Prevalence of duck plague in ducks at haor region in Kishoreganj district.

PREVALENCE OF DUCK PLAGUE IN DUCKS AT HAOR REGION
IN KISHOREGANJ DISTRICT
A Clinical Report
By
MD. MANIRUL ISLAM
Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine
Patuakhali Science and Technology University
December, 2019

A Clinical Report
Submitted to
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree of
Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM)
By
MD. MANIRUL ISLAM
ID No. : 14051011
Reg. No. : 05176
Session : 2014-2015
December, 2019

A Clinical Report
Submitted to
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree of
Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM)
By
Md. Manirul Islam
ID No. : 14051011
Reg. No. : 05176
Session : 2014-2015
Approved as to style and contents by
Dr. Md. Mostafijur Rahman
Assistant Professor
Supervisor
Department of Pathology and Parasitology
December, 2019

DECLARATION
It is given assurance that this report is no facsimile of any other report. However,
various information were collected from some books, journals that in the reference
list, which were essential in preparing this report. So it is claimed to be a plagiarism
free study report.
Date: __/__/___ …….……………………
Md. Manirul Islam

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SL. NO. Chapter Topics Page No
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I
2 ABSTRACT II
3 1 INTRODUCTION 01-02
4 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 03-04
5 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Location and duration of the
study
3.2 Materials
3.3 Methods of study
3.3.1 Collection of clinical history
about clinical findings
3.3.2History
3.3.3 Clinical findings
3.3.4 Postmortem Examination
05-09
6 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 10-14
7 5 CONCLUSIONS 15
8 REFERENCES 16-20

LIST OF TABLE
Table
No.
Title Page
No
1 Upazila wise samples from affected farm observed in duck farm. 10
2 Farm size wise samples from infected farm observed in duck farm. 11
3 Occurrence, morbidity, mortality, case fatality rates of duck on duck
plague outbreaks.
12
4 Age wise prevalence of Duck plague in ducks. 13
5 Month wise prevalence of Duck plague. 13

i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to express my deepest gratitude and thanks to the almighty.
I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to my respectful supervisor
Dr. Md. Mostafijur Rahman, Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology and
Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali
Science and Technology University. I feel to acknowledge my indebtedness and
deep sense of gratitude to my guide whose valuable guidance and kind supervision
given to me throughout the course which shaped the present work as its show.
Profound respect and gratitude are expressed by the author to his teacher Dr. Md
Mamun Ur Rashid, Professor and Dean, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary
Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University and Professor Dr. Md.
Ahsanur Reza, Member Secretary of internship coordinating committee for their
help and co-operation extended during the course of internship program.
I would also like to give cordial thanks to my upazila internship placement
supervisor Dr. Md. Bahadur Ali, Veterinary Surgeon, District Veterinary Hospital,
Kishoreganj.
Last but not least my parents are most important inspiration for me. So with due
regards, I express my gratitude to them.
Md. Manirul Islam
December, 2019

ii
PREVALENCE OF DUCK PLAGUE IN DUCKS AT HAOR
REGION IN KISHOREGANJ DISTRICT
Md. Manirul Islam
ABSTRACT
A clinical study was conducted during 1 July 2019 to 31 August 2019 at the district
veterinary hospital in Kishoreganj, Bangladesh. A total of 106 number disease or
dead ducks were selected randomly to investigate the prevalence and outbreak of
duck plague in the selected region in Kishoreganj for the current study. Tentative
diagnosis of duck plague was made on the basis of history, anamnesis, clinical sings
and post mortem findings. The overall prevalence of duck was (69.81%). The
prevalence of duck plague at different upazila were determined. The prevalence of
duck plague in Itna, Karimganj, Mithamain, Tarail and Ashtagram were 19.98%,
10.38%, 11.32%, 14.15%, 8.49% and 8.49% respectively. The prevalence of duck
plague in small, medium and large duck farms were 17.92%, 30.19% and 21.69%,
respectively. Morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates of duck plague at farm
level were 34.47%, 18.67% and 54.16%, respectively. The age wise prevalence of
duck plague of adult duck and ducklings were 48.11%, 21.69% respectively. The
prevalence of duck plague was higher in July (37.73%) than August (32.07%).
Despite of different constrains and limitations of the current study, the result may
act as the baseline for further research.
Keyword: Prevalence, Duck Plague, Age, Haor.

1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh is an agriculture based developing country in the world. In agriculture,
duck is one of the important sector in rural and wet land area, which plays an
important role to promote human health, and in poverty alleviations as well as
economic development of Bangladesh. In Bangladesh as it not only a source of meat
protein but also a major source of farm power services as well as employment.
Bangladesh is one of the fastest growing developing countries of the world where
about 80% of its 150 million people living in rural areas. Poultry rearing is an integral
part of rural farming communities in Bangladesh (Amber and Mia, 2002). Among
poultry farming, duck production represent an important complement of
sustainable livelihood strategies for rural people (Hoque, 2006). Duck is the 2nd
largest population in poultry, approximately 54.016 million in Bangladesh and 3rd
largest duck population in East and South Asia (FAO, 1991). Duck rearing is being
considered as an asset to the rural poor and landless farmers.
The most important constrain in duck rearing is infectious diseases, of which duck
plague (DP) is the most important one. Duck plague (DP), also known as duck vial
enteritis, and it is an acute and highly contagious disease in waterfowl such as duck.
The disease is caused by Anatidherpesvirus type 1, a member of the Herpesviridae
family and subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae (Fadlyet al., 2008; Li et al., 2009; King et al.,
2011). Duck plague virus (DPV) is a potential threat to all age groups of ducks which
is characterized by high morbidity and mortality varying from 5-100% (Hossain et
al., 2004). The disease was first observed in Netherlands in 1923 (Baudet, 1923) and
has been reported in many countries of the world (Calnek et al., 1997). The DPV
was first confirmed in ducks of Bangladesh by Sarker (1980). About 60-75%

2
duck mortality occurs due to duck plague in Bangladesh (Sarker, 1982). DP
frequently occurs in duck population areas of Bangladesh and cause huge economic
loss due to high mortality and loss of production. Though vaccine is only specific
tool for prevention of DP, but local vaccines are produced without proper
surveillance report .
Kishoreganj district of Bangladesh is recognized internationally for the Haor
basin and its wetland ecosystem which is located in Itna, Mithamain, Asthagram,
Nikli, Tarail, and the Karimganj Upazila. Most of these areas have pockets of wet
lands that stays submerged from April-May to July-August, which are locally
termed as “Haor”. Every year flash flood results in the Haor basin due to the heavy
rainfall in the upstream of neighboring upland country (Islam et al., 2012).
Flood prone wetland areas are suitable for duck production because of its
geographical advantages like natural feed availability, abundant water for
swimming, and tolerable temperature (Hoque et al. 2011). The present study was
aimed to conduct prevalence of DP in wetland areas of Kishoreganj of Bangladesh
through postmortem.
Objectives of the study:
1. To observe the prevalence of duck plague in duck at certain areas of Kishoreganj
district.
2. To observe the post-mortem lesions of duck plague.

3
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The available literatures, pertinent in the present study, are reviewed in following
paragraphs. For the convenience of description, the literatures presented under
several heading & sub-headings.
Khan et al., (2018) observed that 72% outbreaks were found positive by PCR.
Dhama et al., (2017) observed that if any single bird of a particular area is infected,
then the entire population of the ducks remains at risk of getting infected.
Dhama et al.,(2017)described that hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions need to be
differentiated from duck virus hepatitis, fowl cholera, necrotic enteritis,
coccidiosis and specific intoxications.
Jha et al., (2015) found that the greater part of the farmers (50.50%) did not clean
their farm houses frequently. On the other hand, 35.50% farmers cleaned their farms
regularly. A few portions of farmers (14%) never cleaned their farm.
King et al., (2012) described that the causative agent is Duck Plague Virus (DPV) or
Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV). It is a double stranded, enveloped DNA virus, and
taxonomically belonging to Anatid Herpes virus 1, under the genus Mardivirus,
subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, of the family Herpesviridae.
Hoque, (2006) reported that higher mortality was encountered due to high
humidity.
Banda, (2004)described that the virus causing duck viral enteritis is mainly
transmitted by direct contact from infected to susceptible ducks or by indirect
contact with a contaminated environment. Water seems to be a natural route of viral

4
transmission. Outbreaks are frequent in duck flocks with access to bodies of water
cohabited with free-living waterfowl. Parenteral, intranasal, or oral administration
of infected tissues can establish experimental infection. A carrier condition is
suspected in wild birds. Recovered birds become latently infected carriers and may
shed the virus periodically.
Campagnolo et al., (2001)observed that The disease causes high mortality, may
range from 5-100% depending on the virulence of the virus and the immunologic
status of the host and decreased egg production resulting in significant
economic loss to the commercial duck industry.
Davison et al., (1993) observed that Clinical symptoms if evident includes high
mortalities especially in older ducks, partially closed eyelids with photophobia,
extreme thirst, loss of appetite, ataxia, nasal discharge, drooping plumage, watery
diarrhea, soiled vents and tremors of head, neck and body.
Leibovitz (1989)reported that prevalence of duck plague was higher in adult
ducks (3.68%) than that of ducklings (2.78%).
Montali et al., (1976) the infected birds may die without any clinical manifestations
and even sometimes the carcasses are found floating on the water surface.
Islam et al., (1992) two Bangladeshi isolates of duck plague (duck virus enteritis)
virus, DP 176 and DPM 47, were studied in adult domestic ducks following
experimental infection by oral or intramuscular route. Within 3 to 5 days, 80% of the
ducks became ill after parenteral infection, however, 40-60% ducks were affected
following oral infection.

5
CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Location and duration of the study
The study was conducted from 1st July to 31st August at District Veterinary Hospital,
Kishoreganj.
Figure 1: Study area in Bangladesh. Green area indicated the study area.
These locations were selected giving priority on population density, geographical
location, duck husbandry practices and bird movement through the area.

6
3.2 Materials
Various laboratory equipment were used for the study. e.g.
a) Hand gloves
b) Apron
c) Mask
d) Scissors
e) Tray
3.3 Methods of study
Apparently sick and dead duck of different ages were examined for the study. A
total number of 106 duck were examined at District Veterinary Hospital,
Kishoreganj. The disease was diagnosed by clinical history, clinical signs and
symptoms and post mortem dead duck. The total number of infected duck were
recorded on the basis of age, sex, and month.
3.3.1 Collection of clinical history and clinical findings
The clinical history was collected from the farmers and person who are exclusively
related with the infected flock. The asked questions were easy and simple and
technical terms were avoided.
A questionnaire was designed to collect data through direct interview of the
randomly selected 106 farmers of the selected areas. The questionnaire piloting was
performed to validate the questionnaire beforehand. The questions were designed
to collect information about farm categories, flock details (age, sex, breed and
bird movements), housing, season, management variables, disease prevalence,
disease outbreak including duck morbidity and mortality, clinical information.
A total of 106 samples (dead birds) were collected from duck plague (DP)

7
suspected sick/dead ducks during the study period and tested at District
veterinary Hospital, Kishoreganj. Tentative diagnosis of duck plague was made
on the basis of typical symptoms and pathognomonic post mortem lesions
observed during the study period.
3.3.2 History
1. Overcrowding condition of farm where ducks were reared.
2. Free ranging rearing system.
3. Ingestion of dropping contaminated feed, water, litter, soil and dust.
4. Hot humid environmental condition in the confined pens where ducks were
kept.
5. No maintenance of vaccination schedule.
3.3.3 Clinical findings
1. Sudden deaths.
2. Rapidly spreading disease.
3. Drop in egg production.
4. Swollen of head
5. Ataxia.
6. Closed eyes.
7. Thirst.
8. Severe diarrhea, sometimes dysentery.
9. Dehydration.
10. Paresis.
11. Tremor.
12. Occasionally penile prolapse in the penis in drakes.

8
3.3.4 Postmortem Examination
3.3.4.1 Time of post-mortem examination
The post-mortem examination should performed as early as possible after death
of duck. The time should not exceed 12 hours after death (Samad, 2005).Most of
the post-mortem examinations were performed at morning hours, so there was
little chance to exceed the time limit that is 12 hours.
3.3.4.2 Procedure of postmortem examination
 Firstly external organ were examined before opening the duck, e.g. Head, leg,
skin, exudation from natural opening, comb, wattle, beak and eye etc.
 For examining the respiratory organ, the scissor was used to cut the organ,
starts from lateral commissure (fold) of mouth to esophageal bifurcation.
 Then the duck was placed on post-mortem tray ventral side upwardly.
 Then the skin of joint of leg and abdomen was cut by scissor.
 Then the skin and muscles of posterior side of thoracic cage was cut.
 Then the whole thoracic cage was pushed anteriorly to open the inner organ.
 Then, the organ was followed insitu condition then each organ dissects and
examine separately.
 Then the brain was examined by breaking the bones of head.
Every organs were examined systematically and thoroughly.
3.3.4.3 Postmortem findings
1. Hemorrhagic or necrotic bands (white annular band) in the intestines and a
digestive tract that is filled with blood.
2. Cheese-like plaques within the esophagus and cloaca.
3. Necrotic spots may occur in the liver.
4. Cheesy, raised plaques along the longitudinal folds of the esophagus,
proventriculus.

9
Figure 2: Necrotic spot in
Liver
Figure 1: Necrotic Band in intestine
Figure 3: Cheesy raised
plague inside the intestine

10
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 106 duck sample are examined which was brought randomly from 106
farm. Total duck population in conducted study area was 38015. Farms were
categorized according to the location (Table 1), flock size (Table 2). Out of 106 test
samples, 74(69.81%) samples outbreaks were found positive to duck plague through
postmortem.
Table: 1 Upazila wise prevalence of Duck plague in ducks
Upazila Sample No of Positive Case
Prevalence
(%)
Karimganj 16 11 10.38
Nikli 18 12 11.32
Ashtagram 16 9 8.49
Mithamain 23 15 14.15
Itna 21 18 19.98
Tarail 12 9 8.49
Total 106 74 69.81
The prevalence of duck plague on the basis of upazila were presented (table 1). It is
more prevalent upazila with higher prevalence (19.98%) as compared to other and
Tarail (8.49%) and Ashtagram (8.49%) arethe lower side in term of prevalence. The
prevalence of duck plague in Karimganj, Nikli, Mithamain were 10.38%, 11.32%, and
14.15% respectively. This could be associated with experience and familiarity of the
duck rearing practices of the farmer since most the large duck farm owners are more
experienced. Although slight variation had been observed in different upazila,

11
there was no significant association found between duck plague prevalence rate
and study area (Table 1). Since the geographical and ecological features of the
Tarail, Karimganj, Itna, Mithamain, Nikli, Asthagram are similar, it can be
assumed that environmental condition is same for Duck Plague Virus survival
and transmission in all areas. The findings of the present study agree with the
findings of previous studies (Khan et al. 2018). Haque et al (2011) found prevalence
of duck plague 58.3% in semi-scavenging Ducks in Bangladesh. Islam et al. (1992)
two Bangladeshi isolates of duck plague (duck virus enteritis) virus, DP 176 and
DPM 47, were studied in adult domestic ducks following experimental infection by
oral or intramuscular route. Within 3 to 5 days, 80% of the ducks became ill after
parenteral infection, however, 40-60% ducks were affected following oral infection.
Table: 2: Prevalence of Duck Plague in farm with different flock size
Category of
Farm
Number of
Farm
Number of
Total Ducks
No of Positive
Case
Prevalence
(%)
Small 29 1430 19 17.92
Medium 44 18700 32 30.19
Large 33 17885 23 21.69
Total 106 38015 74 69.81
The prevalence of duck plague is studied on the basis of farm size. The prevalence
of duck plague on the basis of farm size is presented in table 2. The prevalence of
duck in small, medium and large duck farms were 17.92%, 30.19% and 21.69%,
respectively. Prevalence of duck plague was higher in medium size flock (30.19%)
than small and large flock (17.92% and 21.69%).Since all of these farms followed
traditional open rearing practice and completely dependent upon fate with least
biosecurity practice, all flocks are at similar risks of duck plague outbreak.

12
Vaccination is the only preventive measures found infrequently among the farms.
However, slight difference among the farm categories suggests that small farms
have slightly higher prevalence rate. Jha et al (2015) found that the greater part of the
farmers (50.50%) did not clean their farm houses frequently. On the other hand,
35.50% farmers cleaned their farms regularly. A few portions of farmers (14%) never
cleaned their farm.
Table: 3 Occurrence, morbidity, mortality, case fatality rates of duck diseases on
duck plague outbreaks
Parameter Occurrence
(Farm)
Morbidity(Duck) Mortality(Duck) Case
Fatality
Duck
Plague
69.81%
74/106
34.47%
13,104/38015
18.67%
7098/38015
54.16%
7098/13,104
Other
Diseases
30.19%
32/106
7.32%
2786/38015
2.81%
1070/38015
38.40%
1070/2786
Out of 106 test samples of the duck plague suspected ducks 106 outbreaks,
74(69.81%) sample are tentative diagnosed Duck plague positive. Morbidity,
mortality and case fatality rates of duck plague at farm level were 34.47%,
18.67 % and 54.16%, respectively.
Since all of these farms followed traditional open rearing practice and completely
dependent upon fate with least biosecurity practice, all flocks are at similar risks of
duck plague outbreak. Vaccination is the only preventive measures found
infrequently among the farms. However, slight difference among the farm
categories suggests that small farms have slightly higher prevalence rate.

13
Table: 4 Age wise prevalence of Duck plague
Age Samples No. of Positive case Prevalence (%)
Young 41 23 21.69
Adult 65 51 48.11
Total 106 74 69.81
The prevalence of duck plague is showed in table 4; higher prevalence of duck
plague was found in adult duck (48.11%) on the other hand prevalence rate of duck
plague in young duck and duckling was comparatively less 21.69%. The current
findings represent the previous findings reported by
Leibovitz (1989). Prevalence of duck plague was higher in adult ducks (3.68%)
than that of ducklings (2.78%). This variation is not statistically significant which
supports the findings of Calnek et al. (1997) and Sandhu and Shawky (2003) who
reported that ducks of all ages are susceptible to duck plague.
Table: 5 Month wise prevalence of Duck plague
Month No. of duck examined Positive cases Prevalence (%)
July 57 40 37.73
August 49 34 32.07
Total 106 74 69.81
The table 5 shows the monthly prevalence of duck plague. The prevalence of duck
plague was higher in July (37.73%) than August (32.07%). A large number of farmers
raise ducks according to the season. In late winter, spring, summer, and early
rainy season, abundant supply of natural feed resources are available in the
Haor areas. So, the number of duck population raised in the duck farms was
higher during this period. Seasonal variation of duck plague outbreaks was seen
but statistically the findings were insignificant. Higher mortality was encountered

14
due to high humidity (Hoque, 2006). It is because ducks become stressed and
susceptible to infectious diseases like duck plague at humid environment, which
might have led to higher mortality. But during the late rainy season and autumn,
there are least natural feed resources in the Haor areas. As a result, traditional duck
farmers reduce their flock size in this period of the year. This could be the reason
why the seasonal variation recorded in duck plague outbreaks.

15
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS
From the current study it may be concluded that, out of 106 test samples of the duck
plague suspected ducks 106 outbreaks, 74(69.81%) sample are tentative diagnosed
Duck Plague positive. Morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates of duck plague at
farm level were 48%, 26% and 54% respectively. Duck plague is more common in
adult birds and not in old birds because older birds are usually immune due to prior
infection. Both male and female are commonly infected. This result is suggesting
that the outbreak of duck plague is associated with poor management practice,
lack of biosecurity measures, well communication, electric facilities and
knowledge about modern duck rearing practice on the Haor areas. Considering
these factors, recommendations can be made to take necessary steps to improve the
management practice, to provide effective sufficient training on biosecurity and
effective vaccination, waste management and dead bird disposal methods.

16
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