Best For You.

1. Submitted by
Kumar Gauraw
Pankaj Kumar
Aashish Kumar
Mayank Rai
UNDER THE
GUIDANCE OF
P. S. Saini

2. Fractal Antenna
• According to Webster's Dictionary a fractal is defined as
being "derived from the Latin fractus meaning broken,
uneven: any of various extremely irregular curves or shape
that repeat themselves at any scale on which they are
examined.“
• Fractals are complex geometric designs that repeat
themselves, or their statistical properties on many scales,
and are thus “self Similar.”
• The geometry of fractals is important because the effective
length of the fractal antennas can be increased while
keeping at total area same.

3. • The fractal antenna not only has a large effective length,
but the contours of its shape can generate a capacitance or
inductance that can help to match the antenna to the
circuit.
• Fractal antennas can take on various shapes and forms.

4. METHODLOGY
• Design.
• Simulation using software.
• Fabrication and testing.
• Comparison of simulated and measured results.

5. Software Used
• ZELAND IE3D version 14.0
• HFSS (as per the availability)
• CST microwave studio suite
• MATLAB
Software Requirement
• ZELAND IE3D version 14.0
Simulation Step

6. Material specification
 Used material- glass epoxy
 Dielectric constant of substrate- 4.2
 Centre frequency- 2.1 GHz
 Loss tangent- 0.002
 Width- 65mm
 Length- 72mm
 Height - 1.6mm
 ZO- 50Ω

7. Stages of fabrication
 Design layout on paper
 Photo reduction
 Printing on PCB
 Etching

8. Zealand Program manager

9. Fractal Geometry
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

10. iteraion -1

11. Result Calculation on Zealand

12. Result of iteration -1

13. Iteration-2

14. Result Calculation on Zealand

15. Result of Iteration-2

16. Iteration-3

17. Result Calculation on Zealand

18. Result of Iteration-3

19. Iteration-4

20. Result Calculation on Zealand

21. Result of Iteration-4

22. ADVANTAGE
• Frequency independent (consistent performance over huge
frequency range).
• Designed for harshest conditions (In use by military and
commercial customers).
• Smaller, multiband & Greater versatility.
• Lowers cost and enhances desirability.

23. DISADVANTAGE
• Gain loss
• Complexity
• Numerical limitations
• The benefits begin to diminish after first few iterations

24. APPLICATION
• The sudden grow in the wireless communication area has sprung a need for
compact integrated antennas.
• The space saving abilities of fractals to efficiently fill a limited amount ct space
create distinct advantage of using integrated fractal antennas over Euclidean
geometry.
• Fractal antennas can also enrich applications that include multiband
transmissions.
• This area has many possible ranging from dual-mode phones to devices
integrating
• Examples of these types of application include personal hand-held wireless
devices such as cell phones and other wireless mobile devices such as laptop s
on wireless LANs and networkable PDAs.

25. CONCLUSION
• Many variations of fractal geometries have been incorporated into
the design of antennas. Further work is required to get an
understanding of the relationship between the performance of the
antenna and the fractal dimension of the geometry that is utilized
In it’s construction. This requires two curses of action.
• The first course of action requires that many more examples of
fractal geometries are applied to antennas.
• The second crucial course of action is to attain a better
understanding of the fractal dimension of the geometries such that
correlations can be drawn about this dimension and the
performance of the antenna.
• Also important is that the design of the antenna approaches an
ideal fractal as much as possible. Several iterations can be studied
to understand the trends that govern the antenna to better
understand the physics of the problem.