This document provides guidance for conducting noise control and compatibility planning for airports according to FAA regulations. It outlines the goals of reducing existing incompatible land uses around airports and preventing new incompatible uses. Key aspects covered include approved methods for measuring aircraft noise, requirements for noise analysis in airport projects, strategies for preventing incompatible development, and options for noise control by airport operators. Land use compatibility is assessed using noise contour maps and compatibility charts.

1. Contemporary Nursing Practice
The field of nursing has changed over time. In a 750‐1,000 word
paper, discuss nursing practice today by addressing the
following:
1. Explain how nursing practice has changed over time and how
this evolution has changed the scope of practice and the
approach to treating the individual.
2. Compare and contrast the differentiated practice
competencies between an associate and baccalaureate education
in nursing. Explain how scope of practice changes between an
associate and baccalaureate nurse.
3. Identify a patient care situation and describe how nursing
care, or approaches to decision‐making, differ between the
BSN‐prepared nurse and the ADN nurse.
4. Discuss the significance of applying evidence‐based practice
to nursing care and explain how the academic preparation of the
RN‐BSN nurse supports its application.
5. Discuss how nurses today communicate and collaborate with
interdisciplinary teams and how this supports safer and more
effective patient outcomes.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the
APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An
abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to
beginning the assignment to become familiar with the
expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.
Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.
Dynamics in Nursing: Art and Science of Professional Practice

2. Read Chapter 3 in Dynamics in Nursing: Art and Science of
Professional Practice.
URL:
https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/grand-canyon-
university/2018/dynamics-in-nursing_art-and-science-of-
professional-practice_1e.php
Creating a More Highly Qualified Nursing Workforce
Read "Creating a More Highly Qualified Nursing Workforce,"
by Rosseter (2015), located on the American Association of
Colleges of Nursing (AACN) website.
URL:
http://www.aacnnursing.org/News-Information/Fact-
Sheets/Nursing-Workforce
The Impact of Education on Nursing Practice
Read "The Impact of Education on Nursing Practice," by
Rosseter (2017), located on the American Association of
Colleges of Nursing (AACN) website.
URL:
http://www.aacnnursing.org/News-Information/Fact-
Sheets/Impact-of-Education
Scope of Practice
Read "Scope of Practice," located on the American Nurses
Association (ANA) website.
URL:
https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/scope-of-practice/
Initial Course Survey

3. In an effort for continuous improvement, Grand Canyon
University would like you to take this opportunity to provide
feedback about your experience with the university. Your
participation is appreciated.
URL:
http://survey.gcu.edu/initial_course_survey/initial_course_surve
y.htm?q0.a=
What Is Nursing?
Read "What is Nursing," located on the American Nurses
Association (ANA) website.
URL:
https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/workforce/what-
is-nursing/
This week you learned about compatible land uses, based on
airport noise levels. Your assignment this week is to assess the
hypothetical noise contour map (in the PDF provided) and
evaluate the suitability of 10 selected land uses based on their
location and exposure to noise. Each land use is identified by a
numbered yellow star that corresponds to the land use list below
(see slide 2). Your completed assignment should answer the
following for each:
· Is this land usage compatible with the airport noise level
indicated, based on the Land Use Compatibility Chart? Why or
why not?
· Can the property be modified to meet land use requirements?
(See Land Use Compatibility Chart, Slide 2 notes, as

4. appropriate)
· Submit your answers to this drop box.
· In addition, please write a short paragraph that outlines the
strategy YOU would take to mitigate the presented noise
problems at the hypothetical Lakeland Airport used in the
assignment. Describe your strategy and justify your rationale
Aircraft Noise Mitigation
Ryan Wallace, Ed.D.
Overview
• FAA Approved Methods for Noise Measurement
• Noise Contour Mapping
• Airport Project Noise Analysis Requirements
• Primary & Alternative Noise Screening Tools
• Government Strategies to Prevent New Non-
Compatible Developments
• Airport Operator Noise Control Options
• Matrix of Noise Control Actions
• Land Use Compatibility Chart

5. FAA Approved Methods for
Measuring Noise
• Yearly Day-Night Average
Sound Level (DNL)
– Average aircraft sound
levels at a location over a
24-hour period
– Add 10 dB adjustment to
noise occurring between 10
PM-7AM due to increased
sensitivity
• Community Noise
Equivalent Level (CNEL)
– Alternative to DNL scale
approved for FAA projects
in California
– Adds additional 4.77 dB to
noise events occurring
between 7 PM-10 PM
Noise Contour Map (KLAL)

6. Noise Contour Map (KOAK)
When is a Noise Analysis
Required?
• No noise analysis is needed for the
following projects:
• Project involving
– Design group I & II aircraft (wingspan
<79 ft)
– Approach categories A-D (landing
speed < 166 kts)
– Operating at airports where NEPA
forecasts do not exceed
• 90,000 annual propeller operations or
• 700 annual jet operations
– Results in a
• DNL 65 db counter <0.5 mi2 extending
no more than 10,000 ft
• DNL 60 dB contour < 1.1 mi2 extending
no more than 12,000 ft
• Project involving
– Helicopters including Sikorsky S-70 or

7. max gross weight of 20,224 lbs or less
– Heliports or airports where NEPA
forecasts do not exceed an average of
10 daily helicopter operations
– Average operations with hover times do
not exceed 2 minutes
– Results in a
• DNL 65 dB contour of < 0.1 mi2
extending no more than 1,000 ft
Primary FAA Noise Screening Tools
• Area Equivalent Method
(AEM)
– Mathematical procedure for
estimating noise contour
area
– Suitable for evaluating
airport projects involving:
• General overall increase
in operations, or
larger/noisier aircraft
• No changes in ground
tracks or flight profiles

8. – If AEM indicates
• <17% increase (about
DNL 1 dB) in DNL 65 dB
contour area, no further
noise analysis required
• >17% in DNL 65 dB
contour area, then
Aviation Environmental
Design Tool must be used
Primary FAA Noise Screening Tools
• Aviation Environmental
Design Tool (AEDT)
– Computer modeling tool to
assess aircraft
performance, with
emphasis on
• Fuel consumption
• Emissions
• Noise
• Air Quality

9. – Identifies noise level
changes at various
intervals
• DNL 65 dB+: ± 1.5 dB
• DNL 60-64 dB: ± 3 dB
• DNL 45-59 dB: ± 5 dB
Alternative Noise Screening Tools
• NOISIEMAP (DOD)
– Models noise exposure in
vicinity of military air bases
due to aircraft flight & engine
run-up activities
– Used when study consists
predominantly of military
operations
• Military Operating Area &
Range Noise Model
(MR_NMAP)
– Models noise levels from
subsonic aircraft
– Military Training Routes
(MTR), Military Operating

10. Areas (MOA), & Special Use
Airspace
• PCBOOM
– Models location & magnitude
of sonic boom on ground due
to supersonic flight & space
operations
Noise Control Challenges
• Managing airport
noise can be
challenging because
– Airports are
responsible for noise
mitigation, even
though aircraft
operators are the
producers of noise
– State & local
governments control
zoning restrictions,
which in turn dictates
land use around
airports
Government Strategies to Prevent New

11. Non-Compatible Developments
• Land use and development controls
are exercised by local governments,
not airport operator
• Primary methods
– Zoning: designating permitted uses
for parcels of land
• Land usage constraints
• Usually administrated by a legislative
body
• Zoning body not bound by previous
zoning restrictions
• Not retroactive
• Not all counties have zoning
authority (particularly in rural areas)
– Easement: Right for using property
of another without possessing it
• Generally obtained through
purchase, condemnation, or
dedication
– Transfer of Development Rights
(TDR)
• Landowners can sell development
rights from non-noise compatible
land ni exchange for bonus

12. development rights on compatible
land
• Voluntary, incentive-based program
Acquisition of Impacted Land
• In some areas, there are few options
for noise control other than direct
acquisition by the airport or local
government entity
• Noise impacted land can be used for
public use
– Equipment maintenance, storage,
water/sewer works, floodways,
reservoirs, etc
• Airport or government agency
acquires land and resells with
– Easement:
• Right for using property of another
without possessing it
• Represents a real property interest
– Covenant:
• Promise made by a party to engage
or refrain from a conduct

13. • Covenants function like contracts
and are not binding on future owners
Airport Operator Options to Control
Noise
• Denial of use to aircraft not
meeting Federal Noise
Standards (14 CFR Parts 36 &
91)
• Capacity limits, based on noise
– Can have a detrimental
economic effects
– Restrictions based on
cumulative impact
• Limits aircraft types or
numbers, to not exceed a
designated noise threshold
– Restrictions based on
certificated noise levels
• Limitations based on aircraft
type noise certification level
– Restrictions based on single
event noise levels
• Similar strategy to certificated

14. restrictions, except applies to
individual aircraft
Airport Operator Options to Control
Noise
• Noise Abatement Takeoff
or Approach procedures
– Goal: achieve greatest
noise relief within
parameters of safety,
economics, & in
coordination with airport’s
compatible land use
strategies
– Runway selection
– Takeoff & landing profiles &
power settings
– Approach or departure
paths

15. Airport Operator Options to Control
Noise
• Landing fees based on noise
– Bases all or a portion of the landing fee
upon the noisiness of individual aircraft
– Should be based on single-event noise
ratings for aircraft (AC-36-3B)
– Alternatively, provide incentives or
discounts to landing fees for quiet aircraft
• Noise Barriers
– Use of sound barriers or shielding such as
berms, or “hush houses,” or strategic
building plans to block noise
– Generally effective against ground-based
noise such as aircraft run-up, maintenance,
cargo handling, etc
• Curfews
– Restrictions on some or all flights during
certain periods of day
– Restrictions generally based on noise
threshold or aircraft certificated noise level
– Usually employed to restrict operations
during noise sensitive periods (10 PM-7

16. AM)
– Costly method of noise control, since it
curtails economic development; generally
used as a last resort
Soundproofing
• Increasing the exterior to
interior sound transmission
losses of a building
– Identifying structural elements
providing transmission
pathways
– Applying modifications to
improve noise attenuation
• Common Soundproofing
Techniques (existing structure)
– Sealing existing leaks (5 dB)
– Retrofit of existing buildings
• Window replacement or
adding second layer of glass
• Upgrading doors & seals
• Acoustic baffling of vents
• Adding insulation to walls or

17. attic spaces
• Creating two-panel walls
• Eliminating windows
Soundproofing
• Common Soundproofing
Techniques (new structure)
– Brick or concrete masonry
walls
– Staggered studs
– Insulation & fiberboard under
interior & exterior finish
materials
– Attic space insulation
– Baffling vents
– No single-joint roof
construction (interior & exterior
materials attached to same
rafters)
– Avoid exposed rafter ceilings
– Installation of air conditioning
– Mortar free of pinholes

18. – Joints well-sealed
Matrix of Noise Control Actions
Land Use Compatibility Chart
Summary
• FAA Approved Methods for Noise Measurement
• Noise Contour Mapping
• Airport Project Noise Analysis Requirements
• Primary & Alternative Noise Screening Tools
• Government Strategies to Prevent New Non-
Compatible Developments
• Airport Operator Noise Control Options
• Matrix of Noise Control Actions
• Land Use Compatibility Chart

19. Advisory
U.S.Department
of Tlunsponation
Federal Aviation Circular
Adminirtrcrtiocr
NOISE CONTROL AND
COMPATIBILITY PLANNING
FOR AIRPORTS
AUGUST 5 , 1933
Advisory
U.S.Department
of Transportation CircularFederalAviotion
Administration
Subject: D a k 8/5/83 AC No: 150/5020-1
Initiated by: Change:
NOISE CONTROL AND COMPATIBILITY
PLANNING FOR AIRPORTS
1. PURPOSE. T h i s a d v i s o r y c i r c u l a r p r o v i d e s

20. g u i d a n c e f o r N o i s e C o n t r o l
a n d C o m p a t i b i l i t y P l a n n i n g f o r a i r p o r t s
u n d e r F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n R e g u l a t i o n
(FAR) P a r t 1 5 0 and t h e A v i a t i o n S a f e t y and N o
i s e Abatement Act of 1979
(ASNA) (P.L. 96-193). It i s i n t e n d e d f o r u s e by a i r
p o r t o p e r a t o r s ,
s t a t e l l o c a l p l a n n e r s and o t h e r o f f i c i a l s ,
and i n t e r e s t e d c i t i z e n s who may
e n g a g e i n n o i s e c o n t r o l p l a n n i n g . A i r p o r
t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n n i n g
h a s t h e g o a l s of r e d u c i n g e x i s t i n g n o n c o m
p a t i b l e l a n d u s e s a r o u n d
a i r p o r t s and o f p r e v e n t i n g t h e i n t r o d u c t i o
n of a d d i t i o n a l n o n c o m p a t i b l e
l a n d u s e s t h r o u g h t h e c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t
s of a l l t h o s e i n v o l v e d . The
P a r t 1 5 0 program i s v o l u n t a r y and a i r p o r t o p e
r a t o r s a r e e n c o u r a g e d t o
p a r t i c i p a t e .
2. BACKGROUND. FAR P a r t 150 i m p l e m e n t s p o r t i
o n s of T i t l e I o f t h e
A v i a t i o n S a f e t y a n d N o i s e Abatement Act of
1979. It e s t a b l i s h e s a s i n g l e-
s y s t e m f o r t h e measurement of a i r p o r t ( a n d b a c
k g r o u n d ) n o i s e , a s i n g l e
s y s t e m f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e e x p o s u r e of i n
d i v i d u a l s t o a i r p o r t n o i s e , a n d
a s t a n d a r d i z e d a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t
y p l a n n i n g program. The
p l a n n i n g program i n c l u d e s ( 1 ) p r o v i s i o n f o r
t h e d e v e l o p m e n t and
s u b m i s s i o n t o the.FAA o f N o i s e E x p o s u r e
Maps and N o i s e C o m p a t i b i l i t y
Programs by a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s ; ( 2 ) s t a n d a r d n

21. o i s e u n i t s , methods and
a n a l y t i c a l t e c h n i q u e s f o r u s e i n a i r p o r t a
s s e s s m e n t s ; ( 3 ) i d e n t i f i c a t i o n
o f l a n d u s e s w h i c h a r e n o r m a l l y c o n s i d e r
e d c o m p a t i b l e ( o r n o n c o m p a t i b l e )
w i t h v a r i o u s l e v e l s of n o i s e a r o u n d a i r p o r
t s ; and ( 4 ) p r o c e d u r e s and
c r i t e r i a f o r FAA a p p r o v a l o r d i s a p p r o v a l o
f n o i s e c o n p a t i b i l i t y programs
by t h e A d m i n i s t r a t o r . The program i n c l u d e s c o
n s i d e r a t i o n of a l t e r n a t i v e
n o i s e c o n t r o l t h a t m i g h t be employed a s w e l l
a s a p p r o p r i a t e l a n d u s e
-. .
p l a n n i n g s t r a t e g i e s . The g o a l o f t h e o v e r a
l l program i s f o r t h e a i r p o r t
p r o p r i e t o r , i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h s t a t e / l o
c a l p l a n n e r s , l o c a l a v i a t i o n
g r o u p s and i n t e r e s t e d c i t i z e n s , t o d e v e l o p
a b a l a n c e d and c o s t - e f f e c t i v e
program t o m i n i m i z e a n d / o r m i t i g a t e t h e a i r
p o r t ' s n o i s e i m p a c t on l o c a l
c o m m u n i t i e s .
Page ii
CONTENTS
Page

22. CHAPTER 1. GENERAL.
SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION.
1. P u r p o s e .
2. Background.
3 . B e n e f i t s o f N o i s e C o m p a t i b i l i t y P l a n n
i n g .
4. FAA I n f o r m a t i o n S o u r c e s .
5. D e f i n i t i o n s .
6.-19. Reserved.
SECTION 2. RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER ACTIONS.
A i r p o r t 14as t e r P l a n s .
ANCLUC S t u d i e s .
A i r I n s t a l l a t i o n C o m p a t i b l e Use Zones.
E n v i r o n m e n t a l A s s e s s m e n t s .
F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n R e g u l a t i o n s , P a r t 36.
OrlB A-95 N o t i f i c a t i o n and Review.
N a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y Act.
29. R e s e r v e d . ~. ,
SECTION 3. OVERVIEW.
30. N o i s e - I t s Measurement and Assessment.

23. 31. S e n s i t i v i t y of Land Uses t o Noise.
32. N o i s e Exposure Maps.
33. Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y Programs.
34. , S u b m i s s i o n t o t h e FAA.
35. W i t h d r a w a l o r R e v i s i o n .
36. P e r i o d i c Review and Updating.
37.-199. R e s e r v e d .
CHAPTER 2. NOISE MEASUREtlENT AID ASSESSMENT.
SECTION 1. NOISE METRICS.
200. Sound.
201. D e c i b e l s .
202. Sound P r e s s u r e L e v e l s .
203. A-Weighted Sound P r e s s u r e L e v e l s .
204. Eleasurement System Response Time.
205 .-219. R e s e r v e d .
Page iii
-Page
SECTION 20 NOISE MEASUREMENTS. 1 2
220. Measuring S i n g l e A i r c r a f t E v e n t s . 1 2
221. A i r p o r t C u m u l a t i v e N o i s e E x p o s u r e L
e v e l s . 1 3
222. B a s i c Recommended N o i s e Measurement System. 1
3
223. V a l i d a t i o n o f Noise C o n t o u r s . 1 3

24. 224. V a l i d a t i o n N o i s e Measurements vs. Micro-
Sample
Survey Measurements. 1 4
225. A i r c r a f t N o i s e E x p o s u r e P r e d i c t i o n R
e f i n e m e n t P r o c e d u r e . 1 5
226. C o n t i n u o u s A i r p o r t Noise M o n i t o r i n g
Systems. 1 5
227 .-229. Reserved. 1 7
SECTION 3. NOISE EXPOSURE PREDICTION AND ITS USE.
18
P r e d i c t i o n A n a l y s i s Tool. 1 8
I n t e g r a t e d N o i s e Model (INM), 18
I n p u t Requirements. 1 8
Accuracy. 1 9
Use of bleasurements i n R e f i n i n g / V a l i d a t i n g P r e
d i c t i o n s . 20
N o i s e C o m p a t i b i l i t y P r e d i c t i o n . 20
B a s i s f o r Noise C a m p a t i b i l i t y . 20
Land Use C o m p a t i b i l i t y T a b l e . 22
I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f N o i s e Exposure Maps. 23 a n
d 24
Reserved. 23 and 24
CHAPTER 3. TOOLS OF AIRPORT NOISE COMPATIBILITY
PLANNING. 25
SECTION 1. ELEMENTS OF AIRPORT NOISE PLANNING. 25
300. G e n e r a l . 2 5
301. Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y P l a n n i n g 2 5
302. Scope of t h e P l a n n i n g E f f o r t . 2.5
303. The C o n t e x t of A i r p o r t N o i s e P l a n s . 2 6
304. The O b j e c t i v e o f P a r t 1 5 0 P l a n n i n g . 26
305. Use of L o c a l o r S t a t e S t a n d a r d s . 26

25. 306. Development of A l t e r n a t i v e s a n d I m p l e m e n
t a t i o n S t r a t e g i e s . 26
307 .-319. Reserved. 27 and 28
SECTION 2. AIRPORT PROPRIETOR OPTIONS. . 27 a n d
28
320. D e n i a l of Use t o A i r c r a f t Not Meeting
F e d e r a l Noise S t a n d a r d s . 27 a n d 28
321. C a p a c i t y L i m i t s Based on Noise. 27 a n d 28
322. Noise Abatement Takeoff o r Approach P r o c e d u r e s
. 30
323. Landing F e e s Based on Noise. 31
324. Noise B a r r i e r s ( S h i e l d i n g ) . 31
325. A c q u i s i t i o n of Land and I n t e r e s t T h e r e i n
. 3 1
326. Complete o r P a r t i a l Curfews. 32
327.-329. R e s e r v e d . 32
Page i v
SECTION 3 . sTATEILOCAL GOVEKNMENT OPTIONS
(Strategies to Prevent
New Noncompatible Development). 3 3
3 3 0 . nevelopnent Control.
3 3 1 . Zoning.
3 3 2 . Easements.
3 3 3 . Transfer of Development Rights (TDR).
3 3 4 . Purchase.
3 3 5 . - 3 3 9 . Reserved.
SECTION 4 . STATE~LOCALGOVERNMENT OPTIONS

26. (Actions to Reduce
Existing Noncompatible Uses) 3 6
3 4 0 . Remedial Actions. 36
3 4 1 . Encouragement of Existing Favorable Land Use Trends.
36
3 4 2 . Constructive Use of Planning and Zoning. 36
3 4 3 . Constructive Use of Public Capital Improvements
Projects. 37
3 4 4 . Purchase Assurance Programs. 37
3 4 5 . Soundproofing. 37
3 4 6 . Acquisition of Impacted Land. 38
3 4 7 . - 3 4 9 . Reserved. 39
SECTION 5 . CONSULTATIONS
3 5 0 . Consultations Under Part 150.
351. Reserved.
3 5 2 . Consultation with Aviation Groups.
3 5 3 . Public and Community Involvement.
3 5 4 . Documentation.
3 5 5 . - 3 5 9 . Reserved.
SECTION 6. ANALYSIS OF COST/BENEFITS AND
SELECTION OF
ALTERNATIVE
3 6 0 . General.
3 6 1 . Constraints' Upon Interstate and Foreign Commerce.
3 6 2 . Environmental Costs.
3 6 3 . Economic Costs.
3 6 4 . Social Costs. •
3 6 5 . Selection of an Alternative.
3 6 6 . Development of the Selected Alternative into a
Draft Compatibility Program.

27. 3 6 7 . - 3 9 9 . Reserved.
APPENDIX 1. TABLE OF LAND USES NORIALLY
COMPATIBLE WITH
VARIOUS NOISE LEVELS.
APPENDIX 2. CHECKLISTS FOR NOISE EXPOSURE MAPS
AND NOISE
COMPATIBILITY PROGRAFIS.
APPENDIX 3 . RECOMMENDED BASIC NOISE
bEASUKEMENT SYSTEM.
APPENDIX 4 . BIBL;IOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL
SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION
1. PURPOSE. T h i s a d v i s o r y c i r c u l a r p r o v i d e s
g u i d a n c e f o r N o i s e C o n t r o l and
C o m p a t i b i l i t y P l a n n i n g f o r a i r p o r t s u n d e
r F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n R e g u l a t i o n (FAR).
P a r t 1 5 0 a n d t h e A v i a t i o n S a f e t y and N o i s e
Abatement Act o f 1979 (ASNA)as
amended. It i s i n t e n d e d f o r u s e by a i r p o r t o p e r
a t o r s , s t a t e / l o c a l p l a n n e r s
a n d o t h e r o f f i c i a l s , and i n t e r e s t e d c i t i z e n
s who may engage i n n o i s e c o n t r o l
p l a n n i n g . A i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l
a n n i n g h a s t h e g o a l s of r e d u c i n g
e x i s t i n g n o n c o m p a t i b l e l a n d u s e s a r o u n d

28. a i r p o r t s and o f p r e v e n t i n g t h e
i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a d d i t i o n a l n o n c o m p a t i b l
e l a n d u s e s t h r o u g h t h e c o o p e r a t i v e
e f f o r t s o f a l l t h o s e i n v o l v e d . The P a r t 1 5 0
program i s v o l u n t a r y and
a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s are e n c o u r a g e d t o p a r t i c
i p a t e .
2 . BACKGROUND. T h e r e a r e e x i s t i n g a i r p o r t
n o i s e / l a n d u s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y
p r o b l e m s a t many a i r p o r t s i n t h e U n i t e d S t
a t e s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r e i s a
p o t e n t i a l f o r e x a c e r b a t i o n of t h e s e n o i s e
problems and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of
p r o b l e m s a r i s i n g a t o t h e r a i r p o r t s as u r b a
n a r e a s and u s e of a i r t r a v e l
c o n t i n u e t o grow. Through c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t s
on b o t h t h e l o c a l and
n a t i o n a l l e v e l s , much h a s a l r e a d y b e e n a c c
o m p l i s h e d i n l i m i t i n g t h e g r o w t h
a n d s p r e a d o f n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p r o b l e
m s . A c t i o n s have i n c l u d e d l i m i t s
upon n o i s e e m i s s i o n s by new a i r c r a f t , p r o v i s
i o n s f o r t h e r e t i r e m e n t o r
r e t r o f i t w i t h q u i e t e r e n g i n e s of t h e n o i s i e
s t t r a n s p o r t a i r c r a f t , and a n
e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e v i e w p r o c e s s f o r a i r p o r t
d e v e l o p m e n t p r o j e c t s , Some of t h e
m a j o r r e m a i n i n g o b s t a c l e s f o r i m p l e m e n t
i n g s u c c e s s f u l n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l t y
programs a r o u n d a i r p o r t s have b e e n t h e need f o r
a s i n g l e s y s t e m f o r
m e a s u r i n g a i r p o r t n o i s e , a s i n g l e s y s t e m
f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e e x p o s u r e of
i n d i v i d u a l s t o a i r p o r t n o i s e , t h e i d e n t i f i
c a t i o n o f l a n d u s e s t h a t a r e

29. n o r m a l l y c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e v a r i o u s l e v
e l s of n o i s e a r o u n d a i r p o r t s , and a
p r o c e s s f o r s a f e t y and economic e v a l u a t i o n s o
f p r o p o s e d a c t i o n s . These
r e m a i n i n g m a j o r o b s t a c l e s have been a d d r e s
s e d by r e c e n t r e g u l a t o r y a c t i o n s *
d e t a i l e d below.
a. F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n R e g u l a t i o n (FAR) P a r t 1
5 0 i m p l e m e n t s p o r t i o n s of
T i t l e I o f t h e A v i a t i o n S a f e t y a n d Noise
Abatement Act, It s p e c i f i c a l l y
e s t a b l i s h e s a s i n g l e s y s t e m f o r t h e
measurement of a i r p o r t ( a n d b a c k g r o u n d )
n o i s e , a s i n g l e s y s t e m f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h
e e x p o s u r e o f i n d i v i d u a l s t o
a i r p o r t n o i s e , and a s t a n d a r d i z e d a i r p o r t n
o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n n i n g
program. The p l a n n i n g program i n c l u d e s ( 1 ) p r o v
i s i o n f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t
and s u b m i s s i o n t o t h e FAA o f N o i s e E x p o s u r
e Maps and Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y
Programs by a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s ; ( 2 ) s t a n d a r d n
o i s e u n i t s , methods and
a n a l y t i c a 1 , t e c h n i q u e s f o r u s e i n a i r p o r t
a s s e s s m e n t s ; ( 3 ) i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f
l a n d u s e s t h a t a r e n o r m a l l y c o m p a t i b l e ( o
r n o n c o m p a t i b l e ) w i t h v a r i o u s
l e v e l s o f n o i s e a r o u n d a i r p o r t s ; and ( 4 ) p r
o c e d u r e s and c r i t e r i a f o r FAA
a p p r o v a l o r d i s a p p r o v a l of n o i s e c o n p a t i b
i l i t y programs by t h e , -
A d m i n i s t r a t o r .
Chap 1
P a r 1 Page 1

30. b. The A i r p o r t N o i s e C o m p a t i b i l i t y P l a n n i n
g P r o g r a n i n c l u d e s l a n d u s e
p l a n n i n g a n d i n p l e n e n t a t i o n p r o g r a m s n e
c e s s a r y t o c a r r y o u t t h e ASNA A c t ,
The A c t d o e s n o t i n a n y way, h o w e v e r , i n t e r f
e r e w i t h e s t a b l i s h e d
p r e r o g a t i v e s o f S t a t e and l o c a l g o v e r n m e n
t s c o n c e r n i n g l a n d u s e and r e l a t e d
n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y a c t i o n s and r e s p o n s i b
i l i t i e s . A c c o r d i n g l y , a p p r o v a l s
a n d d i s a p p r o v a l s o f p r o g r a m s s u b m i t t e d t
o t h e FAA u n d e r P a r t 1 5 0 do n o t
c o n s t i t u t e a F e d e r a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t t
h e u s e of l a n d c o v e r e d by t h e
p r o g r a m i s a c c e p t a b l e o r u n a c c e p t a b l e u n
d e r F e d e r a l , S t a t e , o r l o c a l l a w .
The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e a c c
e p t a b l e and p e r m i s s i b l e l a n d u s e s
r e m a i n s w i t h t h e l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s .
BENEFITS OF NOISE COFIPATIBILITY PLMNING -
PROGRAMMING UNDER PART 150.
a. N o i s e i s o n e o f t h e g r e a t e s t t h r e a t s t o a
v i a t i o n t o d a y . P r o j e c t e d
g r o w t h i n d e a a n d f o r a i r t r a v e l means t h a t
we . w i l l h a v e l a r g e r a i r c r a f t and
m o r e o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e f u t u r e . Ttie i n c r e a s
e i n a i r c a r r i e r t r a f f i c a t l a r g e
a i r p o r t s w i l l g e n e r a t e more a i r c a r r i e r t r a f
f i c a t f e e d e r a i r p o r t s and more
t r a f f i c by s o p h i s t i c a t e d g e n e r a l s v i a t i o n
a i r c r a f t a t t h e s e and many g e n e r a l

31. a v i a t i o n a i r p o r t s .
b . The c o s t s o f n o s t f o r m s of n o i s 2 n i t i g a t i
o n a r e r a p i d l y i n c r e a s i n g .
T h e s e i n c l u d e s o u n d p r o o f i n g , l a n d p u r c n
s s e s , r e l o c a t i o n s , l a n d u s e c h a n g e s ,
b y - p a s s i n g o f i n p a c t e d l a n d , a n d c o n s t r u
c t i o n of a l t e r n a t i v s a v i a t i o n
f a c i l i t i e s . P e o p l e ' s p e r c e p t i o n s o f what is
a n a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l o f u r b a n
n o i s e is b e c o n i n g more c r i t i c a l w h i l e t h e i r
o p p o r t u n i t y t o v o l n n t a r i l y move
away f r o m s u c h n o i s e i s becoming n o r e l i m i t e d
. .411 of t h e s e a r e r e s u l t i n g
i n s t r o n g p r e s s u r e s upon a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s
t o i m p o s e o p e r a t i o n a l
c o n s t r a i n t s , c u r f e w s , g r o w t h l i m i t a t i o n s
, and o t h e r s e v e r e c o n s t r a i n t s upon
t h e i r a i r p o r t s as e a s y , " o n e - s h o t " s o l u t i o
n s t o t h e n o i s e p r o b l e n ? .
c . R e l i e f o f t h e s e p r e s s u r e s on t h e a i r p o r t
o p e r a t o r s and t h e
p r e s e r v a t i o n o f a n a t i o n a l s y s t e m of a i r p o
r t s r e q u i r e s t h a t a v i a t i o n become
a s c o m p a t i b l e a s p o s s i b l e w i t h i t s n e i g h c
o r s . T h i s r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e
a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s work much more c l o s e l y w i t h
l o c a l j u r i s d i c t i o n s t h a n h a s
b e e n g e n e r a l l y f e a s i b l e i n t h e p a s t , s i n c e
t h e y c o n t r o l m o s t of t h e v i a b l e
non a v i a t i o n - c o n s t r a i n i n g n o i s e m i t i g a t i o
n m e a s u r e s .
d . The P a r t 1 5 0 f i r p o r t N o i s e C o n p a t i b i l i t
y P l a n n i n g P r o g r a m o f f e r s a n

32. i d e a l v e h i c l e f o r n o i s e p l a n n i n g and i m p l e
m e n t a t i o n i n t h i s c o n t e m p o r a r y
c o n t e x t . It i n c l u d e s :
( 1 ) A b a l a n c e d a p p r o a c h p r o d u c i n g r e a l i s
t i c a n d p r a c t i c a l s o l u t i o n s
f a i r t o b o t h a v i a t i o n and non a v i a t i o n i n t e r
e s t s .
( 2 ) P o s i t i v e FAA t e c h n i c a l g u s d a n c e ~ h r o
u g h r e g i o n a l and a i r p o r t s
d i s t r i c t o f f i c e s .
( 3 ) F e d e r a l l y i d e n t i f i e d l a n d u s e s w h i c h
a r e n o r n a . 1 1 ~ c o n p a t i b l e
w i t h v a r i o t i s e x p o s u r e s o f i n d i v i d u a l s t o
n o i s e .
( 4 ) Consultations and i n t e r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e
a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r ,
a i r p o r t u s e r s , a i r p o r t n e i g h b o r s , l o c a l l a
n d u s e c o n t r o l j u r i s d i c t i o n s , a n d
t h e FAA d e s i g n e d t o ;.:hieve b r o a d - b a s e d c o n
f i d e n c e i n and a c c e p t a n c e of t h e
p r o g r a m a n d t h e s u p p o r t e s s e n t i a i f o r i t s
i n p l e m e n t a t i o n o v e r t h e l o n g t e r m .
Chap 1
P a g e 2 P a r 2
( 5 ) R e c o g n i t i o n of f a c t o r s beyond t h e c o n t r o
l of t h e a i r p o r t
o p e r a t o r which s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e l o c a l l a
n d u s e d e c i s i o n s .

33. ( 6 ) A v i a b l e framework f o r c o n d u c t i n g e f f i c i
e n t and c o n s t r u c t i v e
c o m p a t i b i l i t y programs which a c h i e v e l a r g e b e
n e f i t s i n n o i s e r e d u c t i o n f o r
t h e c o s t s i n a v i a t i o n .
( 7 ) Community and a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r d e c i s i o n s
t h a t are made from a
f u l l y informed p o s i t i o n i n o r d e r t o weigh t h e f
u l l c o s t s and b e n e f i t s of t h e
a l t e r n a t i v e s .
( 8 ) F e d e r a l f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e a v a i l a b l
e t o t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r
u n d e r t h e A i r p o r t Improvement Program f o r n o i s
e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n n i n g a n d
f o r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h a t p l a n n i n g .
( 9 ) F e d e r a l f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e a l s o a v a
i l a b l e t o u n i t s of l o c a l
government i n t h e a r e a s u r r o u n d i n g t h e a i r p o
r t t o c a r r y o u t p r o j e c t s i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h FAA a p p r o v e d n o i s e c o m p
a t i b i l i t y programs.
( 1 0 ) C e r t a i n s a n c t i o n s a r e a v a i l a b l e u n d
e r S e c t i o n 107 of t h e ASNA
Act t o p r o t e c t t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r from l a n
d owner n o i s e s u i t s .
e . No two a i r p o r t s i t u a t i o n s a r e a l i k e , and e a
c h w i l l l i k e l y r e q u i r e a
u n i q u e c o m b i n a t i o n of m i t i g a t i o n m e a s u r
e s t o a c h i e v e a n a c c e p t a b l e s o l u t i o n .
A t a g i v e n a i r p o r t , a f u l l r a n g e o f p o s s i b l

34. e s o l u t i o n s i s e x p l o r e d , t h e n t h e
b e s t c o m p o s i t i o n of s o l u t i o n s i s c h o s e n
and c a r e f u l l y weighed b e f o r e
s e t t l i n g upon a f i n a l p l a n . The o b j e c t i v e b e i
n g t o r e d u c e t h e n o i s e by t h e
most e f f i c i e n t way and t h e n b a l a n c e t h i s a g a i
n s t t h e p o s s i b l e n o n - a v i a t i o n
s o l u t i o n s . A b a l a n c e i s s o u g h t between r e a l i
s t i c e n v i r o n m e n t a l g o a l s a n d
t h e c o s t s t o t h e a v i a t i o n system. When t h e
proposed a v i a t i o n c o n s t r a i n t s
a r e s i g n i f i c a n t , t h e n t h e l o c a l n e e d s and b
e n e f i t s a r e weighed and b a l a n c e d
a g a i n s t t h e n e e d s and c o n c e r n s of t h e r e s t
of t h e n a t i o n .
4. FAA INFORMATION SOURCES. U s e r s of t h i s c i r c u
l a r a r e s t r o n g l y e n c o u r a g e d
t o c o n t a c t t h e i r FAA A i r p o r t s D i s t r i c t O f f
i c e o r t h e A i r p o r t s D i v i s i o n of
t h e i r FAA r e g i o n a l o f f i c e f o r a d d i t i o n a l i
n £ o r m a t i o n , g u i d a n c e , and
c o n s u l t a t i o n p r i o r t o s t a r t i n g a n A i r p o r t
N o i s e Exposure Map o r A i r p o r t
N o i s e C o m p a t i b i l i t y Program. These o f f i c e s a r
e a l s o prime s o u r c e s f o r
r e f e r e n c e m a t e r i a l s , s u c h as o t h e r a d v i s o
r y c i r c u l a r s and c i t i z e n
p a r t i c i p a t i o n manuals.
5. DEFINITIONS. A l l t e r n s used i n t h i s c i r c u l a r
which are a l s o used i n
P a r t 1 5 0 have t h e same meaning i n t h i s c i r c u l a r
as t h e y do i n t h a t P a r t .
a. A-Weighted Sound L e v e l (LA). The A-Weighted Sound L

35. e v e l i s sound
p r e s s u r e l e v e l which h a s b e e n f i l t e r e d o r w
e i g h t e d t o r e d u c e t h e i n f l u e n c e
bf t h e low and h i g h f r e q u e n c y n o i s e ( f o r m e r l
y - d ~ ~ ) . It was d e s i g n e d t o
a p p r o x i m a t e t h e r e s p o n s e of t h e human e a r t
o sound. ( S e e p a r a g r a p h 203)
b. Average Day-Night Sound L e v e l (Ld,). See Y e a r l y
Day-Night
Average Sound Level.
Chap 1
P a r 3 Page 3
c. Land Use. The p r e s e n t o r planned u t i l i z a t i o n of
a g i v e n p a r c e l of
l a n d . Such l a n d u s e s a r e n o r m a l l y i n d i c a t e
d o r d e l i n e a t e d on a l a n d u s e
map. Land u s e maps may i n d i c a t e u s a g e s f o r any g
i v e n t i m e p e r i o d p a s t ,
p r e s e n t , o r f u t u r e , and such p e r i o d s h o u l d
always be i n d i c a t e d . (See
p a r a g r a p h 237)
d. Zoning. An e x e r c i s e of t h e p o l i c e powers of t h e
S t a t e , a s d e l e g a t e d
t o l o c a l governments, d e s i g n a t i n g t h e u s e s p e r
m i t t e d on e a c h p a r c e l of l a n d
w i t h i n t h e zoning j u r i s d i c t i o n . (See p a r a g r a p
h 331)
e. Standard Land Use Coding Manual (SLUCM). A S t a n d a r
d System f o r

36. i d e n t i f y i n g and c o d i n g l a n d u s e a c t i v i t i e s
. P u b l i s h e d j o i n t l y i n 1965 by
Urban Renewal A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , Housing and Home
Finance Agency ( b o t h now
P a r t s of HUD) and t h e Bureau of P u b l i c Roads (now t
h e F e d e r a l Highway
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ) . (See p a r a g r a p h 237)
f . Noise L e v e l Reduction (NLR). The amount of n o i s e l
e v e l r e d u c t i o n
a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h i n c o r p o r a t i o n of n o i s e a
t t e n u a t i o n (between o u t d o o r and
i n d o o r l e v e l s ) i n t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t
i o n of a s t r u c t u r e . (See
p a r a g r a p h 237)
g. Noise Exposure Map. A s c a l e d , g e o g r a p h i c , d e p
i c t i o n of an a i r p o r t ,
i t s n o i s e c o n t o u r s , and s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a
developed i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
S e c t i o n A150.101 of Appendix A o f FAR P a r t 150, i n
c l u d i n g t h e accompanying
d o c u m e n t a t i o n s e t t i n g f o r t h t h e r e q u i r e d
d e s c r i p t i o n s of p r o j e c t e d a i r c r a f t
o p e r a t i o n s a t t h a t a i r p o r t d u r i n g 1985 and i f
s u b m i t t e d a f t e r 1982, d u r i n g
t h e f i f t h c a l e n d a r y e a r b e g i n n i n g a f t e r s
u b m i s s i o n of t h e map, t o g e t h e r w i t h
t h e ways, i f any t h o s e o p e r a t i o n s f o r each of t h
o s e y e a r s w i l l a f f e c t t h e
map ( i n c l u d i n g n o i s e c o n t o u r s and t h e f o r e c
a s t l a n d u s e s ) . See FAR P a r t 1 5 0
f o r l e g a l d e f i n i t i o n .
h. Noise Contour. A c o n t i n u o u s l i n e on a map of t h e
a i r p o r t v i c i n i t y

37. c o n n e c t i n g a l l p o i n t s of t h e same n o i s e e x p
o s u r e l e v e l ; f o r t h e purposes of
t h i s program u s i a l l y t h e Ldn 65, 70, and 75 l e v e l s .
i. A i r p o r t Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y Program. That
program r e f l e c t e d i n
documents (and r e v i s e d documents) developed i n a c c o r
d a n c e w i t h Appendix B of
P a r t 150, i n c l u d i n g t h e measures proposed o r t a k e
n by t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r
t o r e d u c e e x i s t i n g noncompatible l a n d u s e s and
t o p r e v e n t t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n
o f a d d i t i o n a l noncompatible l a n d uses w i t h i n t h
e a r e a . See FAA P a r t 150 f o r
l e g a l d e f i n i t i o n .
j. NEPA. Acronym f o r t h e N a t i o n a l Environmental P o
l i c y Act of 1969.
( S e e p a r a g r a p h 26)
k. Curfew. A r e s t r i c t i o n p l a c e d upon a l l o r c e r t
a i n c l a s s e s of
a i r c r a f t by time of day f o r t h e p u r p o s e s of r e d u
c i n g o r c o n t r o l l i n g a i r p o r t
n o i s e . (See p a r a g r a p h 326)
Chap 1
Page 4 P a r 5
1. Easement. The l e g a l r i g h t of one p a r t y t o use a p
o r t i o n of t h e
t o t a l r i g h t s i n r e a l e s t a t e owned by a n o t h e r
p a r t y . This may i n c l u d e t h e '
r i g h t of p a s s a g e o v e r , on, o r below t h e p r o p e r

38. t y ; c e r t a i n a i r r i g h t s above
t h e p r o p e r t y , i n c l u d i n g view r i g h t s ; and t h e
r i g h t s t o any s p e c i f i e d form of
development o r a c t i v i t y , a s w e l l a s any o t h e r l e
g a l r i g h t s i n t h e p r o p e r t y
t h a t may be s p e c i f i e d i n t h e easement document.
(See p a r a g r a p h 332)
m. O f f i c e o f Management and Budget C i r c u l a r No.
A-95. A r e g u l a t i o n
r e q u i r i n g c o o r d i n a t i o n of F e d e r a l and f e d e
r a l l y a s s i s t e d programs and
p r o j e c t s w i t h e a c h o t h e r and w i t h S t a t e , a r
e a w i d e , and l o c a l p l a n s and
programs, u t i l i z i n g a s e r i e s of s t a t e and r e g i o n
a l c l e a r i n g h o u s e s . ( S e e
p a r a g r a p h 25)
n. F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n R e g u l a t i o n (FAR) P a r t
36. A r e g u l a t i o n
e s t a b l i s h i n g n o i s e c e r t i f i c a t i o n s t a n d a r
d s f o r a i r c r a f t . (See p a r a g r a p h 24)
o. A v i a t i o n Noise Abatement P o l i c y (ANAP). P o l i c
y adopted j o i n t l y by
t h e S e c r e t a r y of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and t h e
FAA, on November 1 8 , 1976,
d e l i n e a t i n g t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of FAA, a i
r c a r r i e r s , a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s ,
and l o c a l communities i n a c h i e v i n g r e d u c t i o n s
i n a i r p o r t n o i s e .
p. A i r p o r t Noise C o n t r o l and Land Use C o m p a t i b
i l i t y (ANCLUC) Program.
A p i l o t program f o r a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l
i t y p l a n n i n g e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e

39. ANAP and funded under S e c t i o n 1 3 o f t h e A i r p o r t
and Airway Development Act
of 1 9 7 0 a s amended. It was a v o l u n t a r y p l a n n i n g
p r o c e s s i n i t i a t e d and l e d
by a i r p o r t p r o p r i e t o r s w i t h F e d e r a l f u n d i
n g and t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e . (See
p a r a g r a p h 2 1)
q . Y e a r l y Day-Night Average Sound L e v e l s (Ldn) o r
(DNL). The
24-hour a v e r a g e sound l e v e l , i n d e c i b e l s , f o r t
h e p e r i o d from midnight t o
m i d n i g h t , o b t a i n e d a f t e r t h e a d d i t i o n of t
e n d e c i b e l s t o sound l e v e l s f o r
t h e p e r i o d s between m i d n i g h t and 7 a.m. and
between 1 0 p.m. and m i d n i g h t ,
l o c a l t i m e , a s averaged over a span of one year. It i s t
h e FAA s t a n d a r d
m e t r i c f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e c u m u l a t i v e e x
p o s u r e of i n d i v i d u a l s t o n o i s e .
( S e e p a r a g r a p h 221)
r . E q u i v a l e n t Sound. Level (Leq). kqi s t h e s t e a d y
A-weighted
sound l e v e l o v e r any s p e c i f i e d p e r i o d ( n o t n
e c e s s a r i l y 24 h o u r s ) t h a t h a s
t h e same a c o u s t i c e n e r g y a s t h e f l u c t u a t i n
g n o i s e d u r i n g t h a t p e r i o d ( w i t h
no c o n s i d e r a t i o n of a n i g h t t i m e w e i g h t i n g .
) It is a measure of c u m u l a t i v e
a c o u s t i c a l energy. Because t h e time i n t e r v a l may
v a r y , i t should always be
s p e c i f i e d by a s u b s c r i p t ( s u c h a s Leq 8 ) f o r
an 8-hr exposure t o
workplace n o i s e ) o r be c l e a r l y u n d e r s t o o d .

40. 6.-19. RESERVED.
Chap 1
P a r 5 Page 5
AC 150/5020-1
8 / 5 / 8 3
SECTION 2. REUTIONSHIP TO OTHER AIRPORT AND
NOISE PLANNING ACTIONS
20. AIRPORT MASTER PLANS. An A i r p o r t Noise
Exposure Map o r a n A i r p o r t
Noise C o m p a t i b l i t y Program f o r a n a i r p o r t
supplements b u t does n o t r e p l a c e
t h e A i r p o r t Master P l a n (AMP) developed f o r t h a t
a i r p o r t . The AMP may
p r o v i d e t h e b a s e d a t a f o r t h e n o i s e e x p o s
u r e map. However, o p e r a t i o n a l d a t a
f o r u s e i n t h e I n t e g r a t e d Noise Model (INM) ( o r
a n FAA approved e q u i v a l e n t )
and t h e l a n d use and j u r i s d i c t i o n a l d a t a f o r t
h e map should be c e r t i f i a b l e
by t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r as c u r r e n t d a t a . S i
m i l a r l y , t h e AMP may o f f e r
i n p u t s t o development of t h e n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i
t y program. Again, a l l of t h e
a l t e r n a t i v e s , a n a l y s e s , c o n s u l t a t i o n s ,
and p u b l i c involvement r e q u i r e d by
P a r t 150 f o r t h e program should be c e r t i f i a b l e by
t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r a s
up-to-date and based upon c u r r e n t d a t a . See a l s o , S e
c t i o n A150.101(£) of
P a r t 150.

41. 21. AIRPORT NOISE CONTROL AND LAND USE
COMPATIBILITY (ANCLUC) PLANNING
STUDIES. A number of ANCLUC p l a n n i n g s t u d i e s
have been u n d e r t a k e n a n d / o r
completed. Although t h i s was an i n t e r i m program, much
v a l u a b l e n o i s e and
l a n d u s e i n f o r m a t i o n was produced and much v i a b
l e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n n i n g
accomplished. Where t h e s e s t u d i e s m e e t ' t h e r e q u
i r e m e n t s of P a r t 1 5 0 , o r an
FAA approved e q u i v a l e n t u n d e r P a r t 150, and a r e
o t h e r w i s e a p p r o p r i a t e ,
a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s a r e encouraged t o i n c o r p o r
a t e t h a t work i n t o Noise
C o m p a t i b i l i t y Programs; s e e S e c t i o n
A150.101(£) o f P a r t 150.
22. A I R INSTALLATION COMPATIBLE USE ZONES.
Complimentary t o ANCLUC, t h e
U.S. Department o f Defense developed t h e A i r I n s t a l l
a t i o n Compatible Use
Zones (AICUZ) Program f o r a c h i e v i n g n o i s e l l a n d
use c o m p a t i b i l i t y a t m i l i t a r y
a i r i n s t a l l a t i o n s . A I C U Z s t u d i e s have a l s o
been p r e p a r e d f o r a number o f
j o i n t c i v i l - m i l i t a r y u s e a i r p o r t s where t h e
r e a r e a s i g n i f i c a n t number of
m i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n s . As i n t h e case of
ANCLUCVs, i n f o r m a t i o n developed f o r
a n A I C U Z s t u d y which i s a p p r o p r i a t e and c e r
t i f i a b l e a s c u r r e n t by t h e
a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r may be used i n d e v e l o p i n g a
n A i r p o r t Noise Exposure'Map o r
M r p o r t Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y Program.

42. 23. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS. Environmental
Assessments (EA) a r e p r e p a r e d
f o r many t y p e s of a i r p o r t development p r o j e c t s a
n d / o r a i r p o r t o p e r a t i o n a l
c h a n g e s under t h e r e q u i r e m e n t . ~ of t h e N a t i
o n a l Environmental P o l i c y Act
(NEPA), R e g u l a t i o n s of t h e Council on Environmental
Q u a l i t y (CEQ),
Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Order 5610.1C ( P r o c
e d u r e s f o r C o n s i d e r i n g
Environmental I m p a c t s ) , FAA Order 1050.1C ( P o l i c i
e s and P r o c e d u r e s f o r
C o n s i d e r i n g Environmental I m p a c t s ) , and FAA
Order 5050.4 ( A i r p o r t
Environmental Handbook). Many EAls c o n t a i n a n a l y s e
s of a i r p o r t n o i s e ,
c o m p a t i b l e l a n d u s e , s o c i a l i m p a c t s , and
induced socioeconomic impacts. An
A i r p o r t Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y Program may
supplement, b u t i s n o t i n t e n d e d t o
r e p l a c e an EA i n meeting r e q u i r e d e n v i r o n m e n
t a l a n a l y s e s . S i m i l a r l y , an EA
may c o n t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t , p r o v i d e d i t
i s c u r r e n t , can be v a l u a b l e i n p u t s
t o d e v e l o p i n g a i r p o r t n o i s e e x p o s u r e maps
and a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y
programs. To t h e e x t e n t t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h
e EA i s a p p r o p r i a t e , such u s e
of e x i s t i n g s o u r c e s i s encouraged. See a l s o , p a r
a g r a p h 26 f o r a p p l i c a b i l i t y
o f NEPA t o P a r t 150.
Page 6 Chap 1
P a r 20

43. 24. FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS, PART 36. F e d e r
a l A v i a t i o n R e g u l a t i o n s ,
P a r t 36 c o n t a i n s n o i s e c e r t i f i c a t i o n s t a n d
a r d s f o r most a i r p l a n e t y p e s ,
g e n e r a l l y r e q u i r i n g newly d e s i g n e d and m a n
u f a c t u r e d a i r c r a f t t o be
s i g n i f i c a n t l y q u i e t e r t h a n o l d e r a i r c r a f t
. However, as a c e r t i f i c a t i o n
s t a n d a r d , P a r t 36 h a s no p r o v i s i o n s t o c o n t
r o l e i t h e r t h e o p e r a t i o n s o r
numbers of o p e r a t i o n s a t a n a i r p o r t i n o r d e r t
o s t a b i l i z e o r r e d u c e n o i s e
i m p a c t s . P a r t 1 5 0 works a s a compliment t o P a r t
36 by i n t e g r a t i n g t h e g a i n s
i n r e d u c e d a i r c r a f t n o i s e e m i s s i o n s i n t o
a n o v e r a l l n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y
program w i t h c o n t r o l s on b o t h a v i a t i o n n o i s e
and l a n d u s e s t o a s s u r e f u l l
i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a n d l o n g t e r m p r o t e c t i o n
t o b o t h t h e a i r p o r t and i t s
e n v i r o n s .
25. OMB A-95 NOTIFICATION AND REVIEW. O f f i c e of
Management and Budget
(OMB) C i r c u l a r No. A-95 e s t a b l i s h e d a p r o c e s s
whereby s t a t e and l o c a l
c l e a r i n g h o u s e s are n o t i f i e d of p r o p o s e d F e
d e r a l Grant-in-Aid p r o j e c t s and
o t h e r a s s i s t a n c e a c t i o n s . I n t e r e s t e d p a r t
i e s a r e p r o v i d e d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y
t o r e v i e w and e v a l u a t e t h e p r o p o s a l s i n a d
v a n c e i n t e r m s of t h e i r p o t e n t i a l
i m p a c t on o r c o n f l i c t w i t h s t a t e w i d e o r a r
e a w i d e comprehensive p l a n n i n g o r
upon t h e p l a n s and programs of l o c a l governments. The

44. A-95 p r o c e s s ( o r i t s
F e d e r a l o r s t a t e s u c c e s s o r ) n u s t ( o r s h o u
l d ) be used t o g i v e n o t i f i c a t i o n
and o p p o r t u n i t y f o r comment when F e d e r a l a s s i
s t a n c e i s i n v o l v e d . It d o e s
n o t , however, s u b s t i t u t e f o r t h e c o n s u l t a t i v
e p r o c e s s as r e q u i r e d by t h e
ASNA Act. Note a l s o t h a t A-95 w i l l be r e v i s e d o r
r e p l a c e d upon
i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f E x e c u t i v e Order 12372. See
p a r a g r a p h s 350-359 f o r
g u i d a n c e on C o n s u l t a t i o n s .
26. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT. FAA c o m
p l i a n c e w i t h t h e NEPA i s
c o n t r o l l e d by FAA Order 1050.1C, P o l i c i e s a n d P
r o c e d u r e s f o r C o n s i d e r i n g
E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t s . The FAA h a s d e t e r
m i n e d t h a t a p p r o v a l o r d i s a p p r o v a l
of a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y programs a r e "
c a t e g o r i c a l e x c l u s i o n s " t o t h e
r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l a s s e s s m
e n t under O r d e r 1050.1C.. The ASNA Act
r e q u i r e s a n a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y
program t o be e i t h e r approved o r
d i s a p p r o v e d w i t h i n 1 8 0 d a y s of r e c e i p t o r
i t w i l l be a u t o m a t i c a l l y approved.
Development of a n o i s e e x p o s u r e map o r n o i s e c o
m p a t i b i l i t y program d o e s n o t
r e p l a c e a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l a s s e s s m e n t b u t
c a n be used i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of
s u c h a n a s s e s s m e n t . E n v i r o n m e n t a l a s s e s
s m e n t l e a d i n g t o a f i n d i n g of no
s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t o r t o a n e n v i r o n m e n t a
l impact s t a t e m e n t must s t i l l be
c o n d u c t e d , where r e q u i r e d by a p p l i c a b l e p r

45. o c e d u r e s , p r i o r t o t a k i n g a n y
F e d e r a l i m p l e m e n t i n g a c t i o n s u c h as g r a n
t a p p r o v a l s o r c o v e r e d a i r t r a f f i c
a c t i o n s . Although t h e 1 8 0 d a y t i m e c o n s t r a i n
t d o e s n o t p e r m i t t h e normal
f e d e r a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l Impact Assessment p r o c e
s s , c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e
p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s r e m a i n s a n i n t e g r a l p a
r t o f t h e p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s . A i r p o r t
o p e r a t o r s s h o u l d f u l l y c o n s i d e r e n v i r o n
m e n t a l as w e l l a s n o i s e and l a n d u s e
c o n s e q u e n c e s i n d e v e l o p i n g a n a i r p o r t n o
i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y program.
27 .-29. RESERVED.
Chap 1
P a r 24 Page 7
SECTION 3. OVERVIEW
30. NOISE - ITS MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT. It i s
assumed t h a t u s e r s of
t h i s c i r c u l a r have a g e n e r a l t e c h n i c a l
background, b u t a r e n o t p r o f i c i e n t i n
n o i s e measurement, p a r t i c u l a r l y a v i a t i o n n o i s
e . C h a p t e r 2 i s devoted t o a
b a s i c d i s c u s s i o n of a v i a t i o n n o i s e and i t s
measurement and a s s e s s m e n t . Care
h a s been t a k e n t o a v o i d t e c h n i c a l l a n g u a g e
and t h e emphasis h a s been p l a c e d
upon p r a c t i c a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g . T h i s s h o u l d
e n a b l e t h e t y p i c a l u s e r t o

46. u n d e r s t a n d what i s i n v o l v e d ; t o estimate t h e s
i z e of t h e e f f o r t r e q u i r e d ;
how t o g a t h e r d a t a f o r t h e I n t e g r a t e d Noise
Model ( o r a n FAA approved
e q u i v a l e n t ) ; how t o i n t e r p r e t t h e n o i s e c o
n t o u r s ; how t o v a l i d a t e n o i s e
c o n t o u r s u s i n g n o i s e measurements; and how t o p
r e p a r e a n a i r p o r t n o i s e
e x p o s u r e map. FAA p e r s o n n e l a r e a v a i l a b l e
t o a s s i s t a s n e c e s s a r y .
31. SENSITIVITY OF LAND USES TO NOISE. D i f f e r e n t
u s e s of l a n d by people
e x h i b i t d i f f e r e n t s e n s i t i v i t i e s t o n o i s e .
Schools, r e s i d e n c e s , c h u r c h e s ,
p u b l i c h e a l t h f a c i l i t i e s , and c o n c e r t halls o
f t e n a p p e a r q u i t e s e n s i t i v e t o
n o i s e . By c o n t r a s t , f a c t o r i e s , warehouses, s t o
r a g e y a r d s , and open farmland
a r e r e l a t i v e l y i n s e n s i t i v e t o n o i s e . Other u
s e s , such a s o f f i c e s , shopping
c e n t e r s , r e c r e a t i o n a r e a s , o r h o t e l s , have i
n t e r m e d i a t e l e v e l s of n o i s e
s e n s i t i v i t y . I n o r d e r t o assist t h e u s e r s i n a
s s e s s i n g n o i s e
compatibility/noncompatibility i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e i
r a i r p o r t s , a t a b l e of
l a n d u s e s and t h e i r compatibility/noncompatibility w i t
h v a r i o u s l e v e l s of
n o i s e i s provided i n Appendix 1. However, t h e d e s i g
n a t i o n s i n t h i s t a b l e do
n o t c o n s t i t u t e a F e d e r a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h
a t any use of l a n d covered by t h i s
program i s a c c e p t a b l e o r u n a c c e p t a b l e under F
e d e r a l , s t a t e , o r l o c a l law.
The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e a c c

47. e p t a b l e and p e r m i s s i b l e l a n d u s e s
r e m a i n s w i t h t h e l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s . FllA d e
t e r m i n a t i o n s u n d e r P a r t 1 5 0 a r e
n o t i n t e n d e d t o s u b s t i t u t e f e d e r a l l y
determined l a n d u s e s f o r t h o s e .
d e t e r m i n e d t o be a p p r o p r i a t e by l o c a l a u t h
o r i t i e s i n r e s p o n s e t o l o c a l l y
d e t e r m i n e d needs and v a l u e s i n a c h i e v i n g n o
i s e c o m p a t i b l e l a n d u s e s . -
32. NOISE EXPOSUKE MAPS. FAR P a r t 1 5 0 , i n a c c o
r d a n c e w i t h t h e ASNA A c t ,
p r o v i d e s a n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r a i r p o r t p r o p
r i e t o r s t o submit Noise Exposure
Maps t o t h e FAA. Each such map i s a s c a l e d g e o g r a
p h i c d e p i c t i o n of a n
a i r p o r t , i t s n o i s e c o n t o u r s , and s u r r o u n d i
n g a r e a s . S p e c i f i c a l l y , P a r t 150
r e q u i r e s t h a t e a c h n o i s e e x p o s u r e map s h a l
l d e p i c t c o n t i n u o u s Ldn
c o n t o u r s f o r l e v e l s of 65, 7 0 , and 75. Within t h e
65 Ldn c o n t o u r , t h e
a i r p o r t p r o p r i e t o r i s r e q u i r e d t o i d e n t i f y
l a n d u s e s and t o d e t e r m i n e l a n d
u s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e
s t a n d a r d s and p r o c e d u r e s of
Appendix A of FAR P a r t 150. S e c t i o n s 150.21 and
A150.101 c o n t a i n o t h e r
s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s on t h e form and c o n t e n
t s of such maps.
Chap 1
P a r 30
Page 8

48. 33. NOISE COMPATIBILITY PROGRAMS. FAR P a r t 150 p
r o v i d e s f o r t h e
p r e p a r a t i o n and submission of Noise C o m p a t i b i l i
t y Programs i n a d d i t i o n t o
Noise Exposure Maps. The purpose of such a program i s t o s
e e k o p t i m a l
accommodation of b o t h a i r p o r t o p e r a t i o n s and
community a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n
a c c e p t a b l e s a f e t y , economic and e n v i r o n m e n t
a l parameters. That may be
accomplished by r e d u c i n g e x i s t i n g noncompatible l a
n d u s e s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of
t h e a i r p o r t and p r e v e n t i n g t h e i n t r o d u c t i o
n of new noncompatible l a n d u s e s
i n t h e f u t u r e . To t h a t end, t h e a i r p o r t p r o p r
i e t o r and o t h e r r e s p o n s i b l e
o f f i c i a l s s h o u l d c o n s i d e r a wide r a n g e of f e
a s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s of n o i s e
c o n t r o l a c t i o n s and l a n d u s e p a t t e r n s . A c h
e c k l i s t f o r p r e p a r i n g Noise
C o m p a t i b i l i t y Programs i s c o n t a i n e d i n
Appendix 2 .
34. SUBMISSION TO THE FAA. Completed A i r p o r t Noise
Exposure Maps and
A i r p o r t Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y Programs a r e s u b
m i t t e d by t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r
t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e FAA Regional D i r e c t o r .
They w i l l be g i v e n P r e l i m i n a r y
Review f o r a c c e p t a n c e f o r e v a l u a t i o n and t h e
n be g i v e n a f u l l e v a l u a t i o n .
D e t a i l s of t h i s p r o c e d u r e and of a i r p o r t o p e r
a t o r o b l i g a t i o n s f o l l o w i n g a n y
change i n t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e a i r p o r t which

49. might c r e a t e any s u b s t a n t i a l
i n c o m p a t i b l e l a n d u s e s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n S
e c t i o n s 150.23 t h r o u g h 150.35 of
FAR P a r t 150.
35. WITHDRAWAL OR REVISION. A t any t i m e b e f o r e
a p p r o v a l o r d i s a p p r o v a l of
a program, i t may be withdrawn o r r e v i s e d . Such a t e
r m i n a t i o n s t o p s t h e
180-day a p p r o v a l p e r i o d . A new e v a l u a t i o n i s
begun upon r e c e i p t of a
r e v i s e d program a n d , u n l e s s t h e FAA f i n d s t h
a t t h e r e v i s i o n s can be
i n t e g r a t e d w i t h o u t e x c e e d i n g t h e o r i g i n a
l a p p r o v a l p e r i o d , a new 180-day
a p p r o v a l p e r i o d i s begun.
36. PERIODIC REVIEW AND UPDATING. Growth and t r a n s
i t i o n i n urban l o c a t i o n s
c r e a t e p r e s s u r e s f o r changes t o zoning and o t h e r
c o n t r o l s e s t a b l i s h e d t o
a c h i e v e and p r o t e c t c o m p a t i b i l i t y . These s t i
m u l i a r e a l s o l i k e l y t o
g e n e r a t e g r e a t e r a v i a t i o n a c t i v i t y and a i r
p o r t r e q u i r e m e n t s w i t h c o n s e q u e n t
changes i n a i r p o r t n o i s e impacts. For t h e s e r e a s o
n s , P a r t 150 r e q u i r e s t h e
i n c l u s i o n of a s c h e d u l e f o r p e r i o d i c review
and u p d a t i n g of a i r p o r t n o i s e
c o m p a t i b i l i t y programs. Updating i s a l s o n e c e s s
a r y t o r e f l e c t i n c r e a s e d
o p e r a t i o n s a n d , w i t h t h e map, c o n t i n u e t h e
s a n c t i o n s under S e c t i o n 107 of
t h e ASNA Act.
a . A f t e r t h e p l a n i s adopted t h e r e i s a need f o r

50. t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r
and t h e l o c a l p l a n n i n g a g e n c i e s t o c o n t i n u
a l l y e v a l u a t e i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s
and t o i d e n t i f y t h o s e a s p e c t s of t h e p l a n
which may need improvement. T h i s
i n c l u d e s e v a l u a t i o n t o d e t e r m i n e i f
proposed implementing a c t i o n s a r e b e i n g
c a r r i e d o u t a s scheduled. For i n s t a n c e , i t should
i n c l u d e review of l a n d
a c q u i s i t i o n o r soundproofing p r o j e c t s and a s c e r
t a i n whether t h e y a r e
e f f e c t i v e , on s c h e d u l e , o r whether m o d i f i c a t
i o n s a r e n e c e s s a r y . Also,
o p e r a t i o n a l p r o c e d u r e s a d o p t e d a s p a r t of
t h e n o i s e c o n t r o l p l a n must b e
m o n i t o r e d t o a s s u r e t h a t t h e y a r e b e i n g
adhered t o . The r e s p o n s i b l e
o r g a n i z a t i o n , e i t h e r t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r
, t h e l o c a l p l a n n i n g a u t h o r i t y , o r
b o t h , should monitor a l l r e q u e s t s f o r changes i n
zoning, v a r i a n c e s , o r
s u b d i v i s i o n a c t i o n s w i t h i n t h e s t u d y a r e
a .
Chap 1
P a r 33 Page 9
b. P e r i o d i c o r f o r m a l r e v i e w s , at i n t e r v a l s
of t h r e e t o f i v e y e a r s o r
when t h e n o i s e e x p o s u r e map o r a i r p o r t master
p l a n i s u p d a t e d , should be
s c h e d u l e d and budgeted by t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o
r a s a n i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e
program. I n c l u d e d w i t h i n t h e f o r m a l i z e d r e v

51. i e w s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r a t i o n of
t h o s e problems o r d e f i c i e n c i e s i d e n t i f i e d d u
r i n g t h e m o n i t o r i n g p r o c e s s and
most n o t a b l y t h o s e p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e
performance of t h e p l a n . The r e v i e w
w i l l n o r m a l l y n o t be a s e x t e n s i v e a s t h e o r
i g i n a l e f f o r t b u t should
e s t a b l i s h whether t h e p l a n remains v i a b l e o r
what a c t i o n s a r e n e c e s s a r y t o
c o r r e c t e x i s t i n g o r f o r e c a s t d e f i c i e n c i e s
. The t y p e s of a c t i v i t i e s i n c l u d e d
i n t h e r e v i e w s h o u l d be:
( 1 ) A comparison of t h e c u r r e n t c o m p a t i b i l i t y
of t h e a i r p o r t and
i t s e n v i r o n s t o t h a t o u t l i n e d i n t h e
program's g o a l s and o b j e c t i v e s .
( 2 ) A p p r a i s a l of t h e r a t e of growth of b o t h t h e
community and
a i r p o r t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c u r r e n t and f u t u r
e adequacy of t h e c o m p a t i b i l i t y
p l a n .
( 3 ) Review of t h e a i r p o r t n o i s e e x p o s u r e map i
n l i g h t of b o t h
c u r r e n t and f o r e c a s t o p e r a t i o n s and t h e n o i
s e performance l e v e l s of
a i r c r a f t .
( 4 ) Review of t h e adequacy of c u r r e n t o p e r a t i o n a
l c o n t r o l s i n
m a i n t a i n i n g a i r c r a f t n o i s e w i t h i n t h e d e s
i g n a t e d n o i s e impact a r e a s .
( 5 ) Review of t h e adequacy of t h e adopted development c

52. o n t r o l s i n
p r o t e c t i n g t h e d e s i g n a t e d n o i s e impact a r e a
s from encroachment by n o i s e
s e n s i t i v e u s e s .
( 6 ) Review of t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e c o r r e c t
i v e a c t i o n s employed
i n r e s o l v i n g e x i s t i n g u n p r o t e c t e d n o i s e s
e n s i t i v e u s e s w i t h i n t h e n o i s e
i m p a c t a r e a s .
c . Revised Programs. Revised programs should be s u b m i t t
e d t o t h e
R e g i o n a l D i r e c t o r i n t h e same manner a s t h e o
r i g i n a l submission.
37.-199. RESERVED.
Chap 1
Page 10 P a r 36
CHAPTER 2. NOISE MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT
SECTION 1. NOISE FUNDAMENTALS
200. SOUND. T h i s s e c t i o n p r o v i d e s a c o n c e p t
u a l d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e
a c o u s t i c a l m e t r i c s which c o m p r i s e t h e FAA
approved "system" f o r a i r c r a f t
n o i s e measurement. The sound e x p e r i e n c e d i n o u r
e v e r y d a y l i v e s i s t h e
r e s u l t of o b j e c t s o r b o d i e s b e i n g s e t i n t o
v i b r a t i o n . T h i s v i b r a t i o n c a u s e s
a m o t i o n i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a i r r e s u l t i n g

53. i n a m i n u t e v a r i a t i o n i n
a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e c a l l e d "sound p r e s s u r
e . " T h i s sound p r e s s u r e forms t h e
b a s i s t o measure sound and is u s u a l l y e x p r e s s e d
a s a sound p r e s s u r e l e v e l i n
d e c i b e l s which a r e d i m e n s i o n l e s s u n i t s e x p
r e s s i n g l o g a r i t h m i c a l l y t h e r a t i o
o f two v a l u e s ( i . e . , a measured q u a n t i t y and a r
e f e r e n c e d v a l u e ) . Another
i m p o r t a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of sound i s i t s " f r e
q u e n c y . " The human e a r i s
s e n s i t i v e t o f r e q u e n c i e s r a n g i n g from 20 t o
20,000 h e r t z ( c y c l e s p e r
s e c o n d ) . The s i m p l e s t of a l l s o u n d s a r e t h o
s e composed of a s i n g l e
f r e q u e n c y . These s o u n d s are c a l l e d p u r e t o n
e s . However, t h e sounds t o
which p e o p l e a r e u s u a l l y exposed a r e much more
complex, s i n c e t h e y a r e
composed of many f r e q u e n c i e s , e a c h o c c u r r i n g
s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a t i t s own sound
p r e s s u r e l e v e l .
201. DECIBELS. Sound p r e s s u r e l e v e l i s a measure
of t h e a m p l i t u d e of t h e
s o u n d , w h i l e f r e q u e n c y r e l a t e s t o t h e s o u
n d ' s p i t c h . The r a n g e of sound
p r e s s u r e s of i n t e r e s t is r e p r e s e n t e d on t h e
low end by t h e t h r e s h o l d of
h e a r i n g of normal young p e o p l e and on t h e u p p e r
end by t h e n o i s e of g u n f i r e
a t c l o s e r a n g e . S t a t e d i n p h y s i c a l terms, t h i
s sound p r e s s u r e r a n g e i s
a p p r o x i m a t e l y from 0.00002 t o 2,000 p a s c a l s . It
i s c l e a r t h a t t h i s i s a
tremendous r a n g e of sound p r e s s u r e s . An a n a l o g o

54. u s problem would be t h a t of
m e a s u r i n g l e n g t h s r a n g i n g from one i n c h t o
1575 m i l e s . Because a c o u s t i c s
d e a l s w i t h t h e e f f e c t s of s m a l l c h a n g e s n e
a r t h e t h r e s h o l d of h e a r i n g a s
w e l l as t h e e f f e c t s of s m a l l c h a n g e s n e a r t h
e u p p e r end of t h e s c a l e , a
p r o p o r t i o n a l s c a l e is more a p p r o p r i a t e t h a n
a l i n e a r s c a l e t o h a n d l e t h i s
wide v a r i a t i o n i n sound p r e s s u r e . The s i m p l e s
t m a t h e m a t i c a l s c a l e a v a i l a b l e
f o r t h i s p u r p o s e i s t h e l o g a r i t h m i c o r d e c
i b e l s c a l e . A d e c i b e l (dB) i s
d e f i n e d a s t e n t i m e s t h e l o g a r i t h m ( t o t h e
b a s e 1 0 ) of a power o r i n t e n s i t y
r a t i o .
202. SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS. Sound p r e s s u r e l e v e
l i s e x p r e s s e d a s 1 0 l o g
( p 2 / p o ~ ) , where Po i s t h e r e f e r e n c e p r e s s u r
e and P i s t h e
d i f f e r e n t i a l p r e s s u r e of a sound o v e r t h a t of a
m b i e n t p r e s s u r e . T h i s i s
e q u i v a l e n t t o t w e n t y t i n e s t h e l o g a r i t h m
of t h e r a t i o of t h e p r e s s u r e s . It
i s a l s o i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t t h e r e f e r e n
c e p r e s s u r e h a s been
i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y s t a n d a r d i z e d a s 0.00002 p a s
c a l s , which i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e
t h r e s h o l d of human h e a r i n g . Because of t h e l o g a
r i t h m i c n a t u r e of t h e
d e c i b e l s c a l e , a sound p r e s s u r e l e v e l of 60 dB
c o r r e s p o n d s t o a p r e s s u r e ,
n o t 60 t i m e s t h e r e f e r e n c e p r e s s u r e , b u t 1
0 0 0 t i m e s t h e r e f e r e n c e p r e s s u r e .
Thus, 20 l o g (1000) = 20(3) = 60.

55. Chap 2
P a r 200 Page 11
203. A-WEIGHTED SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS (LA). Sound
i s a p h y s i c a l
phenomenon t h a t a f f e c t s many t h i n g s b e s i d e s p
e o p l e . ' However, when sound i s
- ~
measured i n o r d e r t o relate^ t o t h e r e a c t i o n s of p
e o p l e , it i s n e c e s s a r y t o
u s e a measure which r e l a t e s t o t h e way human b e i n
g s h e a r sound. It h a s been
found t h a t p e o p l e a r e more s e n s i t i v e t o h i g h e
r f r e q u e n c i e s ( t r e b l e ) t h a n
lower f r e q u e n c i e s ( b a s s ) . That i s , t h e human ear
d i s c r i m i n a t e s a g a i n s t
lower f r e q u e n c i e s . N a t u r a l l y i f w e want t o
measure sound i n a wa; which
c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e way p e o p l e h e a r sound we
want t o d u p l i c a t e t h e e a r ' s
d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . T h i s i s accomplished e l e c t r i c
a l l y u s i n g a d e v i c e c a l l e d a
" w e i g h t i n g network." Because unweighted sound p r e s s
u r e - l e v e l d i d n o t
c o r r e l a t e w e l l w i t h human a s s e s s m e n t of t h e

56. l o u d n e s s of sounds, w e i g h t i n g
n e t w o r k s were added t o sound l e v e l m e t e r s t o a t
t e n u a t e low and h i g h
f r e q u e n c y n o i s e t o a p p r o x i m a t e t h e r e s p o
n s e of t h e human e a r t o sound. One
o f t h e s e w e i g h t i n g networks was d e s i g n a t e d
"A" and was o r i g i n a l l y employed
f o r sounds less t h a n 55 dB i n l e v e l . Now it is used f o
r a l l l e v e l s . It i s
measured i n d e c i b e l s which a r e u s u a l l y d e s i g n
a t e d LA ( f o r m e r l y dBA).
A-Weighted Sound Level h a s been found t o c o r r e l a t e
w e l l w i t h p e o p l e ' s
s u b j e c t i v e judgment. Its s i m p l i c i t y and s u p e r i o
r i t y o v e r unwcighted sound
p r e s s u r e l e v e l i n p r e d i c t i n g p e o p l e ' s r e s
p o n s e t o n o i s e have made i t t h e
most w i d e l y used n e t r i c f o r a s s e s s i n g t h e
impact of a i r c r a f t n o i s e and f o r
comparing t h a t n o i s e w i t h o t h e r community n o i s e
s o u r c e s .
204. MEASUREMENT SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME. While t h e
A-weighted sound l e v e l
(LA) i s t h e b a s i c u n i t f o r most F e d e r a l , S t a t
e , and l o c a l n o i s e s t a n d a r d s ,
v a r i a t i o n s do e x i s t i n i t s method of measurement.

57. Sound l e v e l m e t e r s and
o t h e r n o i s e measuring systems a r e c a p a b l e of o p e
r a t i n g i n s e v e r a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c modes, such a s "slow," " f a s t , "
"impulse," and "peak."
. B a s i c a l l y , t h e s e modes d i f f e r i n t h e way i
n which t h e o u t p u t v a l u e
( i n d i c a t e d sound l e v e l r e a d i n g ) f o l l o w s r a
p i d changes i n t h e i n p u t sound
l e v e l . The h i g h e r speed r e s p o n s e s a r e o f t e n
u s e f u l i n a r c h i t e c t u r a l ,
i n d u s t r i a l and r e s e a r c h a c o u s t i c s . However, f
o r most community and
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n n o i s e s o u r c e s t h e "slow" r e s
p o n s e i s p r e f e r r e d since.
e x p e r i e n c e h a s shown t h a t i t p r o v i d e s t h e
most r e p e a t a b l e d a t a . Thus, i n
r e s p o n s e t o t h e ASNA Act r e q u i r e m e n t s , t h e
FAA u s e s a f a m i l y of r e l a t e d
n o i s e u n i t s based on t h e slow r e s p o n s e , A-
weighted sound l e v e l (LAS).
FAR P a r t 1 5 0 i n c o r p o r a t e d by r e f e r e n c e I n t
e r n a t i o n a l E l e c t r o t e c h n i c a l
Commission P u b l i c a t i o n No. 1 7 9 , e n t i t l e d " P r e
c i s i o n Sound Level M e t e r s , "
d a t e d 1973. T h i s document s p e c i f i e s t e c h n i c a l
s t a n d a r d s f o r b o t h t h e system
r e s p o n s e and t h e A-weighting network.
205.-219. RESERVED.
SECTION 2. NOISE MEASUREMENTS

58. 220. MEASURING SINGLE AIRCRAFT EVENTS. P a r t 1 5 0
s p e c i f i e s u s e of t h e s l o w
r e s p o n s e A-weighted sound l e v e l LA^ i n d e c i b e l s
f o r measuring s i n g l e
e v e n t s . Measurements of a i r c r a f t n o i s e made i n t
h i s u n i t can be d i r e c t l y
r e l a t e d t o sound l e v e l s of s u r f a c e t r a n s p o r t
a t i o n n o i s e s o u r c e s s i n c e
s t a n d a r d s f o r t h e measurement of n o i s e from t h e
s e o t h e r s o u r c e s a l s o u s e
LAs. Many communities t h r o u g h o u t t h e U.S. have l o c
a l n o i s e o r d i n a n c e s
which u s e t h i s u n i t . LAS i s a l s o t h e n e t r i c
used i n FAA Advisory
C i r c u l a r 36-3B, E s t i m a t e d A i r p l a n e Noise L e
v e l s i n A-Weighted D e c i b e l s .
Host U.S. and f o r e i g n a i r p o r t s w i t h n o i s e m o n
i t o r i n g systems p r o v i d e LA^
i n f o r m a t i o n . There i s a l s o a s i n g l e e v e n t i n
t e g r a t e d A-weighted sound
Chap 2
Page 1 2 P a r 2 0 3

59. l e v e l ( L m ) which i s d i f f e r e n t from t h e maximum
A-weighted sound l e v e l
(LAS) d e s c r i b e d i n p a r a g r a p h s 204 and 220. LAE
( s o m e t i m e s a l s o
known a s t h e Sound E x p o s u r e L e v e l ) is t h e l e v
e l of a n e q u i v a l e n t one-second
d u r a t i o n r e f e r e n c e s i g n a l . T h i s m e t r i c q
u a n t i f i e s t h e e f f e c t of b o t h
d u r a t i o n and m a g n i t u d e f o r a s i n g l e e v e n t
measured above a s p e c i f i e d
t h r e s h o l d . The L m i s sometimes b e s t u n d e r s t o
o d as t h e d o s e of n o i s e
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a s i n g l e e v e n t . A s u r v e y
program a t a n a i r p o r t which
p r o v i d e s a v e r a g e LAE d a t a f o r s p e c i f i c a i r
c r a f t t y p e c a t e g o r i e s c a n be
u s e d t o compute Ldn v a l u e s , one method of v a l i d a t
i n g computer g e n e r a t e d
n o i s e c o n t o u r s .
221. AIRPORT CUMULATIVE NOISE EXPOSURES. While p e
o p l e c e r t a i n l y r e s p o n d t o
t h e n o i s e of s i n g l e e v e n t s ( p a r t i c u l a r l y t o
t h e l o u d e s t s i n g l e e v e n t i n a
s e r i e s ) , t h e l o n g - r a n g e e f f e c t s of p r o l o n g
e d e x p o s u r e t o n o i s e a p p e a r t o
b e s t c o r r e l a t e w i t h c u m u l a t i v e m e t r i c s .
Such a u n i t p r o v i d e s a s i n g l e
number which is e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e t o t a l n o i s e e
x p o s u r e o v e r a s p e c i f i e d t i m e
p e r i o d . Thus, c u m u l a t i v e n o i s e u n i t s a r e
based on b o t h t i m e and l e v e l .
d a y - n i g h t a v e r a g e sound l e v e l ( L ~ , ) s p e c i f
i e d as t h e n o i s e m e t r i c f o r

60. c u m u l a t i v e e x p o s u r e u n d e r P a r t 1 5 0 is s u c
h a u n i t . S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e
Ldn i s t h e y e a r l y a v e r a g e of t h e A-weighted
sound l e v e l i n t e g r a t e d o v e r
a 24-hour p e r i o d . It a l s o i n c o r p o r a t e s a 1 0 dB s
t e p f u n c t i o n w e i g h t i n g
a i r c r a f t e v e n t s between 10:OO p.m. and 7:00 a.n. t o a
c c o u n t f o r t h e
i n c r e a s e d annoyance t o n o i s e d u r i n g t h e n i g h
t h o u r s .
The
t o
222. BASIC RECOMMENDED NOISE MEASUREMENT
SYSTEM. A recommended b a s i c
n o i s e measurement s y s t e m and s u g g e s t i o n s r e g
a r d i n g i t s u s e and m a i n t e n a n c e
i s i n c l u d e d i n Appendix 3 .
223. VALIDATION OF NOISE CONTOURS. One of t h e p r i
m a r y o b j e c t i v e s of many
n o i s e measurement programs is t o v a l i d a t e computer g
e n e r a t e d n o i s e c o n t o u r s .
The u n d e r s t a n d i n g of a few i m p o r t a n t c o n c e p
t s ( l i s t e d below) p r o v i d e s t h e
b a s i s f o r c u m u l a t i v e n o i s e e x p o s u r e e s t i
m a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s .
a . . Y e a r l y a v e r a g e a i r p o r t n o i s e e x p o s u r
e c o n t o u r s a r e e s t i m a t e s of
a c t u a l a v e r a g e a i r p o r t n o i s e e x p o s u r e .
b. A c t u a l a i r p o r t n o i s e e x p o s u r e a t any p o i
n t on t h e ground may be

61. a p p r o x i m a t e d by t h e e n e r g y a v e r a g e ( o v e r
a y e a r ' s t i m e ) of t h e d a i l y Ldn
v a l u e s f o r t h a t p o i n t .
c . The a c t u a l d a i l y Ldn v a l u e f o r any g i v e n l o
c a t i o n w i l l v a r y
f r o m d a y t o day. A l a r g e set of d a t a a c q u i r e d a
t Washington N a t i o n a l
A i r p o r t and D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t (
2 4 l o c a t i o n s o v e r 500 d a y s )
i n d i c a t e s t h a t s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s i n Ldn
are g e n e r a l l y 2 dB o r l e s s .
C t t p 2
P a r 220 Page 13
d. For d a i l y Ldn s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s of 2 dB, it
can be shown
from s i m p l e s t a t i s t i c a l t h e o r y t h a t a sample of
1 0 d a y s (Ldn) w i l l
p r o v i d e a n e s t i m a t e of t h e a c t u a l y e a r l y
Ldn a c c u r a t e w i t h i n 1 dB w i t h
90 p e r c e n t c o n f i d e n c e . his "sample of 10"r e q u i r
e m e n t i n v o l v e s the
a s s u m p t i o n t h a t measurements a r e conducted on
days when no b i a s e x i s t s i n
t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t i o n . I n o r d e r t o a s s u r e
"average" c o n d i t i o n s over t h e 1 0
d a y s , it i s recommended t h a t d a t a be a c q u i r e d f
o r each d i r e c t i o n of a i r p o r t
o p e r a t i o n i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e p r o p e r ( a n
n u a l ) p e r c e n t .

62. e. Thus one way t o e s t i m a t e t h e y e a r l y Ldn v a l u
e i s t o conduct 10
random ( r e p r e s e n t a t i v e ) 24 hour measurement s u r v
e y s . Measurement equipment
i s a v a i l a b l e which, l e f t u n a t t e n d e d , can
measure t h r e e c o n s e c u t i v e d a i l y
Ldn v a l u e s .
f . I n l i e u of c o n d u c t i n g 24 hour c o n t i n u o u s
measurements i n o r d e r t o
a c q u i r e a days Ldn d a t a , it is p o s s i b l e t o conduct
a s h o r t e r sample and
t h e n e s t i m a t e t h e Ldn. The method of e x t r a p o l a t
i o n must be c a r e f u l l y
documented and must d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e s h o r t
sample i s " r e p r e s e n t a t i v e " of
t h e a v e r a g e o p e r a t i o n d u r i n g t h e day. The r e
q u i r e m e n t of 10 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
d a y s remains a r e q u i r e m e n t f o r e s t i m a t i n g t h
e y e a r l y a v e r a g e Ldn. Two
" s h o r t e r t h a n 24 hour" sampling t e c h n i q u e s a r e
a v a i l a b l e . One i n v o l v e s
m e a s u r i n g t h e n o i s e d u r i n g a p e r i o d i n
which t h e mix of a i r c r a f t and t h e
n u ~ b e r of a i r c r a f t a r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of d a
i l y a v e r a g e v a l u e s . C a l c u l a t i o n s
a r e t h e n needed f o r t h e n i g h t t i m e w e i g h t i n g
and t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e p r e s e n t
n i g h t t i m e o p e r a t i o n s and c u r f e w r e s t r i c t i
o n s ( i f a p p l i c a b l e ) t o a r r i v e a t a n
e s t i m a t e of Edn f o r t h e day. The second t e c h n i q u
e i n v o l v e s q u a n t i f y i n g
a v e r a g e s i n g l e e v e n t LAE v a l u e s by a i r c r a f
t type. The a v e r a g e LAE
d a t a must r e f l e c t y e a r l y a v e r a g e v a r i a b i l i t
y f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r a i r c r a f t

63. t y p e . The y e a r l y a v e r a g e Ldn i s t h e n computed
from t h e mean LAE
d a t a a l o n g w i t h a knowledge of t h e a i r p o r t mix
and t h e d a i l y o p e r a t i o n s
s c h e d u l e . T h i s t e c h n i q u e however, i n v o l v e s
c e r t a i n d i f f i c u l t t o answer
q u e s t i o n s :
( 1 ) How many measurements a r e needed f o r each a i r c r
a f t t y p e ?
( 2 ) How many measurements on any one day?
( 3 ) How many t o t a l days of sampling?
Because of d i f f i c u l t y i n i d e n t i f y i n g a s t a t i s t
i c a l r a t i o n a l e , one nay choose
t o u s e t h e f i r s t t e c h n i q u e d e s c r i b e d i n t h
i s s u b p a r a g r a p h .
224. VALIDATION NOISE MEASUREMENTS VERSUS
MICRO-SAMPLE SURVEY PIEASUREMENTS.
I n any measurement program t h e r e is t h e t r a d e o f f t
o be c o n s i d e r e d between
t h e s i a t i s t i c a l c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l f o r t h
e meaasured d a t a and t h e a v a i l a b l e
manpower and time. I n s u r v e y work, t h e u s u a l o b j e
c t i v e i s t o a c h i e v e a
p r a c t i c a l 1 e v e l . o f a c c u r a c y a t many l o c a t i
o n s r a t h e r t h a n h i g h l y a c c u r a t e
d a t a a t a few. When c o n d u c t i n g a s h o r t s u r v e y
which i n c l u d e s numerous
m e a s u r e n e n t l o c a t i o n s and a s i n g l e
measurement system, one i m p l i c i t l y
Chap 2

64. Page 1 4 P a r 223
a c c e p t s t h e medium a c c u r a c y c o n f i d e n c e l e
v e l a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s u r v e y .
These survey-measured l e v e l s a c c u r a t e l y r e p r e s e
n t t h e a c o u s t i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t
a t t h e t i m e of t h e measurement. S h o r t s a m p l e s o
r s u r v e y s remain t h e most
e f f e c t i v e means ( g i v e n l i m i t e d t i m e o r r e s o
u r c e s ) f o r q u a n t i f y i n g t h e
m a g n i t u d e o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l n o i s e problems
which a f f e c t l a r g e a r e a s of a
m e t r o p o l i s . I f s u r v e y t y p e measurements a r e u
t i l i z e d , it i s i m p o r t a n t t o
i d e n t i f y them a s s u c h . I n p r e s e n t i n g s i n g l e
e v e n t s u r v e y d a t a one s h o u l d
i n d i c a t e means, s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s , and
sample s i z e s . Care s h o u l d be t a k e n
t o a v o i d a s s i g n i n g s t a t i s t i c a l c o n f i d e n c e
l i m i t s t o e s t i m a t e d d a i l y Ldn
v a l u e s b a s e d on s u r v e y d a t a u n l e s s t h e a n a
l y t i c a l and c o m p u t a t i o n a l p r o c e s s
i s c l e a r l y s e t f o r t h . T h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n i s
even more i m p o r t a n t when
e s t a b l i s h i n g a n e s t i m a t e of y e a r l y a v e r a g
e Ldn b a s e d on s u r v e y d a t a
a l o n e .
225. AIRCRAFT NOISE EXPOSURE PREDICTION
REFINEMENT PROCEDURE. The f l o w
d i a g r a m shown i n F i g u r e 1 s e t s o u t t h e p r o c
e s s by which FAA approved n o i s e
c o n t o u r s c a n be r e f i n e d . D e t a i l e d modeling r
e q u i r e m e n t s a r e p r o v i d e d i n

65. S e c t i o n 3 a l o n g w i t h FAA a p p r o v e d p r o c e d
u r e s and s t a n d a r d s . The key f e a t u r e
o f t h i s p r o c e s s i s t h e " f e e d b a c k loop" p r o v i
d e d by Ldn d a t a a c q u i r e d
e i t h e r from c o n t i n u o u s a i r p o r t n o i s e m o n i t
o r i n g s y s t e m s o r from l i m i t e d
f i e l d measurement programs. T h i s p r e d i c t i o n r e f i
n e m e n t p r o c e s s ( F i g u r e 1 )
a l l o w s t h e c o n t o u r a n a l y s t a c h a n c e t o r e
e v a l u a t e t h e i n p u t a s s u m p t i o n s and
s e e k a r e a s o n a b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r d i f f e r e
n c e s ( i f a n y ) between measured and
p r e d i c t e d v a l u e s . I f s u i t a b l e j u s t i f i c a t i
o n s can be p r o v i d e d , t h e a n a l y s t
r e r u n s t h e n o i s e p r e d i c t i o n n o d e l w i t h
new o r m o d i f i e d i n p u t s .
heo ore tic all^, s e v e r a l i t e r a t i o n s c o u l d be r u n
i f j u s t i f i e d on t h e b a s i s of
b e t t e r i n p u t a s s u m p t i o n s .
226. CONTINUOUS AIRPORT NOISE MONITORING
SYSTEMS. T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l
o p t i o n a l m e a s u r e s which may be u n d e r t a k e n a
s p a r t of a n a i r p o r t n o i s e
c o m p a t i b i l i t y program and which c a n enhance i t s e
f f e c t i v e n e s s . C o n t i n u o u s
a i r p o r t n o i s e m o n i t o r i n g s y s t e m s f a l l i n t
o t h i s c a t e g o r y . Such s y s t e m s can
p r o v i d e i m p o r t a n t i n p u t t o t h e p r o c e s s of
r e f i n i n g a i r p o r t n o i s e c o n t o u r s .
( C o n t a c t ME-120 f o r s p e c i f i c d e t a i l s ) . I n b
r i e f , any FAA a p p r o v e d n o i s e
m o n i t o r i n g s y s t e m would have t h e f o l l o w i n g
minimum c a p a b i l i t i e s :

66. a . P r o v i d e s c o n t i n u o u s measurement of dBA a t e
a c h s i t e .
b: P r o v i d e s h o u r l y Leq d a t a .
c . P r o v i d e s d a i l y Ldn d a t a .
d. P r o v i d e s s i n g l e e v e n t maximum A-weighted
sound l e v e l d a t a .
D e s i r a b l e b u t n o n e s s e n t i a l c a p a b i l i t i e s i
n c l u d e :
Chap 2
Page 15
P a r 224
AIRCRAFT NOISE EXPOSURE PREDICTION
L
Analysis
Input
Data I ,
I
C
11
FAA
Approval

67. -
12
7 7
1
4 R o p d prediction
model input adjustment
A
other FAA
approval
Noise Model
I1 __ Initial R w l t
(Iterrtlon 1)
Optlorul
additional refinement - Compare results
Refined Prediction
(I!errtlon 2) 1 1
Noisa Measurement
or 1 FAA Approved 1
FIGURE 1
Chap 2
Page 16 P a r 226

68. ( 1 ) A r r c r a f t e v e n t drscrrmrnat ron crbrlrty.
( 2 ) S r n g l e e v e n t LA^ d a t a f o r each a r r c r a f t e
v e n t .
( 3 ) D r f Ferent rar ron between ambrent and a r r c r a f t c
o n t r l b u t ~ o n s ta
h o u r l y Leq and Ldn.
(4) H o n l t o r r n g d a t a can be used t o d e v e l o p a s t
a t r s t r c a l d a t a
base o f nouse l e v e l s for each a i r c r a f t t y p e c a t e g
o r y .
227 .-229. RESERVED.
Chap 2
Page 1 7
P a r 226
SECTION 3. NOISE EXPOSURE .PREDICTION, ..
230. PREDICTION ANALYSIS TOOL. Only a computer-based
m a t h e m a t i c a l model i s
c a p a b l e of p r e d i c t i n g t h e n o i s e impacb a s s o c
i a t e d w i t h t h e o p e r a t i o n of a
complex a i r p o r t and p r o j e c t i n g t h a t i m p a c t t i
some f u t u r e pe;iod., FAA
a p p r o v a l of a model is c o n d i t i o n a l on t h e c a p a
b i l i t y of t h a t model t o
p r o d u c e t h e r e q u i r e d p u t p u t and t h e p u b l i c
a v a i l a b i l i t y of t h e model t o

69. p r o v i d e i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s ,the o p p o r t u n i t
y t o s u b s t a n t i a t e t h e r e s u 1 , t s .
Accuracy of a n o i s e p r e d i c t i o n model 1s measured by
t h e s t a t i s t i c a l
c o m p a r i s o n of t h e n o i s e e x p o s u r e c a l c u l a t
i o n s d e r i v e d from t h e d a t a b a s e and
o b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e n o i s e e m i t t e d d u r i n g o
p e r a t i o n s of similar a i r c r a f t
t y p e s . S t a t i s t i c a l l y a d e q u a t e s a m p l e s of o
b s e r v a t i o n s a r e o b t a i n e d o v e r
p e r i o d s of a y e a r o r more.
231. INTEGRATED NOISE MODEL (INM). The FAA's I n t e g
r a t e d N o i s e Model is t h e
s t a n d a r d p r e d i c t i o n a n a l y s i s t o o l t o which
a l l computer-based a i r p o r t n o i s e
e x p o s u r e models a r e compared. The I N M c a l c u l a t
e s t h e t o t a l impac; of
a i r c r a f t n o i s e a t o r a r o u n d a i r p o r t s .
Although t h i s n o i s e e x p o s u r e l e v e l
c a n be p r e s e n t e d i n c o n t o u r s of e q u a l n o i s e
e x p o s u r e f o r any one of t h e
f o l l o w i n g n o i s e m e a s u r e s ; N o i s e Exposure F
o r e c a s t ( N E F ), E q u i v a l e n t Sound
L e v e l ( L e q ) , Day-Night and Community Noise Average
Sound L e v e l ( L ~ ~ ) ,
E q u i v a l e n t L e v e l (CISEL); o n l y t h e Ldn i s
approved f o r u s e w i t h P a r t 150.
I n J a n u a r y 1 9 7 8 , t h e FAA r e l e a s e d V e r s i o n
1 of INM t o p r o v i d e a n a n a l y t i c a l
t o o l f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of e n v i r o n m e n t a l
i m p a c t s t u d i e s . I n September
1 9 7 9 , t h e FAA r e l e a s e d V e r s i o n 2, a n
improvement t o t h e f i r s t v e r s i o n , w i t h
a n expanded d a t a b a s e and a d d i t i o n a l i n p u t o p
t i o n s . V e r s i o n 3 r e f l e c t s

70. f u r t h e r enhancements i n t h e method of d e t e r m i n i n
g n o i s e i m p a c t s and i n t h e
d a t a b a s e of i n d i v i d u a l a i r c r a f t n o i s e and
performance. FAA h a s s h i p p e d
m a g n e t i c t a p e s of t h e INM t o government o f f i c e
s , c o n s u l t a n t s and v a r i o u s
f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s . Tapes a r e a l s o a l r e a d y i
n t h e p o s s e s s i o n of
s e v e r a l commercial computer t i m e - s h a r e v e n d o r s
, t h u s o f f e r i n g broad
a c c e s s i b i l i t y on n a t i o n a l and e v e n i n t e r n a t
i o n a l l e v e l s . Wider d i s t r i b u t i o n
i s e n v i s i o n e d f o r l a t e r v e r s i o n s which w i l l
be more r e a d i l y a d a p t a b l e t o a
v a r i e t y of l a r g e c o m p u t e r s . I n a d d i t i o n , t
h e FAA h a s c o n d u c t e d a n INM
v a l i d a t i o n p r o j e c t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e a c c u r
a c y of b o t h t h e c o m p u t a t i o n a l
methods a n d d a t a b a s e of t h e model by comparing t h e
model's n o i s e e x p o s u r e
c a l c u l a t i o n s w i t h measured l e v e l s . The f i r s t
phase of v a l i d a t i o n was a n
a n a l y s i s of a i r c a r r i e r f l i g h t s o v e r t h e m o
n i t o r i n g s y s t e m a t Washington
N a t i o n a l and D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t
. I n f o r m a t i o n on t h e c o n t i n u i n g
v a l i d a t i o n p r o j e c t , a v a i l a b i l i t y of I N M
documents and t a p e s can be o b t a i n e d
t h r o u g h t h e O f f i c e of Environment and Energy (AEE-
120).
232. INPUT REQUIREMENTS. The f i r s t s t e p i n r u n n i
n g a n a i r p o r t c a s e s t u d y
i s t o g a t h e r t h e n e c e s s a r y d a t a and o r g a n i z
e i t i n t h e way which i s
r e c o g n i z e d by t h e computer program. While t h e INM

71. and similar models a r e
accompanied w i t h s e t s of a i r c r a f t n o i s e and p e r f
o r m a n c e i n f o r m a t i o n ,
i n f o r m a t i o n on ' a i r p o r t g e o m e t r y and a i r c r
a f t movements is a l s o n e c e s s a r y .
Chap 2
P a r 230
Page 1 8
The g a t h e r i n g of i n f o r m a t i o n is a t i m e
consuming p r o c e s s . Care must be
t a k e n i n d e f i n i n g program i n p u t , e s p e c i a l l y
i n t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s i n which a
c l e a r c u t c h o i c e does n o t e x i s t among s i m i l a r
i t e m s . There i s a l s o t h e
problem of c o n f l i c t i n g e s t i m a t e s of t h e a i r p o
r t o p e r a t i o n s from t h e a i r p o r t
manager, tower c h i e f , a i r l i n e o p e r a t o r s and o t h
e r s . The f o l l o w i n g
i n f o r m a t i o n needs t o be o b t a i n e d f o r i n p u t t
o INM computer program:
a . A n a p of t h e a i r p o r t and i t s e n v i r o n s a t a n
a d e q u a t e l y d e t a i l e d
s c a l e n o t l e s s t h a n 1 i n c h t o 8,000 f e e t . It
should i n d i c a t e runway l e n g t h ,
a l i g n m e n t s , l a n d i n g t h r e s h o l d s , t a k e o f f
s t a r t - o f - r o l l p o i n t s , and f l i g h t
t r a c k s o u t t o a t l e a s t 30,000 f e e t from t h e end
of each runway. The
l o c a t i o n s of t h e nominal f l i g h t t r a c k s a r e i m
p o r t a n t . Exposure t o a i r c r a f t

72. n o i s e i s h i g h e s t d i r e c t l y u n d e r n e a t h t h e
f l i g h t p r o f i l e .
b. A i r p o r t a c t i v i t y l e v e l s and o p e r a t i o n a l d
a t a which w i l l i n d i c a t e ,
on an a n n u a l a v e r a g e - d a i l y - b a s i s , t h e
number of a i r c r a f t , by t y p e , which
u t i l i z e e a c h f l i g h t t r a c k , i n b o t h t h e day t i
m e (7:OO a.m. t o 10:OO p.m.)
and n i g h t t i m e (10 p.m. t o 7 a.m.) p e r i o d s f o r b o t
h l a n d i n g s and t a k e o f f s .
The I N M o f f e r s a wide s e l e c t i o n of a i r c r a f t t y
p e s from which t o choose.
However, t h e model does n o t c o n t a i n e v e r y c o n b i
n a t i o n of a i r c r a f t and e n g i n e
t y p e s . D e c i s i o n s on e q u i v a l e n t t y p e s must
be c a r e f u l l y t h o u g h t o u t with
r e s p e c t t o p o s s i b l e r a m i f i c a t i o n s t o t h e c
a l c u l a t i o n of exposure.
c. Landing g l i d e s l o p e s , g l i d e s l o p e i n t e r c e p
t a l t i t u d e s , and o t h e r
p e r t i n e n t i n f o r m a t i o n needed t o e s t a b l i s h
approach p r o f i l e s , a l o n g w i t h t h e
. e n g i n e power s e t t i n g f o r e a c h a i r c r a f t t y p
e t o f l y t h a t approach p r o f i l e .
d. Takeoff f l i g h t p r o f i l e s ( t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p
of a l t i t u d e t o d i s t a n c e
from s t a r t - o f - r o l l and a s s o c i a t e d e n g i n e
power s e t t i n g s f o r e a c h a i r c r a f t
t y p e t o f l y t h a t t a k e o f f p r o f i l e ) ; t h e s e d a
t a must r e f l e c t t h e use of n o i s e
abatement d e p a r t u r e p r o c e d u r e s and, i f a p p l i c
a b l e , t h e t a k e o f f 'weight of t h e

73. a i r c r a f t o r some proxy f o r weight such a s s t a g e l e
n g t h . The I N M d a t a base
c o n t a i n s a s e t of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p r o f i l e s f
o r each a i r c r a f t t y p e . The I N M
p r o f i l e s conform t o a w i d e l y used p r o c e d u r e .
However, l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s may
p r e c l u d e t h e u s e of t h e s e p r o f i l e s i n f a v o r
of a l o c a l s t a n d a r d p r o c e d u r e .
e. Any t o p o g r a p h i c a l o r a i r s p a c e r e s t r i c t i o
n s which p r e c l u d e t h e use
of a l t e r n a t i v e f l i g h t t r a c k s .
f . Government f u r n i s h e d d a t a d e p i c t i n g a i r c r
a f t n o i s e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The s t a n d a r d d a t a can be r e f
i n e d w i t h o n - s i t e measurements
by t h e p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n 2 3 4
.
g. A i r p o r t e l e v a t i o n , wind c o n d i t i o n s and a v
e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e .
233. ACCURACY. As i s t h e c a s e w i t h any computer
program o r w i t h any
p r e d i c t i o n method, t h e a c c u r a c y of t h e o u t p u
t of t h e I n t e g r a t e d Noise Model-
i s d i r e c t l y dependent upon the- a p p r o p r i a t e ~ e s s
, c o m p l e t e n e s s , and a c c u r a c y
of t h e i n p u t d a t a . Use a s i n p u t of a v e r a g e f l i
g h t t r a c k s , f l i g h t
p r o c e d u r e s , a i r c r a f t t y p e s and mix, and t h e s c
h e d u l e of o p e r a t i o n s can
Chap 2

74. P a r 232 Page 1 9
d e g r a d e t h e a c c u r a c y of t h e p r e d i c t e d c o n
t o u r s . F u r t h e r , t h e e f f e c t s of
l o c a l topography, w e a t h e r , b u i l d i n g s , e t c . , c
a u s e v a r i a t i o n s from p o i n t t o
p o i n t a l o n g a c o n t o u r . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e a
c c u r a c y of t h e INM computer n o i s e
p r e d i c t i o n model i n e s t i m a t i n g t h e y e a r l y a
v e r a g e Ld, v a l u e a t any
s p e c i f i c g e o g r a p h i c a l p o i n t has been e s t i m a
t e d t o be Ldn 75 c o n t o u r s + 3-
dB and Ldn 65 c o n t o u r s + 5 dB w i t h t h e a v e r a g e
e r r o r over a l l p o i n t s
a l o n g t h e c o n t o u r t e n d & towards z e r o .
2 3 4 . USE OF EEASUREMENTS
INREFINING/vALIDATING PREDICTIONS. On completion
of a n o i s e e x p o s u r e map, one may f i n d t h a t t h e
n o i s e c o n t o u r s v a r y somewhat
from measured c o n d i t i o n s due t o e x t e r n a l i n f l u
e n c e s t h a t a r e not &=counted
f o r i n t h e INM. T h i s problem i s n o t unexpected f o r
a s o p h i s t i c a t e d model
s u c h a s I N M , s i n c e i t is v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o
compensate and model f o r a l l t h e
v a r i a b l e s t h a t i n f l u e n c e t h e n o i s e
environment. I f a permanent and
c o n t i n u o u s n o i s e m o n i t o r i n g system i s i n p l
a c e , t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r may be
a b l e t o c a l i b r a t e t h e model s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r
t h a t a i r p o r t . The d a t a .
a c q u i s i t i o n w i l l a s s i s t t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t
o r i n i d e n t i f y i n g s p e c i f i c problem

75. a r e a s based upon o n - s i t e measurements. A n o i s e m o
n i t o r i n g system may a l s o
a l l o w t h e o p e r a t o r t o f i n e t u n e o r c a l i b r a
t e t h e o u t p u t of t h e INM f o r
s p e c i f i c c o n d i t i o n s t h a t c a n n o t o t h e r w i s
e be accounted f o r . Thus t h e
o p e r a t o r may be a b l e t o improve t h e n o i s e c o m
p a t i b i l i t y program and t h e
n o i s e e x p o s u r e map.
2 3 5 . NOISE COMPATIBILITY PREDICTION. D i f f e r e n
t u s e s of t h e l a n d have
d i f f e r e n t s e n s i t i v i t i e s t o n o i s e . I n d i v i d
u a l s may each have d i f f e r e n t
p e r c e p t i o n s of what i s an a c c e p t a b l e o r an i n t
r u d i n g l e v e l of n o i s e . The
background o r r e s i d u a l n o i s e a g a i n s t which a s p
e c i f i c n o i s e i s p e r c e i v e d
v a r i e s b o t h by l o c a t i o n and by time of day. Even t h
e s p e c i f i c s i t u a t i o n of
t h e r e c e i v e r , s u c h a s o u t d o o r , i n d o o r w i t
h windows open o r c l o s e d , a s w e l l
a s one's a c t i v i t y of t h e moment a f f e c t t h e p e r c
e p t i o n of a n o i s e a s
i n t r u d i n g o r n o t i n t r u d i n g . R e g a r d l e s s of
t h e human a c t i v i t y , however, t h e
a s s o c i a t e d n o i s e s e n s i t i v i t y must be t r a n s l
a t e d i n t o a l a n d use c a t e g o r y f o r
p l a n n i n g and r e g u l a t o r y p u r p o s e s . The ASNA
Act r e q u i r e s t h e FAA t o i d e n t i f y
l a n d u s e s t h a t a r e "normally compatible" o r
"noncompatible" w i t h v a r i o u s
l e v e l s of n o i s e e x p o s u r e by i n d i v i d u a l s .
This was done i n P a r t 150 and i s
used i n d e v e l o p i n g and r e v i e w i n g a i r p o r t n o
i s e exposure maps and a i r p o r t

76. n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y programs. It i s i m p o r t a n t
t o r e c o g n i z e , however, t h a t
l a n d u s e g u i d e l i n e s ( e v e n t h o s e a d o p t e d
by r e g u l a t i o n ) a r e a p l a n n i n g t o o l
and a s s u c h p r o v i d e g e n e r a l i n d i c a t i o n s a s
t o whether p a r t i c u l a r l a n d u s e s
a r e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c e r t a i n measured o r c a l c
u l a t e d n o i s e e x p o s u r e l e v e l s .
2 3 6 . BASIS FOR NOISE COMPATIBILITY. The a d v e r s e
e f f e c t s of n o i s e e x p o s u r e
on people can be grouped i n t o t h r e e g e n e r a l c a t e g
o r i e s : d e g r a d a t i o n of
h e a l t h , a t t i t u d i n a l r e a c t i o n s , and a c t i v i t y
i n t e r f e r e n c e . The f i r s t
c a t e g o r y , which i n c l u d e s h e a r i n g l o s s , i s n
o t normally e n c o u n t e r e d from
a i r c r a f t s o u r c e s a t any p o i n t o u t s i d e t h e a i
r p o r t boundary. However, t h e
n o i s e l e v e l s d e f i n i n g t h e t h r e s h o l d s of i n
t e r f e r e n c e with n o i s e - s e n s i t i v e
human a c t i v i t i e s , s u c h a s s l e e p and speech t h r e
s h o l d s , a r e lower and a i r p o r t
n o i s e can a f f e c t c o m p a t i b i l i t y o r n o n c o m p
a t i b i l i t y .
a . I n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h human a c t i v i t y . These
may g e n e r a l l y be grouped
a s s l e e p i n t e r f e r e n c e ; s p e e c h i n t e r f e r e n
c e ; i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h s t u d y ,
c o n c e n t r a t i o n , o r c r i t i c a l t a s k s ; i n t e r f e r
e n c e w i t h t h e performing a r t s ;
i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h o u t d o o r a c t i v i t i e s ; and
i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h warning sounds.
Chap 2