B.Sc. semester-1 non aqueous solvents protic and aprotic solvents protogenic solvents protophilic solvents amphiprotic solvents ionizing and nonionizing solvents

1. NON AQUEOUS
SOLVENTS
CECH – 303
UNIT – 4 A
BY – Ms MAYURI R SOMPURA
HJD INSTITUTE KUTCH

2. INTRODUCTION :-
• Solvents have two important roles in chemical reactions :-
1. Distribution of substances in smaller particles, so reactants come in
close contact with each other inorder to give more products.
example :
barium chloride and silver nitrate rate of reaction reaction
is slow in solid phase but comparitively faster in solution
phase.

3. INTRODUCTION :-
• Solvents have two important roles in chemical reactions :-
2. Analysis and purification of products.
example :
barium chloride and silver nitrate forms silver chloride
which can be quickly separated and washed using water.

4. INTRODUCTION :-
• Some reaction needs change in solvents. By doing change in medium
product may also change.
• Example :-
• Aqueous solution of ammonium chloride and lithium nitrate do not
react, but with liquid ammonia gives precipitates of lithium chloride.

5. INTRODUCTION :-
• WATER IS A UNIVERSAL SOLVENT :-
a. Its plenty occurrence.
b. Dissolves large number of inorganic and organic compounds.
c. Convenient to handle.
d. Non poisonous nature.
e. Wide range of physical and chemical characteristics.
f. High permittivity – dielectric constant – 78.5
g. High dipole moment – 1.85
h. High specific conductivity.

6. Classification :-
• BASED ON CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES :-
PROTIC AND APROTIC
SOLVENTS
IONIZING AND NON
IONIZING SOLVENTS
AQUEOUS AND NON
AQUEOUS SOLVENTS

7. PROTIC AND APROTIC SOLVENTS :-
• The solvent which gives solvated proton by its auto-ionization is calle
as protic solvents.
• Example :- H2O, NH3, HF
• The solvent which doesnot give solvated proton by its auto-ionization
is called as aprotic solvents.
• Example :- SO2, BF2, CS2

8. Classification of protic solvents :-
ACIDIC OR PROTOGENIC
SOLVENTS
BASIC OR PROTOPHILIC
SOLVENTS
AMPHIPROTIC
SOLVENTS

9. Classification of protic solvents :-
ACIDIC OR PROTOGENIC SOLVENTS :-
• The acidic solvents are those solvents which have tendency of
donating the protons.
• Example :- HF, Sulphuric acid, acetic acid
BASIC OR PROTOPHILICSOLVENTS :-
• The basic solvents are those solvents which have tendency of
accepting the protons.
• Example :- ammonia, pyridine, hydrazine

10. Classification of protic solvents :-
AMPHIPROTIC SOLVENTS :-
• The amphiprotic solvents are those solvents which have tendency of
both donating and accepting the protons.
• Example :- water, methanol, ethanol

11. Classification of aprotic solvents :-
NON POLAR OR NON
IONIZING SOLVENTS
HIGHLY POLAR AND
AUTOIONIZING SOLVENTS
NON-POLAR SOLVENTS
EXAMPLE – BENZENE,
CARBON
TETRACHLORIDE
EXAMPLE –
ACETONITRILE,
DIMETHYL SULPHOXIDE,
EXAMPLE – BORON
TETRAFLUORIDE

12. Classification of ionizing and non ionizing
solvents :-
Depends upon whether the solvent is polar (ionized) or non polar
(non ionized).
The value of dipole moment and di-electric constant of non polar
solvents are less.
The value of dipole moment and di-electric constant of polar solvents
are more.
Polar or ionic solvents dissolve the ionic compounds and by auto-
ionization they give ions.
Non polar or non ionic solvents dissolve the ionic compounds and by
auto-ionization they give ions.

13. Classification of ionizing and non ionizing
solvents :-

14. Classification of aqueous and non aqueous
solvents :-
Except water all other solvents are non aqueous solvents.
Non ionic solvents is more important in organic chemistry.
Ionic compounds become ionized and give ionic reactions.