biology

1. THEME : INVESTIGATING THE PHYSIOLOGY OF LIVING THINGS
TOPIC 7.0 : RESPIRATION
LEARNING OBJECTIVE REMARKS
1. Understanding the respiratory process in energy
production
2. Analysing the respiratory structures and breathing
mechanisms in human and animal
3. Understanding the concept of gaseous exchange
across the respiratory surfaces and transport of
gaseous in human.
4. Understanding the regulatory mechanism in
respiration
5. Realising the importance of maintaining a healthy
respiratory system
6. Understanding respiration in plants

2. 7.1 Understanding the respiratory process in energy production
Figure 7.1
1.The above diagram shows an active activity. Energy is needed for contraction and
relaxation of the skeletal muscle during this activity. Other than that, what is the
necessity of energy to the living organism?
a Cell division
b Active transport
c Synthesis of lipid
d Maintaining of body temperature
2. i) Energy produce from the glucose oxidation process based from the equation below.
Complete the equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2+6H2O+ENERGY
ii) State the process.
Anaerobic respiration
3. i) During active activity, the skeletal muscle cramps . Why this situation happen?
• The excess oxygen is used than the rate of oxygen supplied
• Anaerobic respiration happen in muscle cell
• The accumulation of lactic acid to cause muscle tiredness.

3. ii) What is the mechanisme happen to discover this condition (anaerobic
respiration)
a. Ventilation rate increase
b. The breathing rate increase/panting to get more oxygen and expel of
carbon dioxide.
c. Heartbeat rate pumped oxygenated blood to the body cell for oxidize the
accumulated lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water.
4 i) Aaerobic respiration in plant or … yeast fermentation is glucose oxidation
without ..oxygen produced… ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy.
Complete the equation below:
ii) C2H5OH …2C2H5OH + 2CO + energy
zimase enzyme
Suggestion experiment anaerobic respiration in yeast page 85 practical book.
Comparison between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration Aspect Anaerobic respiration
1.Need oxygen Presence of oxygen No need oxygen
2.Complete Glucose oxidation Not complete
3.Water, CO2 and energy Product Animal : lactic acid and
energy
Plant : ethanol, CO2 and
energy
4. 36 ATP Sum of ATP produced 2ATP. Some of the energy
store in lactic acid or
ethanol
5.Mitochondrion Location cytoplasm
Similarities between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration
1.Cell respiration
2 oxidation of glucose
3 production of energy
4.Catalysed by enzyme

4. 7.2 Analyze the respiration structure and mechanism of breathing in living
organism.
Suggestion activity
The adaptive characteristic of respiration surface for gas exchange.
Manila card A Manila card B
i)When all the cylinder in manila card B was opened and combined, it will formed a long
manila card. Compare the sum of surface area between card A and B .
……… Surface area of A is larger than B
ii)What is the important for organism has sum of surface area per volume that is big?
…… Exchange of gaseous occur efficiently
iii)Relate the total of surface area with the efficiency of respiration gaseous exchange
process.
…… Larger the total surface area more efficient the exchange of gaseous on the
respiration surface

5. Diagram 7.2.1
The diagram shows the structure of respiration surface in organisms.
i) How the big total surface area per volume in the organisms respiration
structure can be achieved ?
a. Amoeba : microscopic size can increase the JLP/I
b. Insect : Trachea system that consist of small vessel called
tracheal that can increase the JLP/I
c. Frog : A lot of blood capillaries under the skin. Lung with 2 air
sac with the thin membrane.
d. Human :Numbers of alveolus.(7-9 million of alveoli)
e. Fish : Lamellae richly with blood capillaries

6. Generally the respiratory structures of most organism are :
A. Has a large total of surface area .
B. Moist surface area
C. One cell thick
D. Dense network of blood capillary
iii)The external respiration consist inhalation and exhalation mechanisms.
Diagram 7.2.2 A and 7.2.2 B show a rib cage mechanism model for inhalation and
exhalation process. Lable the part that represent by the structure below:
Inhalation mechanism
A B
C
Diagram 7.2.2
Diagram 7.2.2A shows a rib cage and diaphragm muscle during inhalation. Diagram B
shows a rib cage model and diagram C shows a rib cage model during inhalation.

7. Diagram A Diagram B Diagram C
• External intercostals
muscle contract
• The rib cage move
upward and curve
• Diaphragm muscle
contract , diaphragm
become flattens .
• Volume of air in
thoracic cavity
increase, air
pressure decrease.
• High air pressure
inhale from outside
• AD rubber band
elongate B C
extend
• Rubber sheets
represent
diaphragm flattens
• Balloon expands
Complete this inhalation mechanism in sequence.
Diaphragm muscles contract
Air volume in the thoracic cavity increase
…Pressure of the thoracic cavity is decrease
High atmospheric pressure on the outside forces air into the lung

8. J K
L
Figure 7.2.2(B)
Figure 7.2.2B shows rib cage and diaphragm muscle during exhalation. J shows a rib
cage and K shows a rib cage model and L is a model of lungs during exhalation.
Figure J Figure K Figure L
• External intercostal
muscle relax while
internal intercostal
muscles contract
• Ribs move downwards
and inwards
• Diaphragm muscle
relax and dome
shaped.
• Air volume of thoracic
cavity decreases
• Air pressure in
thoracic vital
increases
• High air pressure
moves out from the
thoracic cavity into the
• AC rubber band
relax and extend
• BD rubber band
contract and
elongate
• Diaphragm muscle
relax and dome
shaped
• Balloon contract

9. atmosphere
Complete the exhalation mechanism below in sequence.
Exhalation Mechanism
Air volume inside the thoracic cavity decreases
Air pressure in the thoracic cavity increases
High pressure inside the lungs forces air out of the lungs

10. 7.1 Analysing the concept of exchange respiration gaseous on respiration surface
and transportation in human .
Diagram below shows the exchange of gaseous in the lungs and the blood
transportation to the cell. Study the figure below and complete the sequence of
transportation process of oxygen and CO2 to the cell.
In alveolus, high partial pressure of oxygen
Oxygen diffuse into the blood capillaries
Oxygen combine with the haemoglobin form oxyhaemoglobin
Oxyhaemoglobin transport to the cells
In cell low partial pressure of oxygen
oxyhaemoglobin breaks down and releases oxygen and haemoglobin

11. haemoglobin combines with carbon dioxide to form
carbaminohaemoglobin
In blood cappilary near the alveolus wall
Carbaminohaemoglobin breaks down to
carbon dioxide….and…haemoglobin
Beside that CO2 is carried to the lungs in form:
i) bicarbonate ions (high of carbon dioxide carried to the lung)
ii) carbonic acid
The difference between the exchange of the respiration gaseous in alveolus while
breathing and across the respiration surface .
The gaseous exchange across the
alveolus while breathingin the lung
The gaseous exchange across the surface
of the alveolus and blood capillaries
Requires inhalation and exhalation
mechanism
Diffusion
The difference of air pressure in the lungs
and the environment
The difference partial pressure of oxygen
and carbon dioxide / gaseous
concentration
Requires breathing mechanism Requires cell respiration/aerobic
respiration

12. 7.3 UNDERSTANDING THE REGULATORY MECHANISM IN RESPIRATION
(1) Introduction:
*While relaxing, the exchanges of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in normal
rate.
*When we carrying a vigorous exercise , more oxygen is needed by the body
tissues and at the same time , more carbon dioxide is produce.
• This situation need to be control , so there is no lack of oxygen in our body.
• A regulatory mechanism occurs to maintain the concentration of oxygen
and carbon dioxide to the normal level.
(2) Effects of the vigorous exercise to the rate of respiration and the heart beat.
(a) Suggestion activity Reference
Experiment 7. 8 : To study the effects of vigorous
exercise on the breathing and heartbeat rates .
Practical book , page 97
(b) Based on the experiment, answer the questions below.
(i) What is the relation between the vigorous exercise and the rate of respiration
and the heart beat?
The vigorous exercise increases the rate of respiration and the heart beat.
.....................................................................................................................................
(ii) What is the correlation between increasing the rate of respiration and the heart
beat with the oxygen and carbon dioxide content in the body?
When the rate of respiration and the heart beat increases, the content of
oxygen and carbon dioxide also increase.
…………………...........................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

13. (3). The relation between rate of respiration with the content of oxygen and
carbon doxide in the body.
(a) Fill in the blanks :
• Vigorous exercise ----------> the rate of respiration ...increase................
• The rate of respiration correlate with ...oxygen and carbon dioxide content
in the body..........................
• While doing vigorous exercise, the concentration of oxygen in the blood
is ....decrease.....because more oxygen is used to the cell respiration to
produce more energy.
Instead, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood..increase..............
because of the increasing rate of.....respiration...... .......................... which
produce carbon dioxide .........
• When the concentration of carbon dioxide .increase............, a
..regulatory mechanism......will occur to increase the rate of breathing.
More oxygen is inhaled, send to all parts of the body faster
and carbon dioxide send to the lungs for eliminated.

14. Figure7.4.1 The regulatory mechanism of oxygen and carbon dioxide content
in the body
The respiratory center is located in the
medulla oblongata of the brain. Central
chemoreceptors detected the drop in Ph
in blood and the tissue fluid bathing the
brain ( cerebrospinal fluid)
Cerebrospinal
fluid .
(a) detected the drop of
oxygen concentration in blood
(b) detected the drop/rise of
carbon dioxide concentration
(c) detected the changes of
pH level in blood
The rate of
heartbeat
increase
Ventilation rate
increase
The breathing rate
increase (faster
breathing) more oxygen
inhaled and more carbon
dioxide eliminated
Cemoreceptor in
medulla oblongata
Carotid body
Respiratory
center
Aortic
bodies
Intercostal
muscles contract
Carotid artery
Impulse sent
Nerve impulse
diaphragm

15. (4) The regulatory mechanism of oxygen and carbon dioxide content in the body .
(4.1) Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.
(a) During vigorous exercise , the concentration of the carbon dioxide in the blood
increases and detected by
• Central chemoreceptors.........................................
• .peripheral chemoreceptors..................................
(b) The drop of blood pH is dangerous. Then the regulatory mechanism occur to
maintain the pH level.
(c) The changes of pH detected by specific cell :
• .chemoreceptors.. (sensory cell which sensitive to chemical substances )
located in medulla oblongata.
(d) The changes of oxygen concentration in blood regulated by
• Peripheral chemoreceptor in aorta.
• That is ..carotid bodies... and ....aortic bodies..............
(e) Peripheral chemoreceptor is also sensitive to the changes of carbon dioxide
and pH in the blood.
4.2 ( a ) What will control the breathing process?
The breathing process is controlled by .....medulla oblongata......( a part of the brain)
The nerve cell is called ....central.chemoreceptors.........in...the medulla
oblongata........,will send the impulse to stimuli intercostals muscles ..and the
diaphram.... to contract .
This reaction causes .......inhalation......and exhalation process.

16. (b) When we are doing active activity such as swimming, exercise, aerobic, running,
hiking and play badminton
The rate of ..respiration increase...
The concentration of carbon dioxide in blood will increase H+
ions in the blood
pH rise
CO 2 + H 2O H 2 C O 3 H + + HCO 3-
(carbonic acid )
( carbon dioxide dissolved in water and formed to carbonic acid ,and then breaks down
to hydrogen ion and carbonate ion.

17. (c)Breathing regulatory mechanism by central chemoreceptors
Complete the figure 8.4.2 below.
Figure 8.4.2
(c)
[Note: Ventilation is the gaseous exchange within the blood and air in the alveolus].
(d) Regulation by peripheral chemoreceptors
Complete figure 8.4.3 below.
Rajah 8.4.3
5. Gerak balas
6.
7.
Concentration of
CO 2 increases
from the normal
level
CO2 H2O H+ HCO3-
Central
chemoreceptor
stimulated
Breathing rate
and depth
increase to
eliminate
carbon dioxide
and to supply
more oxygen
Concentration of
CO2 become to
the normal level
Blood pH
...increase...
nerve
impulse
+
+
+
The concentration of
O 2 is lower than
normal level.
Peripheral
chemoreceptors
stimulated
(Eg:
.....carotid bodies..
Central
chemoreceptor
stimulated
Heart
Respiration
muscles
Rate of heart beat
increases
Rate of breathing
increases
The concentration
of O2 increase to
normal level
impulse

18. 5.The human respiratory response and rate of respiration in different
situations.
(a) While resting:
• The breathing rate is within the normal range 18 to 20 breaths per minute.
• The heartbeat rate is between 60 to 70 beats per minute.
• The normal concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide is normal range
(b) Vigorous exercise:
( swimming ,running, aerobic, hiking and playing badminton)
• Energy produced from cell respiration . Glucose oxidation requires
oxygen Hence the respiration rate will increase to support
the excessive energy. This causes the breathing rate
.....increase......to increase the gaseous exchange rate .More oxygen
inhaled and more carbon dioxide is removed from the cell.
• Heart beat rate .increase and the gaseous exchange .. become faster
to deliver more oxygen and glucose to the cells for oxidation
process which produced energy. Carbon dioxide from the cell respiration
is deliver more faster to the lungs to eliminates .Hence.breathing rate....
correlate with ..heart beat rate..
(c) Fear
• Breathing rate ...increase..... to meet the demand of higher .oxygen... inhales.
• The heart beat rate .increase... so that more oxygen delivered by blood to
the muscles
• Respiration cell rate .increase... ,supply excessive energy and help man
react in the condition of fearful....
• More Adrenalin hormone secretes by the adrenal gland to increase
# breathing rate
# heart beat rate
# increases the blood delivering to the brain
# stimulated glycogen convert to glucose
The concentration
of Carbon dioxide
increase in the
body

19. 7.5 UNDERSTANDING RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
7.5.1 AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Think it !
• Does the plant have respiration ?. If yes, name the types of respiration?
• What substances require to the plants respiration?
• State the name of the respiration gaseous ?
• How the gaseous diffused to the plant?
• Why plants need the respiration process?
i. Figure 8.51(a) shows the stem structure in the old plants and figure 8.51(b)
shows common structure in the leaf. Both structures included in respiration process .
Observe figure 8.51(a) and 8.51(b). Try to define the structure and label it
Figure 8.51 (a) Figure 8.51(b)
Lenticel on the stem. Stomata on the leaf
ii. On figure 8.51(a) and 8.51(b) labels structure X, Y and Z.
RAJAH 8.51
RAJAH 8.51
X
Y Z
Guard cell
stomata
lenticel

20. Figure 8.52
iii. On figure 8.51(b) and 8.52 draw the arrow with the label to show the pathway of
gaseous exchange in a leaf.
key :-
the pathway of oxygen diffusion
the pathway of carbon dioxide eliminated
FIGURE 8.52 : Shows cross sectional diagram of leaf
Oxygen diffuse through the plants into the cells.
FIGURE 8.53 : A plant cell
Nucleus
NuCkleus
Organelle
MMMMMMM
M Vakuole
Palisade mesophyll cell
Air space
chloroplast
Cuticle
epidermis

21. iv. Figure 8.53 shows a plant cell. Base on the figure 8.53
suggest how oxygen is used in M organelle?
In the presence of oxygen, glucose is oxidesed to release energy,carbon dioxide and
water
.v State the equation (wording) of the process occurs in the M organelle.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------------- 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
vi. State the uses of the product from that process for plants.
Carbon dioxide and water is the reactants for photosynthesis in the plants.
8.52 AEROBIC RESPIRATION
i. Base on the above statement, explain the inference .
Plants cells do carry out both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
ii. Write down the reaction equation of the process occurs in the root cell in the
waterlogged condition.
C6H12O6 ------------- 2C2H5OH + 2 CO2 + energy
Crops like corn could live several hours in mud. The root of soy beans
could live within 30 minutes only in anaerobic condition. Therefore
crops like paddy could live in the waterlogged.

22. 7.53 COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND
RESPIRATION.
Sunlight heat
Chloroplast Mitochondrion
FIGURE 8.55
Figure 8.55 shows photosynthesis and respiration process in chloroplast and
mitochondrion .
i. Observe figure 8.55 and complete the table and answer the questions below :-
PHOTOSYNTHESIS COMPARISON ASPECT RESPIRATION
Living cell that contains
chloroplast
Cell involved All living cell
chloroplast Organelle involved Mitochondria
yes Chlorophyll requirement no
Carbon dioxide and water Substances requirement oxygen
Presence of light (energy)
Energy presence
Heat and ATP produced
Glucose and oxygen Product Energy, carbon dioxide
and water
Mass increased Changes of mass Mass decrease
Chemical equation
catabolisme Type of metabolism anabolisme
ii. State the similarities between respiration and photosynthesis.
Both process are metabolisme process that occurs in living cell only
iii. What is the necessity of both processes ?
glucose
photosynthesis
product
Respiration
product

23. Respiration and photosynthesis are the reverse process .The product of photosynthesis
is a substances used for respiration.
7.54 COMPENSATION POINT
i. Carry out the experiment 6.11on page 76 form four practical books published by
Baka Prep Sdn Bhd . Write the report and answer the discussion questions on page 77.
FIGURE 8.56
Analyze the graph on figure 8.56.
ii. Base on the graph and your practical report , defines the compensation point.
The compensation point is the point that the carbon dioxide release from respiraton is
equivalent to that which is taken up during photosynthesis
iii. Elaborate the relationship between light intensity and the compensation point.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
iv. Predict what will happen to the plants if the photosynthesis and respiration rate
always at the compensation point?
Plants didn’t grow up because the chemical energy produced from photosynthesis is
used in respiration to produce heat energy and ATP
Compensation
point
Light density
Gas exchange

24. ………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8.5 CARE AND MAINTAIN EFFICIENT FUNCTIONING OF THE RESPIRATORY
ORGANS
i. You are noticed to collect information and pictures of the diseases relate to the
respiration organs. Base on the information ,complete the table below :-
Num Type of diseases and
picture
The damaged
of respiration
organ
factor Application for
caring and
maintain the
respiratory
organ
ii. Carry out the experiment 7.9 : The effects of cigarette smoke on lungs on page
99 form four practical book and write the report to enrich your knowledge.
SKEMA JAWAPAN (MALAY VERSION)
7.5 MEMAHAMI PROSES RESPIRASI PADA TUMBUHAN
7.51 RESPIRASI AEROB

25. Cuba fikirkan !
• Adakah tumbuhan berespirasi ?. Jika ya, namakan jenis respirasi yang
dilakukan?.
• Apakah yang diperlukan oleh tumbuhan untuk berespirasi?
• Namakan gas-gas respirasi yang terlibat ?
• Bagaimanakah gas-gas tersebut diperolehi oleh tumbuhan?
• Mengapakah tumbuhan perlu berespirasi ?
i. RAJAH 8.51(a) menunjukkan struktur yang terdapat pada batang tumbuhan yang
tua dan Rajah 8.51(b) menunjukkan struktur yang biasa terdapat pada daun tumbuhan.
Kedua-dua struktur ini terlibat dalam proses respirasi. Perhatikan Rajah 8.51(a) dan
8.51(b). Cuba kenali struktur tersebut dan namakan struktur itu.
RAJAH 8.51 (a) Rajah 8.51(b)
Lentisel yang terdapat pada batang tumbuhan Liang stoma pada daun
ii. Pada Rajah 8.51(a) dan 8.51(b) labelkan struktur X, Y dan Z.
RAJAH 8.51
RAJAH 8.51
X
Y Z
lentisel
Sel pengawalLiang
stoma

26. petunjuk :-
Arah peresapan masuk gas oksigen
Arah peresapan keluar gas CO2
RAJAH 8.52 : Menunjukkan gambarajah keratan rentas daun
iii. Pada Rajah 8.51(b) dan Rajah 8.52 lukiskan anak panah beserta label yang
sesuai untuk menunjukkan arah kemasukan dan arah pengeluaran gas-gas respirasi.
Oksigen yang memasuki tumbuhan akhirnya sampai ke sel-sel.
RAJAH 8.53 : Satu Sel Tumbuhan
nukleus
Organel M

27. iv. Rajah 8.53 menunjukkan satu sel tumbuhan. Berdasarkan Rajah 8.53
cadangkan bagaimanakah oksigen digunakan dalam organel M ?
Oksigen mengoksidakan glukosa kepada tenaga ATP dan membebaskan gas karbon
dioksida serta air. Proses ini berlaku di dalam organel M ( mitokondria )
v. Tuliskan persamaan tindakbalas bagi proses yang berlaku dalam organel M.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + tenaga
Glukosa oksigen karbon air
dioksida
vi. Nyatakan apakah kegunaan hasil dari proses tersebut kepada tumbuhan.
Tenaga hasil daripada proses respirasi dalam tumbuhan digunakan untuk menjalankan
pelbagai proses hidup seperti pertumbuhan dan pengangkutan ion mineral secara aktif.
8.52 RESPIRASI ANAEROB
i. Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, terangkan inferens yang boleh anda buat.
Sel-sel jagung dan kacang soya tidak dapat menjalankan respirasi anaerob dalam
tempoh yang lama menyebabkan ia mati bila terendam lama dalam air. Sel-sel akar
padi dapat menjalankan respirasi anaerob dan membebaskan etanol, karbon dioksida
dan tenaga.
ii. Tuliskan persamaan tindakbalas bagi proses yang dilakukan oleh sel-sel akar
tumbuhan yang tenggelam dalam air tersebut.
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + tenaga
Glukosa etanol karbon
Dioksida
Tanaman seperti jagung boleh hidup beberapa jam dalam tanah berair.
Hujung akar kacang soya boleh hidup selama 30 minit sahaja dalam
keadaan tanpa oksigen. Walau bagaimana pun tanaman seperti padi
hidup dalam keadaan air bertakung.

28. 8.53 PERBANDINGAN RESPIRASI DENGAN FOTOSINTESIS.
RAJAH 8.55
Rajah 8.55 menunjukkan proses fotosintesis dan proses respirasi yang berlaku di dalam
kloroplas dan mitokondria.
i. Teliti Rajah 8.55 dan lengkapkan jadual perbandingan berikut serta jawab
soalan-soalan yang berkaitan:-
FOTOSINTESIS ASPEK PERBANDINGAN RESPIRASI
Sel hidup yang
mengandungi kloroplas
Sel yang terlibat Semua sel yang hidup
Kloroplas Organel yang terlibat Mitokondria
Ya Penglibatan klorofil Tidak
Karbon dioksida dan Air Bahan mentah yang
digunakan
Oksigen
Tenaga ( cahaya )
digunakan
Penglibatan tenaga Tenaga haba dan ATP di
hasilkan
Glukosa dan oksigen Hasil akhir Tenaga, karbon dioksida dan
Air
Jisim bertambah Perubahan jisim Jisim berkurang
6CO2 + 6H2O tenaga
karbon air
dioksida klorofil
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Glukosa oksigen
Persamaan tindak balas C6H12O6 + 6O2
Glukosa oksigen
6CO2 + 6H2O + tenaga
karbon air
dioksida
Proses sintesis Proses metabolik yang
terlibat
Proses Penguraian
ii. Nyatakan persamaan antara respirasi dengan fotosintesis.

29. Kedua-dua respirasi dan fotosintesis adalah proses metabolisme dan berlaku dalam
sel-sel yang hidup sahaja.
iii. Apakah keistimewaan kedua-dua proses ini ?
Respirasi dan fotosintesis adalah dua proses yang berlawanan / bertentangan / berbalik.
Hasil proses fotosintesis merupakan bahan bagi berlakunya respirasi manakala hasil
proses respirasi merupakan bahan mentah untuk fotosintesis.
8.54 TITIK PAMPASAN

30. i. Jalankan Eksperimen 8.5 dimuka surat 197 buku teks tingkatan 4 terbitan
Mutiara Cemerlang. Tulis laporan eksperimen dan jawab soalan-soalan perbincangan
yang terdapat pada muka surat 198.
RAJAH 8.56
Kaji graf pada Rajah 8.56.
ii. Berdasarkan graf dan laporan amali anda, perihalkan titik pampasan.
Titik Pampasan merupakan titik keseimbangan antara pengambilan karbon dioksida
dengan pembebasan karbon dioksida. Pada titik ini semua karbon dioksida yang
dibebaskan daripada proses respirasi digunakan untuk proses fotosintesis.
iii. Huraikan hubungan antara keamatan cahaya dengan pencapaian titik
pampasan.
Apabila keamatan cahaya meningkat, pertukaran gas karbon dioksida dan oksigen terus
berlaku sehingga sampai ke suatu tahap dimana pertukaran gas menjadi sifar.Pada
keadaan ini titik pampasan dicapai.
iv. Ramalkan apa akan berlaku kepada tumbuhan sekiranya kadar fotosintesis dan
kadar respirasi sentiasa berada pada titik pampasan?
Tumbuhan tidak mengalami pertumbuhan kerana semua tenaga kimia yang terhasil
daripada proses fotosintesis digunakan dalam proses respirasi untuk menhasilkan
tenaga haba dan ATP.
7.4 MENSYUKURI KURNIAAN ORGAN RESPIRASI

31. i. Anda dikehendaki mengumpulkan maklumat dan gambar-gambar penyakit yang
berkaitan dengan organ-organ respirasi.
Berdasarkan maklumat yang telah anda kumpulkan, lengkapkan jadual berikut :-
BIL NAMA / GAMBAR
PENYAKIT
BAHAGIAN /
ORGAN
RESPIRASI
YANG
TERJEJAS
PUNCA AMALAN
UNTUK
PENCEGAHAN
1. Kanser peparu Peparu Nikotin dalam tar
rokok.
3, 4-benzo-α – pirena
dalam asap rokok
Jangan
merokok
2. Radang tekak Trakea Nitrogen dioksida
dalam asap rokok
Jangan
merokok
3. Batuk Trakea Kepanasan asap rokok
mengeringkan lender
dan mucus di dinding
farinks dan dan trakea
Jangan
merokok
4. Pneumonia Peparu Habuk, kotoran, asap
rokok
Beriadah,
bersenam
ditempat lapang
yang berudara
segar serta
jangan merokok
ii. Jalankan eksperimen 8.6 : Kesan Asap Rokok terhadap Peparu pada muka surat
200 buku teks biologi tingkatan 4 terbitan Mutiara Cemerlang dan buat laporan amali
tersebut untuk memperkayakan pengetahuan anda.

32. CHAPTER 7.0 RESPIRATION ( CONCEPT MAP )
Internal/cellular
respiration
R
E
S
P
I
R
A
T
I
O
N
Aerobic
respiration
Respiratory structures
Respiratory adaptations
Yeast
Human
muscle
Ethanol,carbon
dioxide,energy
Moist respiration surface
Total of surface area
Lactic acid, energy
Thin wall respiration surface
Protozoa
Human
Plasma membrane
surface
Anaerobic
respiration

33. External
respiration
Comparisons between the
processes of respiration and
photosynthesis
Compensation point
Gaseous exchange
Breathing mechanisms
Transport of gases
Breathing control mechanisms
Fish
Frog
Insects
Lungs
gill
Skin, mouse, lung
Trachea system
Lungs and blood capillaries
Blood capillaries and cell
Peripheral chemoreceptor
Central chemoreceptor