The document discusses the concepts of ethics and ethical dilemmas, particularly as they relate to various professions such as nursing, social work, business, and medicine. It provides definitions of ethics as moral principles governing behavior, and ethical dilemmas as difficult situations involving conflicting obligations. Several examples are given of common ethical dilemmas that arise in different fields, such as truth-telling to patients, patient competence, conflicts between patient and family wishes, and using extraordinary measures to prolong life. Nursing students' experiences with resolving ethical conflicts are also briefly mentioned.

1. The Concept of Ethical Dilemmas Presented by: Pauline Ansine BSN RN

2. What is Ethics? The code of conduct or behavior governing an individual or a group (as the members of the profession). The complex of ideas, beliefs or standards that characterizes or pervades a group, community or people. The Merriam WebstersThesaurus

3. What is a Dilemma? A difficult problem seemingly incapable of a satisfactory solution. A situation involving choice between equally unsatisfactory alternatives. Aroskar et al Perplexing situation. Merriam Webster Dictionary

4. Definitions 0f Ethical Dilemmas Ethi cal dilemmas are situations involving conflicting morals claims, and give rise in such questions as : What ought I to do? What harm and benefit result from this decision or actions? What is good (virtue) or what is duty (right)? Aroskar et al

5. Ethical Dilemmas in Business Informational and emotional deception in negotiation. Managers’ moral reasoning. Data mining Gender differences Managerial and technical work Information technology

6. Ethical Dilemmas in Social Work Ethical dilemma occurs when social workers must choose between two contradictory ethical principles or directives. Conflict may arise between patients, families, agency staffs, and government regulations. Tensions may arise in homecare. National Association of Social Workers

7. Social Workers dilemma Social workers reported that the most common issues were patient competence and confusion because of the lack of advance directives.

8. Three possible areas of decision making have been Identified: Using all possible means to keep the patients alive (ordinary & extraordinary means). 2. Surgeons experience ethical dilemmas in deciding the right treatment in different situations. 3.Taking some “positive” steps to hasten individual’s death. Ethical Dilemmas Physicians Faced

9. Pope Pius XII statement in 1957 – “ One is held to use only ordinary means according to circumstances of persons, places, times and culture – means that do not involve any grave burden to oneself or another.”

10. Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing The challenge of decision making . The sanctity of life vs the quality of life. Informed consent Truth-telling – the question “am I going to die? This raises important issues about truth telling.

11. Situation on Truth Telling A Patient’s Right to Know the Truth Carolyn , age 21, is dying of leukemia. She wants to know what is happening to her. However, her devoted mother believes in shielding Carolyn from this prognosis. Nurse A believes client, who repeatedly ask about her worsening signs and symptoms, has a right to know the truth. Carolyn’s mother , a wealthy, influential woman, threatens to sue the hospital if her daughter finds out that she is dying.

12. Situation cont. Nurse A wishes to support the patient’s right to know the truth. Nurse B wishes to acquiesce to the mothers wishes. As a professional nurse, what would you do in this situation??

13. Nursing Students’ Experiences Resolution of the conflict. Rational for resolution. Conflict about the right thing to do. Unethical attitudes and behaviors of practicing nurses and doctors .

14. References Aroskar; M.A., Davis, A., Drought, T., Liaschenko, J.(1997). Ethical dilemmas and nursing practice. 4 th .ed. Appleton & Lange Stamford, Connecticut. Bandman b., Bandman, E. (2002). Nursing ethics through the life span. 4 th ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Barry, B., Fulmar, I., Long, D. (2009). Lying and smiling: Informational and emotional deception in negotiation. Journal of business ethics . 88:691-709 DOI 10.1007/s10551-008-9975-x. Cameron, M., Hyeroun, A., Schaffer, M. (2001). Nursing students’ experience of ethical problems and use of ethical decision-making models. Nursing ethics. 8 (5). Calluzzo, V., Cante. (2004). Ethics in information technology and software use. Journal of business ethics. 51: 301-312, Kluwer academic publishers. Crow n, D,. Franke, D,, Franke., G., spake, D. (1997). Gender differences in ethical perceptions of business practices: A social role theory. Journal of applied psychology.. Vol. 62. no 6, 920934.

15. References Danna, A., Oscar, G. (2002). All that glitters is not gold: Digging deep beneath the surface of data mining. Journal of business ethics . 40: 373-386. Kluwer academic publisher. Monga, M. (2007). Managers’ moral reasoning: Evidence from large Indian manufacturing organization. Journal of business ethics . 71:179-194 DOI 10.1007/s10551-006-9133-2. Erdil, F., Korkmaz, F. (2009). Ethical problems observed by student nurse. Nursing ethics . 16 (5). Egan, M., Kadushin, G. (2001). Ethical dilemmas in homecare: A social work perspective. National association of social workers . 26 (3). Hunt, G. (1994). Ethical issues in nursing. London and New York. Rutledge. Nordam, A., Torjuul, K., Venke, S. (2005). Action ethical dilemmas in surgery: an interview study of practicing surgeons . BMC Medical ethics. 6: 7 doi: 10. 1186/1472-1472-6939-6-7.

16. Questions