1. Open Access and the German Academic System: Common Perspectives of the Alliance of Research
Organisations / By the Working Group of the Open Access Commissioners
of the Alliance of Research Organisations
開放近用與德國學術系統: 研究組織聯盟的共同願景 / 研究組織聯盟開放近用委員會工作小組
An important step in implementing the principle of Open Access in Germany was the ‘Berlin
Declaration’ which was adopted following a conference hosted by the Max Planck Society on 22
October 2003. Amongst the first to sign were the presidents of the seven large German academic
organisations: the German Rectors’ Conference (Hochschulrektorenkonferenz), the German Research
Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG), the German Science Council
(Wissenschaftsrat), the Max Planck Society (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft), the Fraunhofer Society
(Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft), the Helmholtz Association (Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft) and the Leibniz
Association (Leibniz-Gemeinschaft).
'柏林宣言'是德國採行開放近用原則的重要階段，2003 年 10 月 22 日馬普學會在柏林主辦的會議
結束後，發表此宣言。第一批的簽署者包括 7 個德國大型學術組織的領導人：德國校長會議
(Hochschulrektorenkonferenz)、德國研究基金會(Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG)、德國科
學理事會(Wissenschaftsrat)、馬普學會(Max-Planck-Gesellschaft)、弗勞恩霍夫協會(Fraunhofer-
Gesellschaft)、亥姆霍茲協會(Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft)和萊布尼茨協會(Leibniz-Gemeinschaft)。
A joint working group of these seven alliance organisations regularly discusses the prospects of Open
Access in the individual organisations and in the German academic world. The degree of
implementation of the Open Access principle varies depending on the structure and tasks of the
organisations. They all have the common goal of supporting the transition to Open Access and allowing
a productive handling of openly accessible research results. A number of measures are supposed to
contribute towards achieving a comprehensive and freely accessible representation of knowledge.
這七個組織成立聯合工作小組，定期討論開放近用在其組織內及德國學術圈的前景。開放近用
原則的實施程度, 視組織的結構和任務而有不同的發展。它們有共同的目標, 支持過渡至開放近
用，並允許積極處理公開近用研究成果, 已有若干措施, 支持典藏全面和自由近用知識體。
Approaching academics••••
接近學術界
Scientists and scholars, as the producers of high-quality information, are central to the Open Access
debate. Only if the best publications are also freely accessible via the Internet, will they be able to
achieve their full potential. Therefore, scientists and scholars should not just be offered an Open Access
infrastructure which they can use to publish their research results; they should also be informed about
their technical, organisational and legal options. Higher education institutions, research organisations
and research sponsors should create incentives to make Open Access publishing even more attractive,
and ascertain whether and to what extent they can obligate their scientists to use this form of
publication.
身為高品質資訊生產者的科學家和學者，才是開放近用爭議的中心。祗有最好的出版品在網際
網路自由近用, 他們才能夠發揮潛能。因此，不應該僅僅是提供開放近用基礎設施，供科學家和
學者出版其研究成果; 他們也應該被告知技術、組織和法律的選項。高等教育機構、研究機構和
研究贊助者, 應創造更大的誘因, 讓開放近用出版更具吸引力，並確定可以責成他們的科學家利
用這種形式的出版物, 到什麼樣的程度。

2. Involving scholarly associations•••••••••••••
參與的學會
Different areas of science and scholarship have different publishing habits as well as different methods
of assessing research contributions. By including scholarly societies and associations in the
development of an Open Access publication culture, these differences can be accommodated.
不同領域的科學和學術有不同的出版習慣, 以及不同的方法去評估研究成果。將學會納入開放近
用學術出版文化後, 這些差異就會逐漸泯滅。
Recognising publication costs as research costs ••••••••
出版成本視為研究費用
One of the prerequisites for Open Access is the coverage of publication costs. Publication costs are
research costs and thus must be firmly anchored in the budget of every research endeavour. These
means should preferably be used for the authors’ fees of Open Access journals or hybrid publications.
By paying a publication fee they make the contributions that would ordinarily require a licence, freely
accessible.
開放近用的先決條件之一, 是可以承受其出版費用。即把出版成本視為研究費用之一, 因此必須
堅定地把出版成本納入每個研究費用之一。這些手段最好用於支付給作者的開放存取學刊或混
合出版品的費用。支付出版費取得授權後, 才可以免費進入。
Ensuring quality••••••••••
品質保證
Since Open Access publications are accessible for every Internet user, they are, in theory, subject to
critical assessment of the worldwide academic community. Exploiting new forms of review, such as the
open peer review, offers a means of sustained quality assurance. Open Access journals in particular
should take advantage of this in order to increase their acceptance in the community.
既然開放近用出版品可供每個網際網路使用者近用，理論上，皆經過全球性學術社群的嚴格考
評。開放式同儕評閱之類的新形式審查，提供了另一種持續性的品質保證手段。特別是開放近
用學刊運用此特性，提高被社群接受的程度。
Network publishing••••••
網路出版
The Internet offers the possibility of networking the data and sources that underlie a piece of academic
research with the actual publication in a multitude of ways. This makes discovery processes easier to
understand. At the same time, the integration of primary sources into publications makes a contribution
to quality assurance in the spirit of good academic practice.
網際網路提供新的可能，將學術研究的資料及來源，以多樣化的方式於網路出版。更容易理解
學術發現的過程，同時，將原始材料整合入出版品，足以保證良好的學術實務品質。

3. Identifying models•••••••
辨識模式
It has long been routine for many scientists to make their own research results available as Open
Access publications. As the Dutch ‘Cream of Science’ project has shown, an information platform
giving free access to publications by leading German scientists such as Nobel Prize and Leibniz Prize
winners could be used for targeted advertising of this new form of publication.
長期以來，許多科學家把自己的研究成果作為開放近用出版品。如荷蘭的'科學之霜'計畫所示，
免費近用至知名的諾貝爾獎和萊布尼茲獎的德國科學家出版品, 可做為此新形式出版品的傳播目
標。
The legal base•••••••••••
法律基礎
For publications created within the context of teaching and research activity largely financed with
public funds, a simple, non-commercial right of use or exploitation should be granted to academics and
their institutions. This will ensure that research results can be viewed, for the most part, without
obstacles.
於教學與研究活動產生的出版品, 絕大多數受到公帑贊助, 因此, 應該授權學者及其所屬機構使用
及開發該等出版品的權利, 一個簡單、非營利的權利，才能保障研究成果在大多數情況下，無障
礙地被檢視。
Supporting transformation processes ••••••••••••
支援轉型程序
The mere distribution of research results at minimal cost via the Internet poses a particular challenge
for academic publishing. The only possible reaction to this is the creative design of the academic
information space: discipline-specific value-added services must be developed on the basis of freely
accessible publications in order to support work with digital information in an efficient manner.
透過網際網路以低成本傳播研究成果，對學術出版構成特殊的挑戰。唯一可能的反應，是創新
設計學術資訊空間：在免費近用出版品的前提下, 發展特定學科的加值服務，才能有效地運用數
位資訊。
Korinna Bauer, Helmholtz Association
Michael Erben-Russ, Fraunhofer Society
Johannes Fournier, German Research Foundation
Ralf Schimmer, Max Planck Society
Elmar Schultz, German Rectors’ Conference
Robert Steegers, Leibniz Association
克琳娜‧鮑爾, 亥姆霍茲協會
麥可‧爾本-羅斯, 夫朗和斐學會
喬納斯‧富尼耶, 德國研究基金會
羅夫‧斯梅爾, 馬普學會
愛爾瑪 ‧舒茲, 德國大學校長會議
羅伯‧斯蒂格斯, 萊布尼茲協會
p. 88-90

4. Open Access: Opportunities and challenges. A handbook [開放近用 : 機會及挑戰] / European
Commission, German Commission for UNESCO. -- Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of
the European Communities, 2008. -- 144 p., 14.8 x 21.0 cm. -- ISBN 978-92-79-06665-8. -- EUR
23459, http://tinyurl.com/3q8wo5