2. • Introduction of Nutragenomics
• Nutrigenetics vs Nutragenomics
• Gene-diet-disease interaction
• Application of Nutragenomics
– Cardiovascular diseases
– Bone health
– Diabetes Mellitus
– Alzheimer’s disease
– Cancer
• Advantages & Disadvantages
• Advances in Nutragenomics
• Bioinfiormatic approach
What is your DNA telling you?????
3. • Nutrigenomics is a branch of nutritional
genomics and is the study of the effects
of foods and food constituents on gene
expression
• This means that nutrigenomics is research
focusing on identifying and understanding
molecular-level interaction
between nutrients and other
dietary bioactives with the genome
• It will also determine the individual
nutritional requirements based on the genetic
makeup of the person as well as the
association between diet and chronic
diseases
What is Nutrigenomics?
4. • In nutrigenomics, nutrients are seen
as signals that tell a specific cell in the body
about the diet.
• The nutrients are detected by a sensor
system in the cell. Such a sensory system
works like sensory ecology whereby the cell
obtains information through the signal, the
nutrient, about its environment, which is
the diet.
• The sensory system that interprets
information from nutrients about the dietary
environment include transcription
factors together with many additional
proteins
5. These are defined as the science of the
effect of genetic variation on dietary
response and the role of nutrients and
bioactive food compounds in gene
expression, respectively
6. • Its the application of genomics in
nutritional research
• The way in which food/food
ingredients influence the gene
• Study of individual differences at
the genetic level influencingdiet
response
• Differences may be at the level of
SNPs than at gene level
7.
8. 1. Specific dietary profiles can modulate the delicate balance
between health and disease acting, either directly or indirectly,
on gene expression
2. The individual genetic makeup, that is , the presence of
polymorphisms in nutrient regulated genes, affects individual
risk of diseases
3. Personalized diets, which take into account individual genotype,
represent the ultimate goal of Nutrigenomics / Nutrigenetics
studies, as they can lower risk in genetically predisposed
individuals or population groups.
9. – First there is great diversity in the inherited
genome between ethnic groups and
individuals which affects nutrient
bioavailability and metabolism.
– Second, people differ greatly in their
food/nutrient availability and choices
depending on cultural, economical,
geographical and taste perception
differences.
– Third malnutrition (deficiency or excess)
itself can affect gene expression and genome
stability
Underpin Nutragenomics &
Nutrigenetics
10. • Due to naturally occurring mutations humans differ in their DNA which is
called variation or polymorphism of DNA. The most common type of
DNA polymorphism are SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism).
• SNPs may influence the way individuals absorb, transport, store or
metabolize nutrients.
• This may determine requirements for different nutrients and this
assumption forms the basis for nutrigenetic sciences.
11.
12. • Role in Cardiovascular Diseases
• Bone health
• Role in Diabetes Mellitus
• Cancer
• Role in Alzheimer’s disease
25. Diet affects gene expression patterns, chromatin organization,
and protein post-translational modifications
Long-term effects of diet may influence the metabolism of lipids,
carbohydrates, proteins, water, major minerals, and trace
elements leading to multiple nutrition-related pathologies (i.e.,
obesity, diabetes, anemia, vitamin deficiencies, hypertension,
cardiovascular disorders, cancer),as potential risk factors for
cerebrovascular disorders or vascular dementia and aggravating
factors for patients with genetic predisposition to suffer AD.
26. Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR).
Apolipoprotein A (APOE) and APOA1.
Leptin, interleukin-1 (IL1).
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and peroxisome proliferator-
activated receptors (PPARs).
27. The importance of nutrition in AD relies on at
least 6 different basic aspects
• Psychomotor dysfunction, apraxia, dysphagia
and behavioral changes in nutritional habits,
together with weight loss, may become an
important issue in AD daily management with
clinical consequences for patients.
• Chronic nutritional deficiency due to either
endogenous or exogenous factors may
contribute to metabolic dysfunction with direct
or indirect repercussions on brain metabolism
potentially leading to neurodegeneration
Guide to Food is Medicine ………
28. • AD is a heterogenic, multifactorial disorder in which more than 200
genes in conjunction with diverse environmental factors may affect
neuronal survival, contributing to neuronal dysregulation and cell death.
• Different types of food may interfere or facilitate the absorption and
gastrointestinal processing of many drugs currently taken by AD
patients
• Nutrigenetic/nutrigenomics studies indicate that both nutrients and
drugs operate according to a genotype-dependent program in AD.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. Nutrition research has moved from classical epidemiology and
physiology to molecular biology and genetics
Bioactive food components interact with the
– Genome transcription
– Proteome expression
– Metabolome production
To study these complex interaction modern fields of science evolve
like
– Analytical techniques of biochemistry
– Bioinformatics
34. – Gene expression microarray technology
– Sequencing based technologies
– Bioinformatics and gene ontology database
– Bottom up approach
– Top down approach
– Analytical techniques like
– Mass spectrometer
– Nuclear magnetic resonanace
– Data analysis
Nutragenomics has been divided
into three fields
35.
36. • High through put technologies in
transcriptomics are
– DAVID
– Onto-express
– fatiGO
– GOminer
– EASE
– ProfCom
• Bioinformatic tools for proteomics and
metabolomics are
– COMPOSER
– MODELER
– InsightII
– SYBYL
37.
38.
39. • Simopoulos AP. Nutrigenetics/nutrigenomics. Annu Rev Public
Health. 2010;31:53–68.
• Corella D, Ordovas JM. Nutrigenomics in cardiovascular medicine. Circ
Cardiovasc Genet. 2009;2:637–651.
• Trujillo E, Davis C, Milner J. Nutrigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and
the practice of dietetics. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106:403–413.
• Ferguson LR. Nutrigenomics approaches to functional foods. J Am Diet
Assoc. 2009;109:452–458.
40. • R. Cacabelos, L. Fernández-Novoa et al., Meth Find Exper Clin Pharmacol,
27(Suppl. A), 1-573 (2005)
• E. Trujillo, C. Davis et al., J Am Diet Assoc., 106, pp. 403-413 (2006). 14.
• R. Goodacre, J Nutr., 137(Suppl. 1), 259S-266S (2007
• J.M. Ordovas, D. Corella, Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet., 5, pp. 71-118
(2004)
• R. Cacabelos, Aging Health, 1, pp. 359-362 (2005).
• R. Cacabelos, M. Takeda, Drugs Future, 31(Suppl. B), pp. 5-146 (2006)
• M.T. Subbiah, Transl Res., 149, pp. 55-61 (2007)
• S. Kersten, PPAR Res., 132960 (2008)
