This document discusses non-aqueous titration. It defines non-aqueous titration as the titration of weakly acidic or basic substances using non-aqueous solvents to obtain a sharp endpoint. It describes the types of non-aqueous solvents that can be used, including aprotic, protogenic, protophilic, and amphiprotic solvents. Some common indicators used in non-aqueous titrations and their color changes are also outlined. Advantages include the ability to titrate organic substances that are insoluble in water and selectively titrate mixtures. Disadvantages include the need for strict temperature and moisture control along with the use of expensive and sometimes toxic or volatile solvents.

2. Topic : Non
AqueousTitration
Subject : Instrumentation
Instructor : Sr Adeel Arshad Sb
Prof : 3 rd Proff Pharmacy
Contestants : 4
. Muhammad Awais Basit
. Abdullah Sakhi
. Faisal Sattar
. Rao Zeeshan

3. ontents
 Introduction/History
 Definition
 Theory & Role
 What is non-aqueous solvent & it's types
 Indicators used in non-aqueous titrations :
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Detection of endpoint
 Applications
 Refrences

4. Non- aqueous titrations are the titrations in
which weakly acidic or basic substances are
carried out using non–aqueous solvents to
get sharp end point.
The moisture content in non–aqueous
titrations should not be more than 0.05%.
Moisture and carbon dioxide are to be
avoided in non– aqueous methods
 Introduction

5. In which titration of weakly acidic or weakly basic
substances are carried out using non-aqueous solvent so;
as to get sharp end point.
 Definition

6. Non aqueous titration are those titration in which
titration of weak acidic or basic substance carried out
using non aqueous substance.so has to get end point .
Such titration can also be used for the titration of those
substance which are not soluble in aqueous solvent.
It provide a solvent in which organic compound are
soluble.
Non aqueous solvent are basically used for those acid
acid or base
(1)Which don’t give sharp end point in titration.
(2)Which don’t soluble in water.
Hence non aqueous titration is a titration of substance
which dissolve in non aqueous solvent and it is suitable
WHAT IS NON AQUEOUS
Titration?

7. Lowry-Bronsted theory
HB ↔ H+ + B-
(ACID) (CONJUGATE BASE)
B + H+ ↔ HB+
(BASE) (CONJUGATE ACID)
The ability of substances to act as acids or bases
depend on the choice of solvent system.
Theory & Role

8.  The role of solvent in making a substance and strongly
weak acid and strongly weak base.
Ex:-Like HCL in water is strong acidic.
HCL in water is weak acidic.
• Acetic acid in water is weakly acidic where as acetic
acid in ammonia is strongly acidic thus the acidic or
basic character are depend on the uses of appropriate
solvent.

The non aqueous titration can be explained by the
useing Bronsted-Lowry theory. According to this
theory an acid is a proton donor and base is a proton
acceptor.

9. Non aqueous solvent which are used in non
aqueous titration are called non aqueous solvent.
They are following types:-
. Aprotic Solvent
. Protogenic Solvent
. Protophillic Solvent
. Amphiprotic Solvent
What is non-aqueous solvent &
it's types

10. 1. Aprotic solvent
 Aprotic solvent are most important solvent in
this titration. This solvent are chemically inert
and they work as a catalyst. Like this
solvent are increase the rate of speed in
reaction and also decrease the rate of speed
in reaction during the chemical process or
reaction it will depend on condition.
The most important examples of aprotic
solvent are
• Chloroform

11. 2. Protogenic solvent
 Protogenic solvent are acidic in nature. And
they can donate the proton, and they
enhance the strength of weak bases.
Examples of Protogenic solvent are
• HCL
• H2so4

12. 3. Protophillic solvent
 Protophillic solvent are basic in nature. Which
possess a high affinity for proton.
Examples:-Liquid ammonia, amines and ketone.

13. 4. Amphiprotic Solvent
 Amphiprotic solvent are those solvent they
work as a both mean Protogenic or
Protophillic. It means Amphiprotic solvent
are acidic and basic in nature. And they are
accept the proton and donate the proton.
For examples:- Water, Alcohols and weak
organic acids

14. Indicators used in non-aqueous titrations
:
 Crystal violet:
0.5% w/v solution in glacial acetic acid.
Colour change : violet to greenish yellow
 Methyl red:
0.2% w/v solution in di-oxane
Colour change : yellow to red
 Thymol blue:
0.2%w/v methanol
Colour change : yellow to blue

15. 1) Organic acids and bases that are insoluble in
water are soluble in non-aqueous solvent.
2) Organic acid, which is of comparable strength
to water, can be titrated easily in non-aqueous
solvent. Bases also follow the same rules.
3) A non-aqueous solvent may help two are more
acids in mixture. The individual acid can give
separate end point in different solvent.
4) By the proper choice of the solvents or
indicator, the biological ingredients of a substance
whether acidic or basic can be selectively
titrated.
5) Non aqueous titrations are simple and
accurate, examples of non aqueous titration are:
Ephedrine preparations, codeine phosphate in
APC, tetracycline, teramycin, Antihistamines and
 Advantages

16. .Temperature ,moisture,co2 should be
control.
. Solvents are expensive.
.Volatile solvents can polute environment
. Indicator must be prepare in non aquous
medium.
 Dis-advantages

17. Expensive
Toxic
Volatile
removal of water is necessary, can take
water (humidity) from the air

18. Visual indicator are formed to the most suitable for the
detection of end point in non-aqueous titration.
The important indicator used for non-aqueous titration
are follow:-
Crystal voilet:- It is used as 0.5% solution in glacial
acetic acid, it gives voilet colour in basic medium and
yellowish green in acidic medium.
It is most widely use for the titration of pyridine with
prechloride acid.
Oracet Blue B Indicator:- It is prepared o.5% glacial
acetic acid. It gives blue colour in basic medium while
pink colour in acidic medium.
Quinaldine Red Indicator:- It is used 0.1% solution in
methenol/ethenol. Methenol is more stable.
It gives yellow colour in basic medium while almost
 Detection of end point

19. Although indicators may be used to establish
indivisual end point as traditional acid base
titrations,potentiometric methods of end point
detection are also used
extensively,especiallyfor highly coloured
solutions.Non-aqueous titrations have been
used to quatify mixtures of primary , secondary
& tertiary amines for studying
sulphonamides,,mixtures of purines and for
many other organic amino compounds and
salys of organic acids.
 Applications

20. Titration in non-aqueous solvents; Practical
PharmaceuticalChemistry ;BeckettA.H.,Stenlake
J.B. ;page no-165,166,167;CBS publication; Fourth
edition-part one.
Vogel'sText book of Quantitative chemical
analysis by J Mendham and R C Denny
Non aqueous titrationWikipedia
www.Google.co.in
 Refrences