The document discusses different ways that media can influence audience responses and behavior. It provides examples of how music videos, advertisements, and news articles can shape audience perspectives. Documentaries aim to inform audiences on important issues, though some can exhibit bias. Theories of media effects are also examined, including uses and gratification theory in which audiences seek media to fulfill needs, hypodermic needle theory which suggests media can directly influence passive audiences, and theories of active and passive audience consumption and interpretation of media messages. North Korea's strict control over its population's media is used as an example of the hypodermic needle effect.

1. Learning Outcome Three: Audience responses and behaviour
In order for media products to be successful, they have to be able to make their target audience
believe in their product and respond correctly to it. Music video’s do this by having the artist
expressing meaningful messages through their lyrics which the audience can relate too. Advertisers
send out powerful messages through their adverts (usually about why their product is a must have,
or why their product is unique and better from other similar products) which captivate the audience
and make them think about the product. The intention of a documentary is for it to be informative,
so that the audience watching it can be informed and learn about important matters or facts that
they may not have known about or known about incorrectly.
A brilliant example of how media can control its audience’s behaviour and response would be an
article that appeared on the news not long ago. This article was released a week after the Boston
bombings. The article talked about how the news media in general these days only informed their
audience about big events going on in the world such as the Boston bombings, which received
massive media coverage for the world to see. The article then compared this to the fact that each
year in America alone, thousands of youths die from knife and gun crime and the media barely
covers it. This example shows how the news media in this case controls the audience’s behaviour
and response by showing the audience big news stories, rather than everything that is happening in
the world. It makes sense why they do this though, “Bad news sells more than good news”.
Another great example of how media can control the responses and behaviour of its audiences
would be North Korea. North Korea blocked out the rest of the world’s media (most internet
websites such as YouTube and TV and news media). They then created their own TV shows and news
(allot made up) to mould their audience (North Koreas) population into supporting North Korea’s
propaganda which is constantly aired. In a way they are being brain washed by North Korea’s media.
This example shows how media can be used as a dangerous tool.
Documentaries main priority is to inform and get a response (audiences concluding and deciding for
themselves at the end of the documentary) from the audience. Documentaries main functions are
too inform, or give the audiences an understanding of a matter. Documentaries usually are nearly
always informative informing their audiences of matters (usually negative impact matters, to
generate more popularity and a bigger audience) going on in the world or teaching facts to an
audience (for example, Planet Earth which teaches people about Earth).
Unlike news media, documentaries usually stick to reliable facts when they are discussing matters
and don’t exaggerate about things which is what a lot of news media does. You do occasionally get a
documentary that (usually having a debate about a matter, for or against) is biased more, or
completely towards one side of the argument which is an unfair thing to do and is often criticised by
the audience. In general though most documentaries stick to truth, facts aren’t exaggerated and
aren’t biased. This is why the audience enjoys them, because it’s teaching you and also giving you
the facts without exaggeration or lies. It makes the audience feel more comfortable to know they
aren’t being messed around with the information they are being told.
There are three key theories which explain how an audience use and interpret the media industry. I
will discuss each one below in detail.

2. Uses and Gratification:
Uses and gratifications theory attempts to explain the uses and functions of the media for
individuals, groups, and society in general. There are three objectives in developing uses and
gratifications theory: 1) to explain how individuals use mass communication to gratify their needs.
“What do people do with the media”. 2) To discover underlying motives for individuals’ media use.
3) To identify the positive and the negative consequences of individual media use. At the core of
uses and gratifications theory lies the assumption that audience members actively seek out the mass
media to satisfy individual needs.
We can also use it to
1:Cognitive needs, including acquiring information, knowledge and understanding;(the key
reason for and audience to watch a documentary)
2:Affective needs, including emotion, pleasure, feelings;
3:Personal integrative needs, including credibility, stability, status;
4:Social integrative needs, including interacting with family and friends; and
5:Tension release needs, including escape and diversion.
Hypodermic Needle:
The theory suggests that the mass media could influence a very large group of people directly
and uniformly by ‘shooting’ or ‘injecting’ them with appropriate messages designed to trigger a
desired response.
Both images used to express this theory (a bullet and a needle) suggest a powerful and direct
flow of information from the sender to the receiver. The bullet theory graphically suggests that
the message is a bullet, fired from the "media gun" into the viewer's "head". With similarly
emotive imagery the hypodermic needle model suggests that media messages are injected
straight into a passive audience which is immediately influenced by the message. They express
the view that the media is a dangerous means of communicating an idea because the receiver or
audience is powerless to resist the impact of the message. There is no escape from the effect of
the message in these models. The population is seen as a sitting duck. People are seen as passive
and are seen as having a lot media material "shot" at them. People end up thinking what they
are told because there is no other source of information.

3. Passive and Active Audience Consumption:
An active audience is one that actively engages with the text. They do not simply accept
every media message. They question what they see and develop their own interpretation of
a media product based on their life experiences, education, family and cultural influences.
‘Bottom up’ theories generally assume an active audience. Theories such as “Uses &
Gratification” and “Postmodernist theory” assume that audiences are active.
A passive audience does not actively engage with a media text. A passive audience is one
that does not question the message that the media is sending and simply accepts the
message in the way the media outlet intended.‘Top down’ theories of media influence tend
to assume that audiences are passive. Theories such as “Bullet/Hypodermic” and “Agenda
Setting Function” assume audiences are passive.
The uses and gratification theory applies to almost every documentary. Nearly every
documentary’s aim is to educate and inform its audience of a matter. Cognitive needs
(Acquiring knowledge, information and understanding) are within the “uses and
gratification” theory relates best to documentaries. For example, BBC’s Blue planet would
fall into this theory because it aims to show and inform (teach) the audience.
A great example for the Hypodermic needle would be North Korea. North Korea who
separates themselves from most of the world has to keep their population under control, to
stop a rebellion. To do this they block out any kind of media contact with outside of North
Korea (TV, Newspapers, internet radio ect…). North Korea then has control over their own
media so they can constantly air propaganda and control what is aired and what is not. This
is a massive example of the Hypodermic needle theory because North Korea are pumping a
single message (North Korea are the “good guys” and the rest of the world are “bad”) at a
constant rate into the viewer’s brain. In a way they are being brain washed.