management information system

2. Course Title: Management Information System
Course code: IE3021
Submitted By Submitted To
Name: Al Amin
ID: 2183401019
Batch: 19th
Department of Fashion designing
and technology
Uttara University
Name: H. M. Nadim Khan
Lecturer
Department of Fashion
designing and technology
Uttara University

3. What is MIS
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managed IT services clients customized IT consulting that drives their
success. ... Call our IT support and strategy team today to see
why Management Information Systems Company is the trusted
choice in Bangladesh tech support and managed IT services.
 Management
Management covers the planning, control, and administration of the
operations of a concern. The top management handles planning; the
middle management concentrates on controlling; and the lower
management is concerned with actual administration.
 Information
Information, in MIS, means the processed data that helps the
management in planning, controlling and operations. Data means all
the facts arising out of the operations of the concern. Data is processed

4. i.e. recorded, summarized, compared and finally presented to the
management in the form of MIS report.
 System
Data is processed into information with the help of a system. A system
is made up of inputs, processing, output and feedback or control.
Thus MIS means a system for processing data in order to give proper
information to the management for performing its functions.
 Definition
Management Information System or 'MIS' is a planned system of
collecting, storing, and disseminating data in the form of information
needed to carry out the functions of management.
Components of MIS
Management information systems are typically computer systems used
for managing five primary components:
1) Hardware,
2) Software,
3) Data (information for decision making),
4) Procedures (design, development and documentation), and
5) People (individuals, groups, or organizations).

5. Objectives of MIS
The goals of an MIS are to implement the organizational structure and
dynamics of the enterprise for the purpose of managing the
organization in a better way and capturing the potential of the
information system for competitive advantage.
Following are the basic objectives of an MIS −
 Capturing Data − Capturing contextual data, or
operational information that will contribute in decision
making from various internal and external sources of
organization.
 Processing Data − The captured data is processed into
information needed for planning, organizing, coordinating,
directing and controlling functionalities at strategic, tactical
and operational level. Processing data means −
 making calculations with the data
 sorting data
 classifying data and
 summarizing data
 Information Storage − Information or processed data
need to be stored for future use.
 Information Retrieval − The system should be able to
retrieve this information from the storage as and when
required by various users.
 Information Propagation − Information or the finished
product of the MIS should be circulated to its users
periodically using the organizational network.

6. Nature and Scope of MIS
Services Provided by Enterprise Applications
Some of the services provided by an enterprise application includes −
 Online shopping, billing and payment processing
 Interactive product catalogue
 Content management
 Customer relationship management
 Manufacturing and other business processes integration
 IT services management
 Enterprise resource management

7.  Human resource management
 Business intelligence management
 Business collaboration and security
 Form automation
Basically, these applications intend to model the business processes,
i.e., how the entire organization works. These tools work by displaying,
manipulating and storing large amounts of data and automating the
business processes with these data.
Types of Management Information Systems
• Executive Support Systems ("ESS") -designed to help senior
management make strategic decisions. ESS typically involve lots of
data analysis and modeling tools to help strategic decision-making.
• Decision-support systems ("DSS")-specifically designed to help
management make decisions in situations where there is uncertainty
about the possible outcomes of those decisions.
• Knowledge Management Systems ("KMS")-to help businesses create
and share information. These are typically used in a business where
employees create new knowledge and expertise - which can then be
shared by other people in the organization to create further commercial
opportunities.
• Transaction Processing Systems ("TPS")-designed to process routine
transactions efficiently and accurately. Managers often use these
systems to deal with such tasks as payroll, customer billing and
payments to suppliers.
• Office Automation Systems (“OAS”)-that tryto improve the productivity
of employees who need to process data and information. Wide range
of software systems that exist to improve the productivity of employees
working in an office (e.g. Microsoft Office XP) or systems that allow
employees to work from home or whilst on the move.

8. MIS Applications in BD MGT
Management information systems are distinct from other information
systems, in that they are used to analyze and facilitate strategic and
operational activities. Academically, the term is commonly used to refer
to the study of how individuals, groups, and organizations evaluate,
design, implement, manage, and utilize systems to generate
information to improve efficiency and effectiveness of decision making,
including systems termed decision support systems, expert systems,
and executive information systems. Most business schools (or colleges
of business administration within universities) have an MIS Department
alongside departments of accounting, finance, management,
marketing, and sometimes others, and grant degrees (at undergrad,
masters, and PhD levels) in MIS.
The example of MIS
Some of the common types of Management Information Systems
include
 process control systems
 human resource management systems
 sales and marketing systems
 inventory control systems
 office automation systems
enterprise resource planning systems, accounting and finance
systems and management reporting systems.

9. Departments Using MIS Applications in BD
i. MIS in Education
ii. MIS in job search process
iii. MIS in Banking
iv. MIS in Business
v. MIS in E-governance
vi. MIS in Transportation
vii. MIS in HNP sector
viii. MIS for Water Supply and Sanitation
 MIS in Education
MIS can help us in many ways in the field of education. It can help us
store student related information which enhance our decision making
for taking routine decisions related to students’ development and
progress in the class, and further helps in planning their placement
activity better, and also making its footprint on managing alumni in long
run, and much more. MIS also help in managing our human resources,
our experts and overall knowledge management in the organization.
There are many other areas in education that could be handled better
with the help of MIS, like Research and consultancy work,
infrastructure, corporate liaison, conferences, journals, etc.
Understanding the importance of MIS now many universities have
introduced MIS department.

10.  MIS in job search process
Many web hosting companies develop their websites by using MIS.
They create database including many options. By choosing option one
can find their desired jobs. Many Bangladeshi websites are providing
these services. Among them
1)BDjobs.com,
2) jobsA1.com,
3) prothomalojobs.com are mentionable.
 Management Information System (MIS) in Banking
Sector
The term is not new to the banking sector. Since the early 80s, banks
have been using this terminology to refer to the process of generating
various reports and analyses at the Corporate/Head offices for their
decision making for own use as well as for conveyance to authorities in
charge of regulation. MIS in the present context of high availability of
voluminous data on electronic media at diverse locations and on
diverse platforms, has become more pertinent to banks, decision-
making process, thanks to the availability of new tools of technology
such as data warehousing, data mining .Management Information
System would thus be the end product of both the processes-data
warehousing and data mining.
Relevance of Data Warehousing and Data Mining for banks in
Bangladesh :
Banking being an information intensive industry, building a
Management Information System within a bank or an industry is a

11. gigantic task. It is more so for the public sector banks which have a wide
network of bank branches spread all over the country. At present, banks
generate MIS reports largely from periodic paper reports/ statements
submitted by the branches and regional/zonal offices. Except for a few
banks which have been using technology in a big way, MIS reports are
available with a substantial time lag. Reports so generated have also a
high margin of error due to data entry being done at various levels and
the likelihood of varying interpretations at different levels. Though
computerization of bank branches has been going on at a good pace,
IS requirements have not been fully addressed to. It is on account of
the fact that most of the Total Branch Computerization (TBC) software
packages are transaction processing oriented. They have been
designed primarily for day-to-day operations at the branch level and
day-end balancing. Many banks of Bangladesh are using MIS. The
description of some of them are given below :
INFORMATION SYSTEM OF DUTCH-BANGLABANK LIMITED
(DBBL)
Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL) with the help of IS the daily
transactions are recorded in branch Computers and these branch
computers are then connected to the main head office server so in this
way they keep their daily process update on daily basis. As Time is
money, and due to IS Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL) make
thousands of transactions per day. In fact, IS makes whole process
much more quick, simple and reliable. Due to IS employees can easily
connect with other branches, customer services get improved, and
online banking emerged and lot of others benefits. Dutch-Bangla Bank
Limited (DBBL) Online is an innovative Online Banking service that you
can tailor to suit your precise banking needs. It gives you convenient,
round-the-clock banking services ranging from day-to-day account
transfer transactions to real-time valuable financial information. Now
you can manage your finances anytime, anywhere. A more recent
addition to the system is SAS/MDDB Server software, which gives the

12. bank a multidimensional view of its data through advanced online
analytical processing(OLAP). With OLAP, users can "slice and dice" the
data according to different dimensions, such as country, time or
product.
ORGANIZATION’S COMPUTING RESOURCES:
SOFTWARE RESOURCES: -
Following software’s are used for the functioning of our information
system and organization; Application Software: Following application
software’s are used in our organization and functioning of our
Information system;
System Software:
Following application software’s are used in our organization and
functioning of our Information system;

13. HARDWARE RESOURCES:
Following hardware resources are required for the functionality of IS
and organization:
HP/Compaq–Processor –Core 2 duo / Quartz
–HP Laser Jet; EPSON–DOT MATRIX (DFX Model)
Digital Scanners
ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING:
DBBL is the most technology enrich bank in Bangladesh. DBBL is a
technology driven institution. It caters to progressive clients who are
accustomed to high levels of technology use and innovation. The
implementation of the software product Flex cube was beset with
serious technical problems and project management short comings
between March 2007 and March 2010. By the end of 2009, only 3,000
out of a total of5m customer account had been switched over to the new
system. In March 2010, work on implementing the Flex cube product
stopped and the bank have had to continue using its existing retail
banking system. Brief information about DBBL’s technology and
computer given below:
use software named “flex cube” in the server.
India.
takas.
bank, Stern bank also use this software.

14. over it.
So, the clients enjoy
their banking facilities in almost everywhere.
re taka transactions occur in 850 ATM booths.
BACKUP SYSTEM
DBBL has setup the largest and modern data center and online
synchronized DRS (data recovery site) in Bangladesh to safeguard the
customers’ interest. All the Information of clients and related all data are
stored in three servers.
-processor clustered
servers, ATM, POS terminal, card personalization system, high-
capacity UPS, host security module, networking equipment.
internet banking software, SMS and alert banking software, database
and operating software.
ntrol of branches, ATMs, POS terminals,
internet banking service, SMS and alert banking system.

15.  MIS in Business:
MIS is a must for Business sector to improve its condition. Managers
need to find proper data to take any kind of decision like stock, utility ,
demand , market condition and customer.
Other facilities that MIS give to the improvement of business:
1.e-commerce
2.e-buy
3.OCR
E -commerce and Management Information
E-commerce and Management Information is an important part of doing
business on the Internet, and since there are so many people now
engaged in some kind of online business, quite a number of
management firms have now been created. A business owner can
order software from these companies that will provide assistance and
ideas, or call one of the telephone numbers that come up at these
websites to get information. Ecommerce information systems will
include ways to make a website more attractive to prospective
customers that may include new graphics, snappy descriptions of
merchandise, and simplicity in the buying process, any and all of which
will help get the business transactions done.
Shopping carts are part of the ecommerce information management,
and they should fulfill the needs of both the customer and the merchant.
The customer wants his purchase to be easy. There shouldn't be too
many steps between a decision to buy and the actual purchase of the
merchandise. Credit card and other personal information should be
secure. Customers need to know their personal information isn't going
to be shared with others. Speed and convenience is crucial to getting

16. new customers and keeping customers coming back. Just as a
customer doesn't want to be kept waiting in a store while a clerk finishes
a personal phone call, customers at online stores want to be taken care
of with all the speed possible.
The store owner has his own requirements of the shopping cart he
installs on his website as part of his ecommerce information
management. Every item in the store should be clearly identified, and
the shopping cart program should keep track of every one of those
items. It should also keep track of the customers who come into the
store to shop. The program should total the merchandise in the buyer's
cart, handle local taxes, shipping costs, and any discounts or special
offers that are in place. In other words, the shopping cart system should
be flawless and secure.
Catalogs are a part of ecommerce information management, just as
they are a part of any merchant's selling techniques. Posting catalogs
online with photos of the products is an effective selling tool. Just as in
a print catalog, all the information on a product is posted for the
customer's benefit. Color choices, sizes available, special features of
electronic products, or a complete list of services provided are all things
a customer needs to know when looking for a product online. Following
that, it should be simple to make the purchase and expect delivery
within a reasonable time. Good customer relations will result in
successful business growth, no matter what
kind of business.
Just as a businessman must pay for newspaper or magazine ads, radio
or TV spots to advertise his business to the general public, there are
costs associated with hosting programs that help business growth

17. online. Ecommerce information systems are available for reasonable
monthly rates so that the businessman doesn't have to be doing all
these things himself. The merchant needs to be taking care of the
supply and demand end of the business by keeping the merchandise
on hand as advertised, and shipped to the customers as promised.
When a business is connected to one of the ecommerce information
systems, the teamwork between the two determines the success of the
partnership. As with any business arrangement, it is wise to check out
any company under consideration as an assistant with an Internet
company by calling the Better Business Bureau. The old standby, word
of mouth recommendations, are always helpful as well. If someone
known to a business owner is in a contract with that company, ask how
the relationship has been. One can usually get a better picture of how
it will be through a client. Trust is the foremost ingredient in any
relationship. The trust Christians have in the Lord is above all other. "
The LORD recompense thy work, and a full reward be given thee of the
LORD God of Israel, under whose wings thou art come to trust" (Ruth
2:12).
Ecommerce information management is at the crux of every successful
business plan where the Internet is concerned. Part of that information
is the number of browsers who visit a website without buying. Knowing
there are a great many more visitors than buyers may tell a
businessman there are changes that need to be made, whether it's in
the design of the website, or in the merchandise being carried. Any
business needs to take stock of where it is in the marketplace
periodically, and the ecommerce information systems allow quick
perception of the business shortcomings that need to be addressed.

18.  MIS in E Governance:
Beginning of this new millennium ICT recognized as efficient instrument
to promote good governance. LGED recognized that issue and became
the good practitioner of ICT among the governmental organizations of
Bangladesh. LGED is largely presence at grass root level and entrusted
to develop infrastructures for local government to promote good
governance. LGED is the key actor of bridging the last mile gap through
the development works for strengthening the local governance in
Bangladesh.
Availability of computerized MIS packages. Over the last decade LGED
has developed several MIS packages which are being used for meeting
the requirements of different projects and functions which is excellent
starting point for a fully integrated, enterprise-wide solution required to
meet the ever evolving and growing MIS needs of LGED.
To address this issue, it is recommended as a high priority that LGED
develops its own long term ICT and MIS blueprint incorporating all the
different functional needs of different departments and projects, so as
to facilitate holistic planning for using ICT as a decision support tool.
This blueprint would assess the existing systems such as Uniform
Financial Management System (UFMS), and make recommendations
on next steps. In December 2007, an IT and MIS Needs Assessment
study of LGED was carried out with ADB support. The report suggested
developing a web-based MIS system for meeting the monitoring and
evaluation (M&E) needs of LGED by defining a set of key performance
indicators. However the report neither provided the overall e-
governance / ICT vision, nor provided a longterm strategy to convert
this vision into a reality. The report provided details of the hardware
required for the suggested system along with qualifications for the posts
of ICT and MIS Division but only from the limited project M&E point of
view.
The likely outcome of the ICT and MIS blueprint would be development
/ procurement of an integrated, comprehensive, enterprise wide,
workflow based, decision support system (IDSS), which is both modular

19. and scalable and based on web technologies. The IDSS would be
expected to cover the following:
 On-line Progress Monitoring System (PMS)
 Online data sharing with field level by deploying File Transfer Protocol
(FTP) service
 Transactions Processing System capturing all day-to-day transactions
(financial) and data (non-financial) at the lowest level;
 Support System - covering:
 Non-Spatial Interface: Management Information System (MIS)
 Monitoring and Evaluation System (M&E) covering the key
performance indicators for input, outputs and outcome monitoring.
RHD’s Central Monitoring System (CMS) might be adapted to deliver
some of these functions, after customization for LGED’s needs. The
IDSS might also include:
 Financial Management;
 Standard Schedule of Rates (SSR) which generates the Bill of
Quantities (BOQ);
 Human Resource Database;
 E-Procurement;
 Centralized Contractors Database (covering all contractors who have
executed or are executing any project for LGED) to facilitate
contractors’ performance evaluation, comparison and monitoring.
 The central system should be based on “off-the shelf” technology and
should enable management to evaluate the performance of like
contracts, prepare value-for-money audits, and compare the general
performance of LGED against projects implemented by other agencies
doing similar work.

20.  MIS in Transportation
A transportation management system (TMS) is a subset of supply chain
management concerning transportation operations and may be part of
an enterprise resource planning system.
A TMS usually "sits" between an ERP or legacy order processing and
warehouse/distribution module. A typical scenario would include both
inbound (procurement) and outbound (shipping) orders to be evaluated
by the TMS Planning Module offering the user various suggested
routing solutions. These solutions are evaluated by the user for
reasonableness and are passed along to the transportation provider
analysis module to select the best mode and least cost provider. Once
the best provider is selected, the solution typically generates electronic
load tendering and track/trace to execute the optimized shipment with
the selected carrier, and later to support freight audit and payment
(settlement process). Links back to ERP systems (after orders turned
into optimal shipments), and sometimes secondarily to WMS programs
also linked to ERP are also common.
Functionalities:
Transportation management systems manage four key processes of
transportation management:
1. Planning and decision making – TMS will define the most efficient
transport schemes according to given parameters, which have a lower
or higher importance according to the user policy: transport cost,
shorter lead-time, fewer stops possible to ensure quality, flows
regrouping coefficient, etc.
2. Transportation Execution – TMS will allow for the execution of the
transportation plan such as carrier rate acceptance, carrier dispatching,
EDI etc..
3. Transport follow-up – TMS will allow following any physical or
administrative operation regarding transportation: traceability of
transport event by event (shipping from A, arrival at B, customs

21. clearance, etc.), editing of reception, custom clearance, invoicing and
booking documents, sending of transport alerts (delay, accident,
nonforecast stops…)
4. Measurement – TMS have or need to have a logistics key
performance indicator (KPI) reporting function for transport.
Various functions of a TMS include but not limited to:
 Planning and optimizing of terrestrial transport rounds
 Inbound and outbound transportation mode and transportation
provider selection
 Management of motor carrier, rail, air and maritime transport
 Real time transportation tracking
 Service quality control in the form of KPI's (see below)
 Vehicle Load and Route optimization
 Transport costs and scheme simulation
 Shipment batching of orders
 Cost control, KPI (Key performance indicators) reporting and statistics
Typical KPIs include but not limited to:
1. % of On Time Pick Up or Delivery Performance relative to requested
2. Cost Per Metric - mile; km; Weight; Cube; Pallet
3. Productivity in monetary terms, e.g. $/lb or $/shipping unit
4. Productivity in operational terms, e.g. shipping units/order or
weight/load However, all the above logistical functions need to be
scrutinized as to how each parameter functions.

22.  MIS in Health, Nutrition and population sector of
Bangladesh
Information Systems for HNP Sector
As an information system, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
has been maintaining hierarchical reporting system called MIS. Prior to
that, a statistics compilation unit called 'Service Statistics Cell (SSC)'
was founded in early 1975 (PDEU 1996: 1). During the Third Five Year
Plan period the concept of SSC was abandoned and its resources were
placed under the new project titled Strengthening of MIS unit' with a
goal for establishing a regular system of data collection and analysis of
performance statistics received from all over the
country. Accordingly, MIS began to collect the service statistics on
contraceptive service delivery, particularly distribution of oral pills,
condoms and a number of sterilizations performed and IUD inserted,
and produce monthly report from the year 1980 (Choudhury 1989: 5).
Up to 1989 different initiatives were taken to establish a regular system
of data collection and reporting through Directorate of Family Planning
(DFP) and Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS). Since then,
two separate streams of information systems have been running by the
two directorates. In a survey carried out by MIS professionals in one of
the districts, an assessment was made of the types of services provided
under RH/FP as well as the existing recording and reporting tools. The
findings indicated that data were being collected in the field from 145
types of MCH-FP and RH care services. According to a study, data
were gleaned at the field level from 145 types of MCH-FP and RH care
services using 45 registers, 17 cards. In addition, 26 types of reporting
forms were being used by the different offices and service delivery
points in the public, NGO and private sectors (Ahmed 1999: 2). In July
1998, as a consequence of the reform and remodeling of FP and health
services, HPSP has recognized a unified MIS as one of the essential
support services. In the log-frame it has been defined as "Unified,
sector-wide, need based data system able to collect, analyze and use

23. data for planning and management purposes at relevant level"
(MOHFW 1998: 3). However, the project was ended without any
successful implementation. According to DGFP, FP program under
HPSP was an unsuccessful attempt: “Unfortunately, the family planning
program during HPSP under the unified structure at the upazila and
below level contributed to a loss of momentum in RH-FP service
delivery, and the program became almost paralyzed” (Directorate of
Family Planning 2006). However, the government upon review, decided
in January 2003 to reestablish separate organizational structures and
authority for health and family planning and the new structure is
HNPSP. Health, Nutrition and Population Sector Program (HNPSP) is
running under Strategic Investment Plan 2003-2010 through a sector
wide approach. This approach is going to be extended from July 2011
in the Sixth Five Year Plan (SFYP) for 2012- 2016. As before 1998 the
HNPSP MIS has been functioning under two separate streams
independently: MIS of DGHS and MIS unit of DGFP. FP MIS have
reintroduced the FWA register and house visitation by the fawns and
started publishing monthly report. The addition to the HNPSP in the
sixth five-year plan will be the introduction of a Health Information
System (HIS) having a broader view to capture all the agencies of the
ministry. In the HNP sector strategic plan it has been defined as “All the
data and records about the population’s health, which uses recording
of births, deaths and causes of death, and other vital events (marriage,
divorce, adoption, legitimating, recognition of parenthood, annulment of
marriage, etc.) Censuses and surveys, individual
medical records, service records, and financial and resource tracking
information as the data sources” (MOHFW 2010: 65). In the past
information systems related activities were not given due attention in
the health and population program in Bangladesh. According to
different literature it is evident that former MIS programs up to 1998 of
the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) and Directorate
General of Family Planning (DGFP) were ended due to a lot of
inconsistencies including narrow coverage, errors in data capturing,
forms and procedures, reporting, duplication of efforts, lack of co-

24. ordination and control among the field workers etc. Next initiative for
establishing Unified MIS that has aimed at eliminating the former
inconsistencies and broadening its scope with programmatic needs of
HPSP has also been paralyzed with ending of HPSP project in 2003.
Now the scope health and population program has widened further and
has included national nutrition program within the framework of HNPSP.
Though HNPSP MIS is functioning as before 1998 under two separate
streams independently: MIS of DGHS and MIS unit of DGFP, no serious
initiative has been taken yet to check the validity and workability of the
reintroduced FWA register and other forms and procedures’ at the field
levels. The system has yet not been able to eliminate the
inconsistencies as they were before 1998. According to WHO
guidelines information obtainable through a Health and Population
Information System (HPIS) may be usefully categorized into the some
interrelated and possibly overlapping sub-systems: Epidemiological
surveillance (e.g. Disease case and outbreak notifications); Service
records and reporting (from community health workers and health care
delivery facilities); Program monitoring and evaluation (for example,
specific for TB, MCH/FP, EPI, etc.); Administration and resource
management information systems (e.g. Budget, personnel, logistics,
etc.); Vital registration (e.g. Births and deaths) (WHO 2006: 7). But the
existing structure of the health and population sector information
system does not cover all these aspects; rather it has attempted to
include the service statistics from different service delivery points in the
health and family planning programs. An attempt has been made to
include logistics management, personnel management, financial
management, epidemiological surveillance data system in the earlier
UMIS. Ultimately, those effortshave been terminated without any fruitful
end. The necessity of a knowledge-base for the research and decision
support in the said sector is still an outside issue. Not only have that,
practicing librarians and information centers had no functional
relationship with the MIS systems. An attempt has been made in the
study to design an integrated information system in which integrated
MIS and libraries will work under the same umbrella.

25.  Management Information Systems (MIS) for Water Supply
and Sanitation in Bangladesh:
The sector policy support component (PSU) for the local government
division of the MOLGRD&C has taken an initiative to establish National
IT based integrated MIS and GIS system where DPHE is the anchorage
as the principal national agency responsible for planning , designing
and implementing WSS work throughout Bangladesh.
The focus of this project is to prepare a national level integrated MIS
system for water supply and sanitation. The national level integrated
MIS system is intended to provide DPHE with a live ,up to date and
secure web based system through which to monitor access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation. The specific objectives of MIS are:
Central repository for data on a variety of water parameter
describing present status of water and sanitation e.g. water supply
activities, water coverage, water quality, water discharge ground
water table, rainfall as well as hardware data.
Data warehouse and knowledge management tool for water
sanitation activity reports, quarterly reports , special reports on
household to cluster based information as well as information of
different WATSAN/WASH committees.
Live access tool with the ability to log on and view textual special
data at any time from any location .
It should be noted that the system is designed to aid regular
monitoring and thus facilitating more analytical evaluation on
grassroots level sanitation , safe water and hygiene issues etc.

26. Risks Associated With MIS
Risk reflects the potential, the likelihood, or the expectation of events
that Could adversely affect earnings or capital. Management uses MIS
to help in The assessment of risk within an institution. Management
decisions based Upon ineffective, inaccurate, or incomplete MIS may
increase risk in a number Of areas such as credit quality, liquidity,
market/pricing, interest rate, or foreign Currency. A flawed MIS causes
operational risks and can adversely affect an Organization's monitoring
of its fiduciary, consumer, fair lending, Bank Secrecy Act, or other
compliance-related activities.
Since management requires information to assess and monitor
performance at All levels of the organization, MIS risk can extend to all
levels of the Operations.
Additionally, poorly programmed or non-secure systems in which Data
can be manipulated and/or systems requiring ongoing repairs can
easily Disrupt routine work flow and can lead to incorrect decisions or
impaired Planning.
Assessing Vulnerability To MIS Risk
To function effectively as an interacting, interrelated, and
interdependent Feedback tool for management and staff, MIS must be
"useable." The five Elements of a useable MIS system are: timeliness,
accuracy, consistency, Completeness, and relevance. The usefulness
of MIS is hindered whenever One or more of these elements is
compromised.
Timeliness
To simplify prompt decision making, an institution's MIS should be
capable of Providing and distributing current information to appropriate
users. Information systems should be designed to expedite reporting of
information. The system should be able to quickly collect and edit data,
summarize results, And be able to adjust and correct errors promptly.

27. Accuracy
A sound system of automated and manual internal controls must exist
Throughout all information systems processing activities. Information
should Receive appropriate editing, balancing, and internal control
checks. A Comprehensive internal and external audit program should
be employed to Ensure the adequacy of internal controls.
Consistency
To be reliable, data should be processed and compiled consistently and
Uniformly. Variations in how data is collected and reported can distort
Page 25 of 32 Information and trend analysis. In addition, because data
collection and Reporting processes will change over time, management
must establish sound Procedures to allow for systems changes. These
procedures should be well Defined and documented, clearly
communicated to appropriate employees and should include an
effective monitoring system.
Completeness
Decision makers need complete and pertinent information in a
summarized Form. Reports should be designed to eliminate clutter and
voluminous detail, Thereby avoiding "information overload."
Relevance
Information provided to management must be relevant. Information that
is Inappropriate, unnecessary, or too detailed for effective decision
making has No value. MIS must be appropriate to support the
management level using it. The relevance and level of detail provided
through MIS systems directly Correlate to what is needed by the board
of directors, executive management departmental or area mid-level
managers, etc. In the performance of their Jobs.

28. MIS Software
 Management information system (MIS)
 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
 Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
 Decision Support System (DSS)
 Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)
 Content Management System (CMS)
 Executive Support System (ESS)
 Business Intelligence System (BIS)
 Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)
 Business Continuity Planning (BCP)
 Supply Chain Management (SCM)

29. Characteristics of MIS
Following are the characteristics of an MIS −
 It should be based on a long-term planning.
 It should provide a holistic view of the dynamics and the structure
of the organization.
 It should workas a complete and comprehensive system covering
all interconnecting sub-systems within the organization.
 It should be planned in a top-down way, as the decision makers
or the management should actively take part and provide clear
direction at the development stage of the MIS.
 It should be based on need of strategic, operational and tactical
information of managers of an organization.
 It should also take care of exceptional situations by reporting such
situations.
 It should be able to make forecasts and estimates, and generate
advanced information, thus providing a competitive advantage.
Decision makers can take actions on the basis of such
predictions.
 It should create linkage between all sub-systems within the
organization, so that the decision makers can take the right
decision based on an integrated view.
 It should allow easy flow of information through various sub-
systems, thus avoiding redundancy and duplicity of data. It
should simplify the operations with as much practicability as
possible.
 Although the MIS is an integrated, complete system, it should be
made in such a flexible way that it could be easily split into smaller
sub-systems as and when required.
 A central database is the backbone of a well-built MIS.

30. Roles and Challenges of MIS Software
 Roles
The role of the MIS in an organization can be compared to the role of
heart in the body. The information is the blood and MIS is the heart. In
the body the heart plays the role of supplying pure blood to all the
elements of the body including the brain. The heart work faster and
supplies more blood when needed. It regulates and controls the
incoming impure blood, processed it and sends it to the destination in
the quantity needed. It fulfills the needs of blood supply to human
body in normal course and also in crisis.
The MIS plays exactly the same role in the organization. The system
ensures that an appropriate data is collected from the various sources,
processed and send further to all the needy destinations. The system
is expected to fulfill the information needs of an individual, a group of
individuals, the management functionaries: the managers and top
management.
Here are some of the important roles of the MIS:
i. The MIS satisfies the diverse needs through variety of systems such
as query system, analysis system, modeling system and decision
support system.
ii. The MIS helps in strategic planning, management control,
operational control and transaction processing. The MIS helps in the
clerical personal in the transaction processing and answers the
queries on the data pertaining to the transaction, the status of a
particular record and reference on a variety of documents.
iii. The MIS helps the junior management personnel by providing the
operational data for planning, scheduling and control , and helps them
further in decision-making at the operation level to correct an out of
control situation.

31. iv. The MIS helps the middle management in short term planning,
target setting and controlling the business functions. It is supported by
the use of the management tools of planning and control.
v. The MIS helps the top level management in goal setting, strategic
planning and evolving the business plans and their implementation.
vi. The MIS plays the role of information generation, communication,
problem identification and helps in the process of decision-making.
The MIS, therefore, plays a vital role in the management,
administration and operation of an organization.
Challenge
Common problems include failure to strategize, meeting
organizational needs, hiring and retaining good employees, staying
current and integrating all your technologies.
 Lack of Strategy. ...
 Meeting Organizational Needs. ...
 Attracting and Retaining Top Talent. ...
 Keeping Up with Change. ...
 Integrating New Technologies.

32. Conclusion:
MIS (Management Information Systems) is one of the most vital sector
for any country specially for developing country like Bangladesh.
Application and practice of MIS is increasing day by day and it has
become a part and parcel in our day-to-day life. To make our country
digital MIS can play a vital role.
So, we have to ensure practices and implementation of MIS to make
our dream successful.