES FOR WALL MURALS: FRESCO
BUON FRESCO- PIGMENTS ON WET PLASTER
FRESCO SECCO (EGYPTIANS USED THIS…PIGMENTS ON DRIED PLASTER
ENCAUSTIC- PIGMENTS in WAX- USUALLY PUT ON WOOD (left bottom)
TEMPERA- EGG YOLK ON WOOD (right bottom)
23. 1st Style: INCRUSTATION (MASONRY)
(c. 200- 80 BCE.)
- Imitates appearance of costly, marble
veneer panels using painted stucco relief
(plaster) and marble dust
- Actually used in Greece 4th century
BCE.; popular with Hellenistic kings
Wet fresco technique
- Colors and marble dust mixed in while
wet
- Many layers to build up depth of surface
- Surface polished after dry
24. 2nd Style - ARCHITECTURAL / ILLUSIONISM (80-15 BCE.)
- 3-dimensional images painted onto walls
creates illusion of scene or “window” into other world
- Architectural vistas
- Single point perspective attempted, although not accurate
- Some use 1st style technique in background
25. 2nd Style painting (illusionism)
from bedroom in villa near Pompeii (c. 50-40 BCE.)
- Looking through painted architectural elements to space beyond
- Vistas with architectural and landscape elements
- Use of linear perspective; single vanishing point (inconsistent)
26. Detail
3 techniques for naturalistic
forms in space:
1. Proportions,
2. shading,
3. perspective (linear and
atmospheric)
Tholos temple behind gate
28. SECOND STYLE painting
- Found in Emperor Augustus’ wife (Livia’s), villa
- Atmospheric perspective used to create depth
- Near objects detailed: birds, fence, and trees
- Objects blurred in distance
- Reflects sense of Arcadian Spirit, popular at time
- Arcadia: mythological Greek island of love and tranquility
- idealized view of nature
30. 4th Style painting (INTRICATE) from Pompeii
(c. A.D. 70-79)
-Eclectic: all styles combined
-Architectural illusions appear
again, but as framed paintings
-Partial landscapes and vistas
framed on creamy white walls
-Ornamental or design-like; floral
frames of 3rd style
-Masonry style below
33. Fourth Style Painting
House of the Vetti
Penthius Room
In the Triclinium
Death of Greek hero
Pentheus
Opposed the cult of
Bacchus; torn to
pieces by women,
including his mother.
Seen through painted
windows.
36. - Man holds scroll;
woman holds a stylus
and writing tablet
- Suggests a fine
education (actually
baker & wife)
- Like a wedding portrait
- Sensitive portraits;
Romans care about
accuracy
- Highlights, shadows,
shading
From Pompeii
37. Painted portrait of
Septimius Severus (African
born) with sons
Late Empire 200 CE
Only known painting of an
emperor
Tempera- egg yolk on
wood
Younger son’s face is erased
by older brother: Caracalla,
when he became emperor,
murdered his younger brother
as well as his own wife
TONDO format
38. -Light, shade, shadow,
highlights, contours, eye
level
-Not exact in rendering,
perspective and shading
-However, remarkable
advancements in realistic
renderings
-Uniquely Roman in style
Still Life
39. Still life with Peaches (Herculaneum)
-Still life also included in mural paintings in 2- 4th styles
-Peaches and carafe
-On shelves to create casual appearance
-No parallel until Dutch still-lives in 17-18th Century (top right)
41. Roman Empire:
27 BCE. – 410 CE. (sack of Rome- attacked by the Visigoths)
- Begins when title of “Augustus” or emperor conferred on Octavian
- Initiated an era of relative peace called Pax Romana (2 centuries)
Early: 27 BCE-96 CE
High: 96-192 CE
Late: 192-337 CE
(death of Constantine)
(325: CE- Christianity becomes official
under Constantine)
43. Actium (31 BC)
the fleet of Octavian defeated the
combined forces of Cleopatra and Mark
Antony. Following his victory he titled
himself Augustus. To some, Actium
signals the end of the Roman Republic.
44. - Emperors associated with lineage of gods
- Augustus commands w/ Absolute Authority; controlled
all aspects of Roman life- political and religious
- Emperors provide for basic needs and entertainment to
appease people
- Religious beliefs and mythology similar to Greeks
- Christianity spreads during first two centuries CE.
- During this time many huge public works: Roads,
bridges, forums, temples, theaters, amphitheaters,
baths
- Propaganda:
- Art / architecture become means to mold public opinion
Augustus
46. Augustus of Prima Porta 20 CE
Marble, copy of bronze original
Idealized view,
Contrapposto, like the spear bearer
Deliberate confusion between god & man:
Breastplate shows Gods
and indicate he is a warrior
Judge’s robes show he is a civic leader
Roman orator pose
At base, Cupid on back of a dolphin, reference to
his divine descent from Venus
50. Empire Architecture:
Maison Carree, Nimes (southern France) (c. A.D. 1-10)
- Corinthian pseudoperiteral temple
(20 engaged columns along the wall of the cella)
- Vitruvius: Ten Books of Architecture, cites style as preferable
- Model for T. Jefferson’s state capitol building in Richmond, VA
53. Pont-du-Gard Aqueduct at Nimes (c. 16 BCE.)
- - Provided 100 gallons/day per inhabitant of Nimes
- Water ran 30 miles
- 3-story bridge
- Each arch is 82’ wide,
- Upper row of small arches where water was carried
- Proportional/rhythmic relationship between small & large arches
54. Portrait of Vespasian marble, 1’4” tall,
(75 - 79 C.E.)
- Started construction of the
Colosseum
- one of the “great” Emperors
- Unpretentious army officer
- Revived the veristic tradition of the
republic
- portrait shows his noble, more down
to earth character
EARLY AND HIGH ROMAN SCULPTURE
55. Portrait bust of a Flavian woman ( 90
CE.)
- contemporary idealized beauty;
elegant, delicate
- style representative of class
- Greek-like beauty
- Corkscrew curls- Flavian style
- Textures of hair and flesh well done
- Drill used on curls; starts to be used
often
- All ages represented now, not just
aristocratic men
57. Velarium- provides shade
Hierarchy of seating. Transitions of columns/pilasters: NO Pediment
Functions: killing animals, criminals, gladiators, entertainment
https://www.teggelaar.com/en/rome-day-3-continuation-8/
59. Forum of Trajan by APOLLODORUS OF DAMASCUS: (CE. 112)
- Trajan, BORN IN SPAIN (first non-italian emperor)
- expands empire; noted for taking care of the people
- beloved; granted title: The Best
- 2x’s the size of Augustus’ forum
- Glorifies Trajan’s victories over Daciens (Romania)
- Paid for by the spoils of his victories
- Basilica (public building, USED FOR ADMINISTRATION OF
JUSTICE, NOT RELIGIOUS PURPOSES ) dominates and faces
square
- 400’ long; 200’ wide; two end semicircular apses; clerestory
(high windows above eye-level
- Temple dedicated to Trajan himself now behind basilica
- 2 libraries flank column of Trajan
- monumental equestrian statue of Trajan
- statues of captured Daciens above porticos
60.
61.
62. Column of Trajan
128’ tall
- ashes of Trajan and his wife buried in
square base
- continuous spiral narrative frieze, topped
with statue of Trajan
- reliefs depict two campaigns against
Daciens
- 625’ of friezes, wider on top; 150 episodes,
2500 figures
- all in low relief;
- at one time, it was painted
63.
64. Markets of Trajan Near Forum of
Trajan, Rome
(100-112 CE.)
- behind Trajan’s forum
- multilevel; poured in concrete
using barrel, groin vaults
-shops, huge central market hall,
administrative offices
- Shops opened up onto open
market or outside
- upper levels had skylights for
light
65.
66. The Pantheon 118-125 CE Imperial “ALL GODS”
http://romeonsegway.com/10-facts-about-the-pantheon/
Dome and drum proportions…oculus and coffers.
During Hadrians’ reign- Designed with Apollodorus of
Damascus- later slain for questioning Hadrian’s architectural
skills Hadrian
68. Arch of Constantine
(CE. 312- 315)
- In Rome, Constantine
undertakes many large
building projects
- Near Colosseum;
- Much of the
sculpture taken from
other monuments
69. Edict of Milan, 313 CE.
A proclamation that
established religious
tolerance for Christianity
within the Roman Empire.
It was the outcome of a
political agreement
in Milan between the
Roman emperors
Constantine I and Licinius
